肠道微生态在肝癌诊疗应用中的研究进展

肠道微生态是由数量巨大且结构复杂的肠道菌群与肠黏膜屏障组成,参与机体多种重要生理功能,与多种疾病密切相关。由于肠道与肝脏有着密切而特殊的关系,肠道微生态可通过肠―肝循环及其与宿主的相互作用来调节肝脏疾病的进展。肠道微生态失调与肝癌进展密切相关,肠道中关键功能菌可作为肝癌早期预防、诊断和治疗的新的预测标记物与新的治疗靶点。本文将对肠道微生态在肝癌发病机制中的作用以及基于肠道微生态理论的多种肝癌防治策略进行综述。     

thoA介导的细胞骨架在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

RhoA是Ras超家族中具有GTP酶活性的一种小G蛋白分子。RhoA在肿瘤组织的高表达与肿瘤的恶性程度密切相关。另外,RhoA的酶活性通过信号通路参与和调节微丝（microfilament,MF）和微管（microtubule,MT）细胞骨架的重排。新近研究表明,活性RhoA调控细胞骨架改变,进而诱导细胞癌变及肿瘤细胞增殖、入侵、转移、屏障功能和凋亡等多种生命活动。因此,研究RhoA介导的细胞骨架在肿瘤发生发展中的作用具有重要意义。该文结合作者的最新研究成果,对RhoA及其分子机制作一综述。     

DLC-1与肝癌关系研究

DLC-1基因是一种肿瘤抑制基因,位于人类染色体8p21．3-22。它是RhoA特异性GTP酶的激动蛋白,与调控细胞增殖和粘附的信号传导通路关系密切,在人类多种肿瘤中呈低表达或表达缺失。研究发现DLC-1基因在原发性肝癌(HCC)及肝癌细胞系中表达缺失,提示该基因在原发性肝癌中抑制了肝癌细胞的增殖。DLC-1表达的恢复引起了caspase-3介导的细胞凋亡,抑制肝癌细胞的生长和癌细胞的浸润,从而在肝细胞癌的转移、侵袭及肿瘤细胞的生物特性方面发挥作用。因其与肝癌发生,转移乃至复发关系密切,使其在肝癌早期发现,早期预测肝癌的转移复发及肝癌的预后方面发挥重要角色。     

肝癌组织中Cyclin D1及其相关基因研究的进展

细胞周期调控异常会导致肿瘤的发生和发展,Cyclin D1是细胞周期的重要调控元件之一,与肝癌发生、进展及预后关系密切。本文就Cyclin D1的结构、功能、作用机制、肝癌组织中Cyclin D1及其相关基因研究的进展情况予以综述。     

RhoA介导的细胞骨架在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

RhoA是Ras超家族中具有GTP酶活性的一种小G蛋白分子。RhoA在肿瘤组织的高表达与肿瘤的恶性程度密切相关。另外,RhoA的酶活性通过信号通路参与和调节微丝(microfi lament,MF)和微管(microtubule,MT)细胞骨架的重排。新近研究表明,活性RhoA调控细胞骨架改变,进而诱导细胞癌变及肿瘤细胞增殖、入侵、转移、屏障功能和凋亡等多种生命活动。因此,研究RhoA介导的细胞骨架在肿瘤发生发展中的作用具有重要意义。该文结合作者的最新研究成果,对RhoA及其分子机制作一综述。     

肝癌组织中CyclinD1及其相关基因研究的进展

细胞周期调控异常会导致肿瘤的发生和发展，CyclinD1是细胞周期的重要调控元件之一，与肝癌发生、进展及预后关系密切。本文就CyclinD1的结构、功能、作用机制、肝癌组织中CyclinD1及其相关基因研究的进展情况予以综述。     

miRNAs在肝癌干细胞中的作用

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)是一类参与转录后调控的小分子RNA,它在调控细胞的增殖、分化及肿瘤的形成等多种生理及病理过程中发挥着重要的作用.肝癌干细胞是肝癌组织中具有自我更新能力和分化潜能的一个微群体,它能够启始肝癌的发生,并且与肝癌的抗药性及复发等密切相关.已经有研究表明miRNAs对肝癌干细胞的发生发展起着重要的调控作用,包括致癌和抑癌的作用,因此总结miRNAs在肝癌干细胞中作用,有助于更好理解肝癌干细胞的特性及肝癌肿瘤生物学.近年来,除了传统的分子生物学手段,组学和系统生物学研究策略的运用也为miRNAs在肝癌中的研究提供了新的思路.鉴于此,深入研究miRNAs在肝癌干细胞中的分子机制,将为靶向肝癌干细胞的临床治疗提供新的途径.     

