肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与成纤维细胞活化蛋白在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

除了依赖于肿瘤细胞自身的恶性增殖以外,肿瘤的发生和发展还依赖于肿瘤细胞与肿瘤间质微环境的相互作用。肿瘤间质中存在的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（tumor-associatedfibroblasts,TAF）能够诱导免疫抑制,是肿瘤免疫治疗中的一大障碍。在TAF上存在一种成纤维细胞激活蛋白（fibroblast activationprotein,FAP）,它在细胞表面发挥作用,是一种膜丝氨酸肽酶,是Ⅱ型丝氨酸蛋白酶家族成员之一,具有二肽肽酶及胶原酶活性,在肿瘤微环境中表达FAP的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞是最早被鉴定的一种肿瘤间质细胞类型。它由肿瘤问质中的成纤维细胞与癌细胞相互作用而活化,是肿瘤微环境中最主要的宿主细胞,具有促进肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭及免疫抑制的作用,而且基因组稳定不易耐药,有望成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶标。就靶向TAF和FAP在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究做一综述,为基于肿瘤间质微环境的免疫治疗提供参考。     

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与肿瘤微环境

肿瘤的发展过程与肿瘤微环境密切相关,而肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)是上述微环境中最主要的宿主细胞,CAFs是一类不同细胞源性的细胞群,可来源于多种细胞包括静止的成纤维细胞、上皮细胞、内皮细胞和间质干细胞的分化过程。体内和体外生物学实验均证实,成纤维细胞在肿瘤微环境中并不是被动的对肿瘤发展提供支持,而是发挥了至关重要的作用,所以靶向CAFs有望成为肿瘤治疗的新方向,对CAFs相关分子标记物和分子事件的进一步探索将为抗肿瘤的临床治疗提供新的思路。本文将对CAFs的来源以及CAFs对肿瘤发生发展、转移及VEGF耐受等方面的作用做一综述。     

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与肿瘤微环境

肿瘤的发展过程与肿瘤微环境密切相关,而肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（CAFs）是上述微环境中最主要的宿主细胞,CAFs是一类不同细胞源性的细胞群,可来源于多种细胞包括静止的成纤维细胞、上皮细胞、内皮细胞和间质干细胞的分化过程。体内和体外生物学实验均证实,成纤维细胞在肿瘤微环境中并不是被动的对肿瘤发展提供支持,而是发挥了至关重要的作用,所以靶向CAFs有望成为肿瘤治疗的新方向,对CAFs相关分子标记物和分子事件的进一步探索将为抗肿瘤的临床治疗提供新的思路。本文将对CAFs的来源以及CAFs对肿瘤发生发展、转移及VEGF耐受等方面的作用做一综述。     

斑马鱼肝癌细胞与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞可视化转移模型的构建

目的 利用斑马鱼构建肝癌细胞与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer associated fibroblasts, CAFs)可视化转移模型,为CAFs介导的肿瘤转移患者的机制研究和药效评价提供临床前模型。方法 建立肝癌Huh7细胞与CAFs体外共培养体系,分别采用CCK8和Transwell小室检测Huh7细胞的增殖和迁移能力。同时将不同颜色荧光标记的Huh7细胞和CAFs注射到斑马鱼卵黄周隙中,构建可视化转移模型,观察CAFs对Huh7细胞迁移的影响以及Huh7细胞与CAFs在血管中的结合情况。结果 与CAFs共培养的Huh7细胞的增殖和迁移能力显著增加。此外,成功建立斑马鱼肝癌细胞和CAFs可视化转移模型。与CAFs共注射的Huh7细胞的迁移能力和结合率显著增加。结论 CAFs促进肝癌细胞的迁移,并且在远端转移中,大多数肝癌细胞与CAFs仍处于紧密结合状态。因此在临床上可以靶向实体瘤的成纤维成分,阻断其对肿瘤的支持作用,为肿瘤治疗提供新策略。     

综述: 细胞外基质与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞

肿瘤的发生发展是一个肿瘤细胞与其微环境相互促进,共同演化的动态过程．实体肿瘤的发生发展过程伴随细胞外基质的过量沉积及其组织形式的异常以及成纤维细胞的活化和富集．细胞外基质与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞不仅是实体肿瘤的重要病理特征,同时也是恶性肿瘤发展的重要驱动力量．细胞外基质与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞通过多种机制促进了肿瘤的发生、发展和转移．针对细胞外基质与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞进行肿瘤治疗,可以为肿瘤的临床治疗提供新的思路．     

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的形成及其在肿瘤发生与发展中的作用

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)是肿瘤微环境的重要细胞组分.CAFs有多种细胞来源,包括常驻成纤维细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞和上皮细胞等.它们在肿瘤发展的各个阶段都发挥关键作用,能够促进肿瘤的增殖和迁移、促进肿瘤血管生成、调节肿瘤免疫和提高肿瘤耐药性等.因此,是肿瘤...     

