RNF149通过泛素化介导的CD9降解调控细胞增殖

选取功能未知的泛素连接酶RNF149作为研究对象．该分子同GRAIL(gene related to anergy in lymphocytes)具有较高的同源性,属于Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白．激光共聚焦显微镜的观察结果显示,RNF149是一个定位在溶酶体上的蛋白质,它与CD9在细胞内有共定位．免疫共沉淀实验证明RNF149与CD9有相互作用．RNF149通过泛素分子的第48位赖氨酸多泛素化CD9．在HeLa细胞中转染数量一定的CD9质粒和数量梯度增加的RNF149质粒24 h后,蛋白质印迹检测外源RNF149和CD9的表达,结果表明,随外源RNF149表达量梯度增高,外源CD9的表达量梯度降低．在HEK293T细胞内以shRNA敲低内源的RNF149,并检测内源CD9的变化,发现RNF149被敲低后内源CD9的量增多．上述结果提示,CD9很有可能是RNF149的底物,被RNF149通过泛素化降解．此外,RNF149被敲低的HEK293T细胞增殖受到抑制,这可能与其内源CD9的量增多有关,提示RNF149可能是一种细胞增殖的调控因子．     

O型谷胱甘肽转移酶1通过抑制泛素化促进MHCII表达

目的 研究谷胱甘肽转移酶omega1 (GSTO1)如何调控骨髓来源的树突状细胞（BMDCs）的功能。方法 利用流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜检测GSTO1缺陷及GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs表面MHCII分子的表达。将BMDCs与来自OTII小鼠的CD4 T细胞在OVA存在下共培养，并检测IFN-γ的产生。利用流式细胞仪检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的循环和内化。实时定量PCR检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的转录水平。Western blot检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的总蛋白质水平。免疫共沉淀技术检测GSTO1抑制剂处理后MHCII分子的泛素化水平。结果 GSTO1缺陷或GSTO1抑制剂不影响BMDCs的增殖和凋亡，但会降低细胞膜上抗原递呈分子MHCII分子的表达。GSTO1缺陷或GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs活化CD4 T细胞的能力受损。在GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中，MHCII分子的循环和内化过程正常。GSTO1抑制剂不影响MHCII分子的转录，但会降低其总蛋白质水平。另外，在GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDC...     

组蛋白H2B单泛素化参与DNA损伤修复的调控机制

作为一种重要的组蛋白修饰形式,H2B的单泛素化(uH2B)广泛地参与DNA复制、基因的表达与转录、DNA损伤修复及异染色质维持等生物学事件.在裂殖酵母中,H2B的单泛素化发生在其羧基端的119位赖氨酸(K119),并依赖于Rhp6/Bre1泛素连接酶复合体.研究表明,uH2B通过破坏H2A/H2B二聚体的结构促进mRNA在转录过程中的延伸,同时促进H3K4的三甲基化激活基因的表达及参与DNA损伤修复.本研究发现,Rhp6能够对核糖核苷酸还原酶抑制基因(Spd1)位点进行活跃的染色质修饰,促进H2B的单泛素化并抑制基因表达,从而促进dNTP的合成并调控DNA复制及损伤修复.重要的是,本研究发现,该过程不依赖于H3K4而决定于H3K9的三甲基化.同时uH2B直接在DNA双链断裂位点富集,通过改变染色质的结构参与DNA损伤修复,该过程中可能存在其他更为复杂的分子机制.     

自噬相关去泛素化酶及其小分子抑制剂的研究进展

自噬是进化上高度保守并受到多途径严密调控的细胞生物学过程,其向溶酶体递送多种细胞质组分以进行细胞内物质的降解以及再循环.这一过程涉及到细胞器的更新、错误折叠蛋白质和蛋白质聚集体以及细胞内病原体的清除.因此,自噬对于细胞稳态的维持至关重要,与许多人类疾病的发生发展密切相关.随着细胞自噬调节机制研究的不断深入,越来越多的去泛素化酶被证明在自噬相关的泛素信号调控系统中发挥了重要的作用.这些去泛素化酶作用于细胞自噬的不同阶段,靶向调节不同的泛素化自噬功能元件或自噬底物.去泛素化酶作为包括神经退行性疾病以及肿瘤在内的细胞自噬相关疾病的治疗靶点受到了广泛的关注,其中各类小分子抑制剂的发现为进一步研究去泛素化酶的自噬调节活性及相关疾病的治疗提供了可能.     