肠道菌群与肝癌

肝癌是世界上最恶性的疾病之一,发病率居世界第六位,病死率居世界第四位。尽管近年来在肝癌的诊断和治疗方面取得了进展,但患者生存率和术后复发率仍然不尽人意。肠道菌群栖息于人类的消化道,介导人体内多种代谢反应,协助机体完成正常生命活动。目前大量的研究证实,慢性肝病患者（如酒精性肝炎、非酒精性脂肪性肝病和病毒性肝炎等）体内均存在一定程度的肠道菌群紊乱且与疾病的发生发展相关,可能是慢性肝病向肝癌进展的主要因素,因此靶向肠道菌群的诊疗手段可能为肝癌患者的治疗提供新的思路。在此基础上,本文总结大量相关文献,从肠道菌群促进肝癌的机制及其对肝癌的预防、诊断以及治疗等方面进行综述。     

CXCR3通过调控Notch1信号影响乙肝病毒X蛋白对肝癌细胞周期和迁移的作用

乙肝病毒X蛋白（Hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx）是乙肝病毒诱导肝癌进展的关键因子,其能够影响肝癌细胞周期和促进其迁移。已知趋化因子受体3(chemokine CXC motif receptor 3,CXCR3)在乙型肝炎病毒肝癌中发挥促进作用,目前尚不清楚CXCR3在HBx诱导的肝癌细胞中的作用。因此,本研究探讨下调CXCR3对HBx诱导的肝癌细胞周期进展和迁移作用及机制。肝癌细胞Huh7分成对照组,pcDNA组（转染阴性对照载体）,pcDNAHBx组（转染HBx过表达载体）,pcDNA-HBx+si-NC组（共转染HBx过表达载体、siRNA对照的）,pcDNA-HBx+si-CXCR3组（共转染HBx过表达载体、CXCR3 siRNA的）,pcDNA-HBx+si-CXCR3+Jagged1组（共转染HBx过表达载体、CXCR3 siRNA,Notch1信号激活剂Jagged1处理）,测定细胞中HBx、CXCR3、神经性钙黏附素（Neural cadherin,N-cadherin）、基质金属蛋白酶-9(Matrix metalloprotease...     

肝癌表观遗传学研究进展

肝细胞癌是原发性肝癌的主要类型,也是恶性程度最高的肿瘤之一．目前人们对肝癌的发病机制并不十分清楚．研究表明,由遗传学和表观遗传学改变弓『起的原癌基因的活化和抑癌基因的灭活而引起细胞恶性改变是肿瘤发生的核心生物学过程．过去人们普遍认为遗传学上的基因突变是肿瘤发病机制中的关键事件,尤其是抑癌基因的体细胞突变与肿瘤的发生有着密切的关系．但是,近年来随着对肿瘤认识的深入,人们发现DNA序列以外的调控机制（即表观遗传学）异常在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中也起到非常重要的作用．表观遗传学机制包括：DNA甲基化修饰,组蛋白修饰,非编码RNAs（包括microRNA）,染色质重塑等．其中,DNA甲基化和microRNA与肝癌发生的关系是得到最为深入研究的表观遗传学机制．本文将结合本课题组的研究重点,综述DNA甲基化和microRNA在肝癌研究中的进展．     

IRE1通路与肿瘤

内质网应激是细胞内广泛存在的一种应激反应。研究表明,内质网应激与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。针对内质网应激及其相应信号通路进行肿瘤的预防或治疗受到了广泛关注。IRE1(inositol-requiring enzyme 1)通路是内质网应激诱发的最保守的信号通路。研究证实,IRE1及其主要的下游效应分子剪切型X 盒结合蛋白1与肿瘤进展密切相关。本文对IRE1通路与肿瘤发生发展、血管新生、肿瘤转移、肿瘤耐药性和恶性程度的相关性进行了阐述,同时分析了IRE1在不同肿瘤样本中的突变率、突变类型与病人存活状态的关系。作为肿瘤治疗的有效靶点,针对IRE1通路的调控能够有效延缓肿瘤的发生发展。     

CMTM家族成员在肿瘤细胞中的分子机制及潜在临床价值

恶性肿瘤已成为危害人类健康的重要杀手,针对肿瘤的研究也成为当今医学界的热点.含有MARVEL跨膜结构域的趋化素样因子基因家族(CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing family of genes,CMTM family),原名人类趋化素样因子超家族(chemo...     