成纤维细胞激活蛋白α与肿瘤发展进程的研究

肿瘤微环境对肿瘤的发生、发展具有重要的意义。选择性表达于肿瘤微环境重要组成部分——肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（carcinoma associated fibroblasts,CAFs）表面的成纤维细胞激活蛋白α（fibroblast activation protein-α,FAPα）广泛参与了肿瘤的生长、侵袭、转移以及肿瘤细胞外基质重建、血管生成、免疫逃逸等过程,从而促进了肿瘤的发展进程。FAPα具有蛋白水解酶活性,并作用于细胞信号通路,但FAPα在肿瘤微环境中发挥功能的具体分子机制还有待进一步研究。由于FAPα的表达具有肿瘤组织特异性,因此,以FAPα作为肿瘤基质标志物,对肿瘤进行病理诊断和免疫治疗将成为新兴的研究靶点。对FAPα的主要生物学性状进行概述,并综述了其对肿瘤细胞的生长、侵袭、转移以及肿瘤细胞外基质重建、血管生成、免疫逃逸等方面的重要影响。     

成纤维细胞激活蛋白alpha与肿瘤免疫抑制的研究进展

成纤维细胞激活蛋白alpha（Fibroblast activation protein-alpha,FAP-alpha）是一种跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶,高度表达在90 %的上皮性肿瘤的 间质--肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（Tumor association fibroblast,TAF）上。FAPalpha在促进上皮性肿瘤的恶性进展中起着十分重要的作用, 近年来研究发现,FAP琢在肿瘤微环境中发挥免疫抑制的作用。研究FAPalpha在肿瘤免疫抑制中的作用,已成为肿瘤研究的新的热 点。为基于以FAP-alpha为靶标的抗肿瘤免疫治疗提供参考,本文围绕引起肿瘤免疫抑制的因素、FAPalpha与肿瘤免疫抑制的研究进展 以及FAP-alpha在肿瘤的发展进程的作用作一综述。     

胃癌组织中肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与正常成纤维细胞之间转录组学研究及验证

胃癌组织中肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(carcinoma associated fibroblasts, CAFs)是胃癌微环境的重要成分,主要来源于正常成纤维细胞(normal fibroblasts, NFs)的活化,对胃癌的发生发展有重要作用,但是两者之间的基因表达差异并不完全清楚。本研究选取从人胃癌组织中分离获得的CAFs及NFs 各3组,进行转录组学研究,筛选出3组细胞中交集且差异倍数较大的基因12个,用Omicsbean在线工具对差异基因进行Gene Ontology (GO)功能及KEGG通路富集,构建蛋白质相互作用调控网络;最后用RT-qPCR验证CAFs和NFs中差异基因的表达。结果显示,筛选出的12个差异表达基因主要参与NF-κB信号、炎症、细胞黏附、细胞表面受体和细胞因子等功能,上述功能均与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。RT-qPCR检测发现,与NFs相比,CAFs中BCL2A1、NKX3-2、CXCL12、TNFAIP3、FOS、CDH4及CLDN1表达上调;ATF3、CYFIP2、CCL11、KLF2及GDF15基因表达下调,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结果提示,胃癌CAFs与NFs中存在肿瘤相关的差异表达基因,这些差异基因可能在胃癌微环境中发挥重要作用。     

逆转录病毒介导人VEGF在兔皮肤成纤维细胞中的表达

A replication-deficient recombinant retrovirus containing the cDNA coding for human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was generated, and then infected rabbit primary skin fibroblasts. After selection with G418, the transduced colonies have the ability of producing VEGF. The integration and expression of VEGF in transduced cells were confirmed by Southern blot, PCR, Northern blot and RT-PCR assay. The VEGF secreted by transduced cells has strong bioactivity when assayed by endothelial proliferation and Miles vascular permeability assay. Thus, this study pave the way for future study of biological and physiological effect of VEGF in vivo.     