泛素化信号调控细胞选择性自噬的新机制

<正>细胞选择性自噬自噬(autophagy)途径是细胞对胞内的大分子物质的包被、吞噬后在溶酶体中降解的过程[1-2]。细胞受到饥饿、高温、低氧及荷尔蒙等外界刺激,或细胞器的损坏、突变蛋白的积聚及微生物的侵袭等,都可能引起细胞自噬的发生[3]。自噬最早被认为是非选择性的,而近期研究发现,自噬受体蛋白(autophagy receptor)对自噬底物有特异性的识别、     

去泛素化酶USP10通过稳定Smurf1抑制TGF-β/BMP信号通路

目的 探究生理条件下去泛素化酶USP10调控的关键信号通路及分子机制。方法 利用GEO2R和Metascape对Usp10^+/+和Usp10^-/-新生小鼠肾组织基因芯片(GSE198574)差异表达基因和通路富集分析，使用免疫印迹实验和免疫组化技术检验核心转录因子的表达情况；进一步利用免疫印迹检测该信号通路，并通过基因芯片和免疫组化分析候选分子的表达情况；使用免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)和GST-pull down实验验证USP10与候选分子的相互作用，通过泛素化实验明确USP10对底物分子的调控机制；利用免疫印迹检测细胞增殖、凋亡相关蛋白p21、Cleaved-caspase 3的表达情况，使用CCK-8和克隆形成实验分析USP10对细胞增殖的影响。结果 Usp10^-/-新生小鼠肾组织中TGF-β/BMP通路激活，USP10在小鼠体内缺失后导致Smad泛素相关因子1 (Smurf1)蛋白质水平降低，Smad1/5蛋白质水平上调，却不影响它们的转录水平；机制上，USP10与Smurf1存在相互作用，并依赖其去泛素化酶活性去除...     

高糖通过诱导自噬障碍促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡

目的探讨自噬对高糖（HG）诱导的心肌细胞H9c2凋亡的影响。 方法MTT法检测H9c2细胞活力;hoechst33258染色法检测凋亡细胞;Western Blot检测H9c2细胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和自噬相关蛋白（Beclin-1和P62）的表达。各组的OD值和蛋白条带灰度值均采用析因设计的方差分析,各组间差异用单因素ANOVA分析。 结果HG能诱导H9c2细胞活力降低：12、24、48 mmol/L的HG细胞活力分别为Control组（100%）的[（79.5±2.23）%]（t = 3.143,P = 0.043）、[（54.6±3.08）%]（t = 12.425,P = 0.000）和[（37.2±2.59）%]（t = 13.761,P = 0.000）;与Control组（100%）比较,甘露醇等渗对照组的细胞活力值为[（101.0±1.27）%]（t = 0.012,P = 0.094）。HG诱导H9c2细胞hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且能诱导促凋亡蛋白Bax表达增加：与Control组比较,12、24、48 mmol/L的HG处理组凋亡蛋白Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 2.32,P = 0.045）、（1.42±0.23,t = 10.247,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 16.324,P = 0.000）。HG诱导自噬障碍：与Control组比较,自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1/β-actin灰度值分别为（0.82±0.16,t = 4.243,P = 0.032）、（0.78±0.19,t = 11.341,P = 0.000）和（0.62±0.11,t = 13.455,P = 0.000）,P62蛋白/β-actin蛋白灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 4.442,P = 0.014）、（1.42±0.23,t = 13.341,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 15.851,P = 0.000）。自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素可逆转HG诱导的hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且逆转HG诱导的Bax表达升高：与control组比较,HG组、HG和雷帕霉素共处理组、雷帕霉素组的Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.51±0.31,t = 14.342,P = 0.000）、（1.42±0.23,t = 9.621,P = 0.004）和（1.81±0.12,t = 0.172,P = 0.124）。 结论HG可促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡,且能诱导自噬障碍,自噬诱导剂的运用逆转了HG对H9c2细胞的凋亡作用,表明自噬障碍是HG诱导H9c2细胞凋亡的重要机制。     

