早期肠内免疫微生态营养在重症肺炎治疗中的应用观察

目的 研究早期肠内免疫微生态营养对重症肺炎肠道菌群分布及肠道黏膜屏障的影响,为重症肺炎患者选择可靠的营养支持方式提供依据.方法 选取2017年1月至2019年1月在我院接受治疗的82例重症肺炎患者.采用随机数字表法随机分为观察组(n=41)与对照组(n=41).所有患者入院即采用常规治疗,对照组患者在常规治疗基础上建立...     

肠道菌群相关代谢产物影响骨代谢的研究进展

肠道菌群是包括细菌和真菌在内的多种微生物的总称,定植于宿主肠道中,与宿主形成复杂的共生关系,在维持人体健康中起重要作用。目前肠道菌群调节骨代谢已经成为研究的热点,除了肠道菌群影响骨代谢外,肠道菌群的代谢产物也可以影响骨代谢。肠道菌群代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸、色氨酸、胆汁酸、硫化氢和维生素B等都对骨代谢有直接或间接的影响。本文对肠道菌群相关代谢产物影响骨代谢的机制进行探讨,以期为治疗骨质疏松症提供新的思路。

     

肠道菌群与蛋白质代谢

人体的肠道内寄居着大量的微生物,在健康状态下与宿主处于共生关系,能阻止致病菌从肠道易位至人体其他部位。肠道菌群总体维持着动态平衡,并且参与宿主的新陈代谢。肠道菌群是食物消化的主要参与者,参与碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素等主要营养物质的分离、合成和吸收。细菌的生长需要氮源,肠道菌群通过参与机体蛋白质的代谢,一方面为自身的生长提供氮源,同时也为宿主提供必需氨基酸以满足宿主生理需求。不同类型蛋白质对菌群的作用有所不同,有些能促进菌群的生长,有些则产生抑制作用。菌源性氨基酸对宿主的健康有着重要的意义,恢复肠道内氨基酸平衡可以作为治疗诸如肠易激综合征,溃疡性结肠炎等肠道疾病的新思路。     

肠道菌群与人体代谢

人体代谢是人为了适应环境变化通过自身与微生物基因组共调节产生的所有复杂化学反应的总称。无论疾病与否,规模宏大而复杂的细菌库——肠道菌群都直接参与人体多种代谢过程。肠道菌群在人体内形成了错综复杂的微生态系统,与人类共同变化应对外界因素,人体代谢平衡状况与肠道菌群的结构组成变化密不可分。研究肠道菌群与人体代谢的相关性,对于人类健康有重要意义。     

早期肠内营养对急性脑梗死患者肠道菌群结构及营养状态的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养对急性脑梗死患者肠道菌群结构及营养状态的影响。方法对2018年3月-2019年6月收治的112例急性脑梗死患者的临床资料进行回顾:均接受常规治疗,有51例未予以早期肠内营养支持,纳入A组;余61例接受早期肠内营养支持治疗,纳入B组。对比治疗前后两组肠道菌群结构变化、营养状态、胃肠道并发症发生率和预后不良发生率。结果治疗后A组肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Bacteroides、Lactobacillus、Bifidobacterium、Faecalibacterium、Enterococcus、Parabacteroides属水平相对丰度均较治疗前下降(均P0.05),B组治疗后各项与治疗前比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),且B组均高于A组(均P0.05);治疗后A组Candida、Escherichia、Streptococcus属水平相对丰度均较治疗前升高(均P0.05),B组治疗后各项与治疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),且治疗后B组均低于A组(均P0.05)。治疗前两组血清SAB、TRF、TSF相比差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),治疗后A组各指标均较治疗前下降(均P0.05),B组治疗后与治疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后两组营养状态指标比较,B组血清SAB、TRF、TSF均高于A组(均P0.05)。B组胃肠道并发症发生率、不良反应发生率均低于A组(均P0.05)。结论对急性脑梗死患者予以早期肠内营养可改善其肠道菌群结构、营养状态,降低胃肠道并发症和预后不良发生率。     