Fibroblasts Mobilize Tumor Cell Glycogen to Promote Proliferation and Metastasis

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胞外酸性与肿瘤的浸润转移

组织缺氧是实体瘤的一个主要特征,它引起肿瘤细胞胞外酸性环境的形成.肿瘤细胞通过质子感知的G蛋白偶联受体（G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs）或质子感知的离子通道感知其胞外的酸性环境,并激活多条细胞内信号通路,影响细胞功能. 肿瘤最致命的方面在于其转移能力,肿瘤转移程度与肿瘤细胞迁移能力呈正相关. 因此,对胞外酸性与肿瘤细胞迁移扩散之间关系的深入研究将有助于发现更多新的抗肿瘤转移药物.本文就肿瘤酸性微环境的形成、肿瘤细胞的质子感知制、胞外酸性环境对肿瘤浸润转移的影响及如何将肿瘤pH调节应用于癌症治疗等方面的内容予以综述.     

Proteomic Profiling of Human Prostate Cancer-associated Fibroblasts (CAF) Reveals LOXL2-dependent Regulation of the Tumor Microenvironment

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Highlights

• •Quantitative (phoshpo)proteome of primary cell cultures of patient-matched prostate CAF and NPF.
• •Key CAF-associated proteins validated using orthogonal methodologies.
• •LOXL2 inhibitors D-penicillamine and PXS-S2A impaired CAF migration and ECM alignment.
• •Pre-treatment with LOXL2 inhibitors impaired migratory capacity of RWPE-2 cells in co-culture.

     

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Secretions,interactions, and therapy

Tumor microenvironment (TME) could impose a great challenge for cancer targeted therapies. Immunosuppression within the TME creates a barrier between cancer cells and therapeutic approaches. A number of cells are hosted within this milieu, among them cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant cell populations playing major roles in mediating an immunosuppressive TME. CAFs have cross-talks with almost all cells within the TME for reprogramming them into being tumorigenic. This reprogramming reduces the pre-existing tumor immunity and dampens the efficacy of chemotherapeutic approaches. CAFs would do this through releasing a myriad of factors to the TME making it an appropriate nest for tumor growth. The cells degrade and deposit extracellular matrix components, both of which are tumorigenic. Therefore, disruption of cross-talks between CAFs with other cells within the TME would be a promising approach in cancer targeted therapies. This approach is applicable through dampening dominant signals mediated by CAFs. Another interesting approach would be reprogramming of CAFs toward their normal counterpart. This would need identification of different subtypes for these cells and their functions. More knowledge is also required about selective markers for each CAF subtype.     

Metabolomics reveals that CAF-derived lipids promote colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis by enhancing membrane fluidity

Patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) have poorer overall survival outcomes than those without PM. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment and mediate CRC progression and PM. It is imperative to identify and develop novel therapeutic targets for PM-CRC driven by CAFs. Using lipidomics, we reveal that the abundance of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with unsaturated acyl chains was increased in clinical PM-CRC specimens. Additionally, we found that CAFs were present at a higher relative abundance in primary PM-CRC tumors and that membrane fluidity in CRC cells was increased after incubation with CAF-conditioned medium (CM) through three independent methods: lipidomics, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and generalized polarization. Then, we found that increased membrane fluidity can enhance glucose uptake and metabolism, as supported by real-time bioenergetics analysis and U-¹³C glucose labeling. Interestingly, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (uS-FAs), was expressed at low levels in PM and associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Importantly, by untargeted metabolomics analysis and fatty acid ([U-¹³C]-stearic acid) tracing analyses, we found that CRC cells take up lipids and lipid-like metabolites secreted from CAFs, which may compensate for low SCD expression. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that sodium palmitate (C16:0) treatment could decrease the CAF-induced change in cell membrane fluidity, limit glucose metabolism, suppress cell invasiveness, and impair tumor growth and intraperitoneal dissemination. An increased C16:0 concentration was shown to induce apoptosis linked to lipotoxicity. Furthermore, C16:0 effectively enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro and was well tolerated in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that adding the saturated fatty acid (S-FA) C16:0 to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may open new opportunities for treating PM-CRC in the future.     