NKCC1 promotes EMT-like process in GBM via RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways

Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary intracranial tumor. As the key regulator of tumor cell volume, sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) expression increases along with the malignancy of the glioma, and NKCC1 has been implicated in glioblastoma invasion. However, little is known about the role of NKCC1 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in gliomas. We noticed that aberrantly elevated expression of NKCC1 leads to changes in the shape, polarity, and adhesion of cells in glioma. Here, we investigated whether NKCC1 promotes an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process in gliomas via the RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition and knockdown of NKCC1 both decrease the expressions of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail, whereas these treatments increase the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. These findings indicate that NKCC1 promotes an EMT-like process in gliomas. The underlying mechanism is the facilitation of the binding of Rac1 and RhoA to GTP by NKCC1, which results in a significant enhancement of the EMT-like process. Specific inhibition or knockdown of NKCC1 both attenuate activated Rac1 and RhoA, and the pharmacological inhibitions of Rac1 and RhoA both impair the invasion and migration abilities of gliomas. Furthermore, we illustrated that NKCC1 knockdown abolished the dissemination and spread of glioma cells in a nude mouse intracranial model. These findings suggest that elevated NKCC1 activity acts in the regulation of an EMT-like process in gliomas, and thus provides a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting the invasiveness of gliomas, which might help to inhibit the spread of malignant intracranial tumors.     

基于生物信息学分析KCNQ1OT1在胃癌中的作用

长非编码RNA KCNQ1OT1在多种肿瘤中高表达,但是在胃癌中的研究较少并且研究结果不一致,其在胃癌中具体的作用机制也缺乏相关研究。通过癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)公共数据库分析发现:KCNQ1OT1在胃癌中普遍高表达,且高表达KCNQ1OT1的胃癌病人预后不良,它与胃癌多种临床因素密切相关,尤其是与TP53的突变有明显的相关性,而且其表达与免疫细胞浸润明显相关;KCNQ1OT1在胃癌肿瘤细胞系中普遍高表达,敲低后可抑制胃癌肿瘤细胞的增殖能力,共表达网络分析发现,其表达与肿瘤代谢有密切的相关性;谷氨酰胺酶1(glutaminase 1, GLS1)在胃癌中普遍高表达,与预后不良密切相关,KCNQ1OT1与GLS1的表达具有明显的相关性,敲低KCNQ1OT1的表达可抑制GLS1 mRNA的表达,而过表达GLS1可以部分逆转敲低KCNQ1OT1造成的胃癌细胞增殖能力的下降,因此推测KCNQ1OT1可能通过GLS1调控胃癌肿瘤细胞的生长。本研究通过大数据及实验验证了KCNQ1OT1在胃癌中的表达及功能,提示KCNQ1OT1有可能通过调控谷氨酰胺代谢来促进了胃癌的发生发展,这为分子靶向治疗胃癌的临床研究提供了新的靶点和思路。     

Autocrine Semaphorin3A stimulates eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-dependent RhoA translation in breast tumor cells

Translation of the small G protein RhoA in neurons is regulated by the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E. Here we show that this translation factor also regulates RhoA expression and activity in breast cancer cells. The introduction of eIF4E into breast tumor cells increased RhoA protein levels, while expression of an eIF4E siRNA reduced RhoA expression. Previous studies indicate that the axon repulsion factor Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) stimulates the eIF4E-dependent translation of RhoA in neurons, and breast tumor cells support autocrine Sema3A signaling. Accordingly, we next examined if autocrine Sema3A signaling drives eIF4E-dependent RhoA translation in breast cancer cells. The incubation of breast tumor cells with recombinant Sema3A rapidly increased eIF4E activity, RhoA protein levels, and RhoA activity. This Sema3A activity was blocked in tumor cells expressing an shRNA-specific for the Sema3A receptor, Neuropilin-1 (NP-1), as well as in cells incubated with an eIF4E inhibitor. Importantly, RhoA protein levels were reduced in Sema3A shRNA-expressing compared to control shRNA-expressing breast tumor cells, demonstrating that autocrine Sema3A increases RhoA expression in breast cancer. Considering that Sema3A suppresses axon extension by stimulating RhoA translation, we next examined if the Sema3A/RhoA axis impacts breast tumor cell migration. The incubation of control breast tumor cells, but not RhoA shRNA-expressing cells, with rSema3A significantly reduced their migration. Collectively, these studies indicate that Sema3A impedes breast tumor cell migration in part by stimulating RhoA. These findings identify common signaling pathways that regulate the navigation of neurons and breast cancer cells, thus suggesting novel targets for suppressing breast tumor cell migration.     