肠道菌群与胆汁酸代谢在代谢相关脂肪性肝病的发生发展中的作用CSCD

代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)已成为我国慢性肝病的主要病因之一,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。MAFLD是代谢综合征累及肝脏的表现,其发生发展与肠道菌群失调和代谢功能障碍等密切相关。由于发病机制尚不明确,目前依旧缺乏有效的药物治疗方法。肠道菌群与胆汁酸代谢密切相关,胆汁酸可靶向法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)信号通路负反馈调控肠道菌群,同时肠道菌群通过一系列复杂的生化反应影响胆汁酸代谢。大量研究发现MAFLD的免疫应答受损及全身低度慢性炎症可导致胆汁酸代谢紊乱。此外,MAFLD常伴随肠道菌群失调。本文就肠道菌群与胆汁酸代谢在MAFLD发生发展中的作用作一综述,以期探寻治疗MAFLD潜在的新的靶点。     

肠道菌群与代谢研究进展

从出生伊始肠道菌群就依赖于宿主的基因组、营养和生活方式而变化的,与宿主共同进化发展.肠道菌群参与调控其宿主的多种代谢途径,包括宿主的免疫、营养,并且极大地影响宿主的物质能量代谢及与物质能量代谢相关疾病的发生与发展过程.同时又与多个器官共同作用,在宿主的代谢、信息传递,疾病的感染与防御方面起非常重要的作用.深入了解肠道菌群在其参与代谢的具体作用,对理解物质能量代谢相关疾病病因、优化治疗策略、调节肠道菌群、防治疾病和提高宿主健康水平具有重要作用.本研究对人类肠道菌群的形成、物质能量代谢、代谢相关疾病及其防治等方面的研究进展加以综述.     

肠道菌群与相关疾病的研究进展

肠道菌群被称为人体的第二基因组,对机体营养物质的代谢、人体自身发育、免疫及疾病的发病都有着重要作用。了解肠道菌群在疾病中的作用,可为疾病的预防、诊断、治疗提供合理的依据。     

间歇性低氧对小白鼠营养代谢的影响

目的：探讨间歇性低氧对营养代谢功能的影响。方法：健康小白鼠随机分为正常、正常低氧、高脂、高脂低氧。通过17d的喂养和低氧训练,测量动物的体重、血糖、血胆固醇含量的变化及肝脏组织切片。结果：经间歇性低氧处理明显抑制高脂高糖饲养导致的体重、血糖、血胆固醇增高,肝脏脂肪细胞分布的密度和范围均比单纯高脂组有所降低。结论：适度的间歇性低氧可以降低血糖以及血液中胆固醇的水平,减轻体重,并可以有效防止肝细胞脂肪变性。     

硒营养状态对大鼠肠道菌群结构及炎症的影响

目的 观察硒营养状态对大鼠肠道菌群结构及炎症的影响。方法 24只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：低硒组、适硒组和补硒组,分别给予低硒饲料、适硒饲料和补硒饲料喂养,持续42 d。收集0、21和42 d时各组大鼠粪样与血样,对比各组不同时间血清硒水平;分析肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列‒聚合酶链反应（ERIC-PCR）指纹图谱,比较肠道菌群多样性指数（H'）、ERIC-PCR指纹图谱条带数及图谱间相似系数（Cs）;42 d后处死大鼠取十二指肠组织,对比白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）mRNA相对表达量。结果 21 d、42 d时血清硒水平、肠道菌群H'及ERIC-PCR指纹图谱条带数组间比较,补硒组最高、适硒组其次、低硒组最低,每两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（Ps＜0.05）。组内比较,补硒组上述指标随时间的延长显著升高（P＜0.05）,低硒组显著降低（P＜0.05）,适硒组变化不显著（P＞0.05）;组间Cs累积分布曲线分析,小于0.6的Cs值在低硒组占80.00%,补硒组占65.42%;组内分析,21 d时小于0.6的Cs值在补硒组、适硒组、低硒组分别占总Cs个数的78.57%、54.27%和38.79%,42 d时小于0.6的Cs值在3组分别占总Cs个数的72.58%、53.47%和36.81%;低硒组IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA相对表达量显著高于适硒组和补硒组（P＜0.05）,适硒组与补硒组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 低硒日粮可降低血清硒水平,引起肠道菌群结构失调、降低其多样性,进而引起肠道炎症,适量补充硒可提高血清硒水平,改善肠道菌群结构、丰富其多样性。     