桑根酮C通过促进β-catenin的泛素化水平抑制胶质母细胞瘤的迁移侵袭能力

胶质母细胞瘤属于浸润性的恶性肿瘤,目前其化疗新药物的寻找和治疗仍待突破。桑根酮C (Sanggenon C, SC)来源于桑白皮,在多种癌症中发挥着抗肿瘤功效。本研究利用显微镜拍摄、transwell实验和免疫荧光实验验证了SC对胶质母细胞瘤的迁移侵袭能力的影响;基因富集、实时荧光定量PCR (real-time qPCR)以及泛素化实验用于阐明SC抑制胶质母细胞瘤迁移侵袭能力的分子机制。显微镜拍摄结果显示,对胶质母细胞瘤进行加药处理后细胞形态明显回缩,细胞迁移侵袭能力被削弱;Transwell实验和免疫荧光实验也验证了SC能抑制胶质母细胞瘤迁移侵袭能力的猜测;基因富集实验结果表明SC可能调控迁移侵袭相关基因的表达,并且影响Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的活性;Western blotting揭示了SC可调控β-catenin的泛素化水平,并且抑制β-catenin及其下游蛋白的表达;Real-time qPCR实验结果在转录水平上佐证Western blotting的结果。SC通过调控β-catenin的泛素化水平抑制胶质母细胞瘤的迁移侵袭能力,为胶质母细胞瘤的治疗提供了新的思路。     

泛素化在TRAF2介导的NF-κB信号通路中的作用

NF-κB（核因子κ增强子结合蛋白）是核转录因子家族成员,具有调节免疫、炎症和细胞存活的功能.它可被TRAF2（tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2,肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2）等相关因子活化.TRAF2包含了N-端的环指结构域和C-端的高度保守结构域.它通过与肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员相互作用,介导了下游信号通路.而TRAF2的泛素化在过程中是关键的,鞘磷脂作为TRAF2的泛素化连接酶辅助因子,在TRAF2介导的NF-κB信号通路中发挥重要作用.     

RNAi特异性抑制A20基因对H2O2诱导的HUASMC细胞表型的影响

目的:通过采用锌指蛋白A20基因干扰技术观察其对H2O2诱导的人脐动脉血管平滑肌细胞(HUASMC)超微结构影响,以初步研究锌指蛋白A20在氧化还原方面对细胞的保护作用.方法:将培养的人脐动脉血管平滑肌细胞随机分六组,空白组;A20siRNA组;scramble siRNA组;H2O2组;H2O2+A20siRNA组;H2O2+scramble siRNA,采用RT-PCR,Western-blotting方法观察A20基因表达变化,应用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构改变.结果:空白组A20mRNA与蛋白有微弱表达,A20siRNA组较空白组表达减少(P＜0.05);H2O2组A20mRNA与蛋白表达明显高于空白组但显著低于H2O2+A20siRNA组(P＜0.05)干扰效率大约55%.空白组平滑肌细胞(VSMC)电镜下呈典型的"收缩表型";H2O2组VSMC表型发生明显改变,呈"合成表型"H2O2+A20siRNA组成典型的合成表型且肌丝明显减少,细胞器及分泌物增多.结论:A20基因可以抑制H2O2损伤诱导的血管平滑肌细胞表型转化.     

The Wnt Signaling Antagonist Dapper1 Accelerates Dishevelled2 Degradation via Promoting Its Ubiquitination and Aggregate-induced Autophagy

Autophagy is a regulated process that sequesters and transports cytoplasmic materials such as protein aggregates via autophagosomes to lysosomes for degradation. Dapper1 (Dpr1), an interacting protein of Dishevelled (Dvl), antagonizes Wnt signaling by promoting Dishevelled degradation via lysosomes. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that Dpr1 promotes the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL)-mediated ubiquitination of Dvl2 and its autophagic degradation. Knockdown of Dpr1 decreases the interaction between Dvl2 and pVHL, resulting in reduced ubiquitination of Dvl2. Dpr1-mediated autophagic degradation of Dvl2 depends on Dvl2 aggregation. Moreover, the aggregate-prone proteins Dvl2, p62, and the huntingtin mutant Htt103Q promote autophagy in a Dpr1-dependent manner. These protein aggregates enhance the Beclin1-Vps34 interaction and Atg14L puncta formation, indicating that aggregated proteins stimulate autophagy initiation. Ubiquitination is not essential for the aggregate-induced autophagy initiation as inhibition of the ubiquitin-activation E1 enzyme activity did not block the aggregate-induced Atg14L puncta formation. Our findings suggest that Dpr1 promotes the ubiquitination of Dvl2 by pVHL and mediates the protein aggregate-elicited autophagy initiation.     