EMT参与肿瘤侵袭转移的研究进展

在癌症类型中,上皮癌占绝大多数。从良性腺瘤过渡到恶性癌和转移期间,上皮肿瘤细胞获得去分化、迁移和入侵行为,同时上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition EMT)伴随着显著的细胞形态学变化、细胞与细胞间及细胞与基质之间的粘附性丢失及重塑、并获得迁徙和侵袭能力。正如完全分化的上皮细胞转换成低分化、迁移和侵入性间质细胞,其涉及到一个高度的细胞可塑性、大量不同的基因和表观遗传学改变,因此EMT本身是一个多阶段的过程。该综述的目的是系统地总结EMT分子机制及EMT与肿瘤关系的最新进展。     

DLX4 Upregulates TWIST and Enhances Tumor Migration,Invasion and Metastasis

The distal-less homeobox gene 4 (DLX4) is a member of the DLX family of homeobox genes. Although absent from most normal adult tissues, DLX4 is widely expressed in leukemia, lung, breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. However the molecular targets, mechanisms and pathways that mediate the role of DLX4 in tumor metastasis are poorly understood. In this study, we found that DLX4 induces cancer cells to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through TWIST. Overexpression of DLX4 increased expression of TWIST expression in cancer cell lines, resulting in increased migratory and invasive capacity. Likewise, knocking down expression of DLX4 decreased TWIST expression and the migration ability of cancer cell lines. DLX4 bound to regulatory regions of the TWIST gene. Both western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining showed that the expression of DLX4 and TWIST are correlated in most of breast tumors. Taken together, these data from both cell models and tumor tissues demonstrate that DLX4 not only upregulates TWIST expression but also induces EMT and tumor metastasis. Altogether, we propose a new pathway in which DLX4 drives expression of TWIST to promote EMT, cancer migration, invasion and metastasis.     

可移植性小鼠组织细胞肉瘤侵袭与转移模型的建立

将小鼠可移植性组织细胞肉瘤ＬⅡ分别接种在近交系６１５小鼠的胁部皮下、后肢肌肉和爪垫皮下组织内,取全肺和各部位淋巴结进行组织学检查,观察肿瘤自发转移率及转移程度。胁部皮下与后肢肌肉移植组待荷瘤小鼠自然死亡,平均存活时间分别为３９．３、２７．９ｄ,淋巴结转移率分别为９５．７％和１００％,肺转移率均为１００％。爪垫皮下移植组在肿瘤接种后１、３、５、１０、２０、３０和４０ｄ处死荷瘤小鼠,早期淋巴结转移出现在肿瘤接种后第１０天,至第３０天时形成肺转移瘤。局部侵袭达Ⅲ～Ⅳ级时才发生肿瘤转移,肺转移出现时间晚于淋巴转移。结果表明,ＬⅡ瘤株具有淋巴道合并血道转移的特性,是研究肿瘤侵袭和转移的理想实验肿瘤模型。     

采用系统生物学方法分析乳腺癌转移中Runx2对细胞外基质重塑的调节机制

摘要细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)重塑是癌细胞迁移的关键步骤.本研究基于乳腺癌组织的基因表达谱数据,采用系统生物学方法推测乳腺癌转移中Runx2对细胞外基质重塑的调节机制.采用相关性分析程序分析49例乳腺原发癌和15例淋巴结转移癌组织的基因表达谱数据,筛选与Runx2呈相关性表达的基因,结果得到与ECM重塑相关的候选基因52个,包括ECM成分11个,ECM降解酶及其抑制剂8个,细胞信号分子33个.利用转录调节因子结合序列数据库搜索候选基因启动子区的Runx2结合模序,筛选其中Runx2转录调控的ECM重塑相关基因,并判断可能调节Runx2的上游信号分子;文献检索实验证实的与Runx2有相互调节关系的基因,并基于Runx2上游调控信号分子和下游转录调节基因的分析,构建得到以Runx2为中心的ECM重塑的生物学调控网络.WNT和TGF/BMPs是启动Runx2表达的主要信号通路,Runx2通过转录调节ECM组分、ECM降解酶及其抑制剂和信号分子调节ECM重塑,促进癌细胞完成转移的生物学过程.