蛋白酶活化受体1在不同肿瘤中的研究进展

人蛋白酶活化受体1(PAR-1)是蛋白酶活化受体家族的成员之一.它活化方式特殊,生物学功能广泛.已经证实PAR-1在黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌、前列腺癌癌旁间质、肝癌、结肠癌等组织中表达上调,在肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移过程中发挥重要作用,可作为患者临床病理分期及预后的标志物.     

Implication of the hepatokine,fibrinogen-like protein 1 in liver diseases,metabolic disorders and cancer: The need to harness its full potential

Fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) is a novel hepatokine that forms part of the fibrinogen superfamily. It is predominantly expressed in the liver under normal physiological conditions. When the liver is injured by external factors, such as chemical drugs and radiation, FGL1 acts as a protective factor to promote the growth of regenerated cells. However, elevated hepatic FGL1 under high fat conditions can cause lipid accumulation and inflammation, which in turn trigger the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. FGL1 is also involved in the regulation of insulin resistance in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles as a means of communication between the liver and other tissues. In addition, the abnormally changed FGL1 levels in the plasma of cancer patients make it a potential predictor of cancer incidence in clinical practice. FGL1 was recently identified as a major functional ligand of the immune inhibitory receptor, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), thus making it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy except for the classical programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. Despite the potential of FGL1 as a new cancer biomarker and therapeutic target, there are few related studies and much of what has been reported are superficial and lack depth and particularity. Therefore, elucidating the role and underlying mechanisms of FGL1 could be crucial for the development of promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for related diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the cellular mechanisms and clinical prospects of FGL1 in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases, metabolic disorders and cancer, and proffer suggestions for future studies.     

The tumor suppressor protein DLC1 is regulated by PKD-mediated GAP domain phosphorylation

Deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is frequently downregulated in various tumor types. DLC1 contains a Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain that appears to be required for its tumor suppressive functions. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate DLC1. By mass spectrometry we have mapped a novel phosphorylation site within the DLC1 GAP domain on serine 807. Using a phospho-S807-specific antibody, our results identify protein kinase D (PKD) to phosphorylate this site in DLC1 in intact cells. Although phosphorylation on serine 807 did not directly impact on in vitro GAP activity, a DLC1 serine-to-alanine exchange mutant inhibited colony formation more potently than the wild type protein. Our results thus show that PKD-mediated phosphorylation of DLC1 on serine 807 negatively regulates DLC1 cellular function.     

乳腺癌中Rho A蛋白表达及其与Cyclin D1和P21WAF1/CIP1蛋白表达的相关性

目的探讨Rho A蛋白在人乳腺癌中的表达情况,Rho A蛋白与临床病理因素的关系,及其与细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1,细胞周期抑制蛋白 P21 WAF1/CIP1表达的相关性.方法应用免疫组化S-P法,检测64例乳腺癌组织及20例正常乳腺组织中Rho A蛋白、Cyclin D1和P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白的表达情况.结果 (1)Rho A、 Cyclin D1和P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白在正常乳腺组织中的表达率分别为5.00%、25.00%、15.00%,在乳腺癌组织中的表达率分别为73.44%、59.38%、48.44%,三者在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达分别与正常乳腺组织相比,均差异有显著性意义(P< 0.01).(2)Rho A蛋白表达与病理组织分级,淋巴结转移相关(P< 0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小及临床分期无关.(3)RhoA蛋白与P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白表达呈负相关(χ2=4.548,P<0.05),与Cyclin D1蛋白表达无关.结论乳腺癌患者RhoA蛋白过表达与预后不良有关.RhoA蛋白通过下调P21 WAF1/CIP1蛋白参与细胞周期调节,进而与乳腺癌发展及侵袭转移相关.