The Leap of Inulin Fructans from Food Industry to Medical Application

As a dietary supplement, the efficacy of prebiotics has become a hot issue in recent years. Inulin is one of internationally recognized prebiotics and belongs to a group of non-digestible and fermentable carbohydrates. Currently, the food industry is increasingly using prebiotic inulin as a health-promoting substrate, not just as food supplement. In addition, inulin has also shown great promise in the treatment of various diseases. This article reviews the application of inulin in the food industry and summarizes physiological function of inulin. Through the review and prospect of the research on obesity, diabetes and mental illness, it provides the theoretical basis for the joint development of inulin in food industry and medical application.     

Dietary fibers as emerging nutritional factors against diabetes: focus on the involvement of gut microbiota

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other secondary complications, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, etc. The important risk factors for the pathogenesis of DM are aging, family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity. Evidence from epidemiological studies also indicates that DM is characterized by specific alterations in the human gut microbiota (GM). GM transplantation in rodents and humans revealed that a specific GM constituent can be the cause and not just the consequence of the DM condition and complications. These findings suggest a potential role of GM in human health, disease prevention, and treatment. Dietary intervention studies using dietary fibers (DFs) suggested that modulation of the GM can suppress the metabolic risk markers in humans. However, a causal role of GM in such studies remains unexplored. Long-term follow-up studies disclosed that the diet rich in insoluble and non-viscous fibers are responsible for DF-mediated antidiabetic activities, while soluble and viscous fibers have little influence on DM despite having a profound impact on glycemia. However, general conclusions cannot be drawn simply based on these findings. Long-term follow-up studies are urgently required in this area to explore the therapeutic potential of different DFs in treating DM and to delineate the exact role of GM involvement. Here we review and discuss the signature of GM during DM, antidiabetic activity of metformin via GM modulation, DFs from different sources and their antidiabetic activity, and the possible role of GM involvement.     

短期低剂量饮酒后戒断改变雄性大鼠肠道微生物菌群并与焦虑样行为相关

长期规律性饮酒会改变肠道微生物菌群构成,并影响焦虑抑郁样行为.而短期低剂量饮酒后戒断是否对肠道菌群产生影响及其与酒精戒断后焦虑样行为是否有关,尚无系统研究.本研究以SD大鼠为研究对象,将30只雄性大鼠随机分为酒精处理组(Ethanol-C)、对照组(Ethanol-0)和酒精戒断组(Ethanol-2),每组各10只....     

运动、肠道菌群代谢物——短链脂肪酸与骨骼肌代谢调控

寄生于人体的肠道菌群是一个高度动态化和个体化的复杂生态系统,受遗传、环境、饮食、年龄和运动等因素的影响,并通过其产生的代谢物与机体众多组织器官产生广泛的应答效应。短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acid, SCFA)主要是由位于盲肠和结肠内的菌群以膳食纤维为底物发酵产生,其被吸收进入肠系膜上下静脉,随后汇入门静脉至肝。部分短链脂肪酸被肝作为糖异生和脂质合成的底物,剩余的短链脂肪酸以游离脂肪酸的形式经肝静脉进入外周循环。研究发现,运动可使产生SCFA的肠道菌群组分的丰度提高和参与调控SCFA生成的相关基因表达增加,使肠道中短链脂肪酸含量增加。由短链脂肪酸刺激结肠内分泌细胞合成分泌的胰高血糖素样肽1(glucagon like peptide-1, GLP-1)可促使胰岛B细胞合成分泌胰岛素,进而调节骨骼肌的葡萄糖摄取与糖原合成。此外,短链脂肪酸通过提高骨骼肌胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS1)基因转录起始位点附近的组蛋白乙酰化水平,增强骨骼肌的胰岛素敏感性。同时,短链脂肪酸通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白质激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)促进骨骼肌的脂肪酸摄取、脂肪分解和线粒体生物发生,抑制脂肪合成。本文就肠道菌群代谢物——短链脂肪酸概述、运动对产生短链脂肪酸的肠道菌群的影响和运动介导肠道菌群代谢物——短链脂肪酸对骨骼肌代谢调控机制的最新研究进展进行综述,为骨骼肌运动适应的新机制研究提供理论依据。     

Comparative Response of Rat and Rabbit Conceptuses In Vitro to Inhibitors of Histiotrophic Nutrition

Histiotrophic nutrition via the visceral yolk sac is an essential nutritional pathway of the rodent conceptus, and inhibition of this pathway may cause growth retardation, malformations, and death in rodent embryos. Morphologic differences among species during early development indicate that the visceral yolk sac histiotrophic nutrition pathway may be of lesser importance in nonrodent species, including humans. Here, comparative studies were conducted with inhibitors of different steps in the visceral yolk sac histiotrophic nutrition pathway to determine whether the rabbit is similarly responsive to the rat. Early somite stage New Zealand White rabbit and Crl:CD(SD) rat conceptuses (gestation day 9, rabbits; gestation day 10, rats) were exposed for 48 hr to three different histiotrophic nutrition pathway inhibitors using whole embryo culture techniques, after which they were evaluated for growth and malformations. Cubilin antibody, an inhibitor of endocytosis, reduced growth and development and increased malformations in both rat and rabbit embryos, although the rabbit appeared more sensitive. Leupeptin, a lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitor, also impaired growth and development and increased malformations in rat embryos, while in the rabbit it induced malformations and a slight decrease in morphology score but had no effect upon growth. Trypan blue, an inhibitor of endocytosis and endosome maturation, affected all measures in both species to a similar degree at the highest concentration (2500 μg/ml), but rat embryos responded to a greater extent at lower concentrations. Although the specific adverse outcomes appear to be different, these results demonstrate that rabbits, like rats, are sensitive to inhibitors of the histiotrophic nutrition pathway     

The association of diet,gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: what we eat may imply what we get

Despite the success of colonoscopy screening and recent advances in cancer treatment, colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadly cancers, with a significantly increased incidence in developing countries where people are adapting to Western lifestyle. Diet has an important impact on risk of CRC. Multiple epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive animal protein and fat intake, especially red meat and processed meat, could increase the risk of developing CRC while fiber could protect against colorectal tumorigenesis. Mechanisms have been investigated by animal studies.Diet could re-shape the community structure of gut microbiota and influence its function by modulating the production of metabolites. Butyrate, one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which act as a favorable source for colonocytes, could protect colonic epithelial cells from tumorigenesis via anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties through cell metabolism, microbiota homeostasis, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and genetic/epigenetic regulation ways. In contrast, protein fermentation and bile acid deconjugation, which cause damage to colonic cells through proinflammatory and proneoplastic ways, lead to increasedriskofdevelopingCRC.In conclusion, abalanced diet with an increased abundance of fiber should be adopted to reduce the risk and prevent CRC.     

中华剑角蝗的营养成分与利用评价

本文分析了中华剑角蝗 Acrida cinerea的营养成分 ,包括蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖、粗脂肪、粗灰分、无机矿物质元素及维生素 B1和 B2 等 ,并在分析其营养价值的基础上进行开发利用评价。     

Foodomics for human health: current status and perspectives

Introduction: In the post-genomic era, the opportunity to combine and integrate cutting-edge analytical platforms and data processing systems allowed the birth of foodomics, ‘a discipline that studies the Food and Nutrition domains through the application of advanced omics technologies to improve consumer’s well-being, health, and confidence’. Since then, this discipline has rapidly evolved and researchers are now facing the daunting tasks to meet consumers’ needs in terms of food traceability, sustainability, quality, safety and integrity. Most importantly, today it is imperative to provide solid evidence of the mechanisms through which food can promote human health and well-being.

Areas covered: In this review, the complex relationships connecting food, nutrition and human health will be discussed, with emphasis on the relapses for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals, personalized nutrition approaches, and the study of the interplay among gut microbiota, diet and health/diseases.

Expert commentary: Evidence has been provided supporting the role of various omic platforms in studying the health-promoting effects of food and customized dietary interventions. However, although associated to major analytical challenges, only the proper integration of multi-omics studies and the implementation of bioinformatics tools and databases will help translate findings from clinical practice into effective personalized treatment strategies.