Mdm2 Promotes Myogenesis through the Ubiquitination and Degradation of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β

Myogenesis is a tightly regulated differentiation process during which precursor cells express in a coordinated fashion the myogenic regulatory factors, while down-regulating the satellite cell marker Pax7. CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is also expressed in satellite cells and acts to maintain the undifferentiated state by stimulating Pax7 expression and by triggering a decrease in MyoD protein expression. Herein, we show that C/EBPβ protein is rapidly down-regulated upon induction of myogenesis and this is not due to changes in Cebpb mRNA expression. Rather, loss of C/EBPβ protein is accompanied by an increase in Mdm2 expression, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We demonstrate that Mdm2 interacts with, ubiquitinates and targets C/EBPβ for degradation by the 26 S proteasome, leading to increased MyoD expression. Knockdown of Mdm2 expression in myoblasts using a shRNA resulted in high C/EBPβ levels and a blockade of myogenesis, indicating that Mdm2 is necessary for myogenic differentiation. Primary myoblasts expressing the shMdm2 construct were unable to contribute to muscle regeneration when grafted into cardiotoxin-injured muscle. The differentiation defect imposed by loss of Mdm2 could be partially rescued by loss of C/EBPβ, suggesting that the regulation of C/EBPβ turnover is a major role for Mdm2 in myoblasts. Taken together, we provide evidence that Mdm2 regulates entry into myogenesis by targeting C/EBPβ for degradation by the 26 S proteasome.     

Numb在三阴乳腺癌中抑制HDM2泛素化降解p53

目的:探究Numb蛋白在三阴乳腺癌患者中的表达降低情况,及Numb蛋白在三阴乳腺癌中对抑癌因子p53蛋白水平的影响及调控机制,进一步研究Numb蛋白的降低与三阴乳腺癌发生发展的相关性,从而为缺乏有效治疗方法的三阴乳腺癌提供一个潜在的治疗新靶点。方法:40例三阴乳腺癌患者病理组织切片取自重庆医科大学临床病理诊断中心,采用免疫组化法检测Numb蛋白在三阴乳腺癌患者中的表达情况。MCF-10A细胞株和MDA-MB-231细胞株均为ATCC来源,采用qPCR和Western blot法检测对比Numb、HDM2、p53三者的转录水平和蛋白质水平在以上两个细胞株中差异。采用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhance green fluorescent protein,EGFP)质粒转染的方法在MDA-MB-231细胞中重表达Numb,采用q PCR和Western blot法验证Numb、HDM2、p53三者表达的变化。结果:转染NUMB-EGFP后MDA-MB-231细胞中Numb的mRNA和蛋白质水平均明显上调,HDM2无显著改变,p53在转录水平无明显变化,但在蛋白质水平显著升高。在231细胞中上调Numb蛋白可以在转录后水平调节p53水平,使p53蛋白随之显著升高。结论:Numb蛋白在三阴乳腺癌患者中表达降低的比列很高,为55%,且Numb蛋白在三阴乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231中可以调控抑癌因子p53蛋白水平,Numb蛋白水平与p53蛋白水平呈正相关。     

Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases on the Inhibition of Cells Invasion and Migration by Emodin in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells

Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthaquinone), an active component present in the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae) has anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, diuretic and vasorelaxant effects. However, its mechanism of action on the cell migration and invasion of human neuroblastoma cancer SH-SY5Y cells is not fully understood. In this study, firstly, the effects of emodin on the percentage of viable cells were examined by using MTT assay and it was found that emodin induced dose-and time-dependent inhibition in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Second, the effects of emodin on the migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells were examined by using wound assay and matrigel counting and the results showed that emodin suppressed the migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. Third, we examined the effect of emodin on the levels of associated proteins by using Western blotting and the results indicated that emodin inhibited the levels of GRB2, RhoA, HIF-1α, VEGF, FAK, iNOS, COX2, p-p38, p-c-jun, MMP2, MMP9 and MMP7 but promoted the levels of PKC, PI3K, MEKK3 and NF-κB p65 that led to the inhibition of migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells in vitro.     

Regulation of Muscarinic Agonist-Induced Activation of Phosphoinositidase C in Electrically Permeabilized SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells by Guanine Nucleotides

myo-[3H]Inositol-labelled SH-SY5Y cells were permeabilized with electrical discharges. 3H-Inositol phosphate formation in cells shown to be fully permeable was stimulated by the muscarinic agonist carbachol, by guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate [GTP(S)], and by guanosine 5'-(beta gamma-imido)diphosphate (GppNHp). Synergism was observed on coincubation of these GTP analogues with carbachol. GTP was also stimulatory and guanosine 5'-(beta-thio)diphosphate was inhibitory in the presence of agonist. Atropine blocked the effects of carbachol. Stimulation by GTP(S) (0.1 mM) occurred after a 1-2-min lag, whereas Ca2+ (0.5 mM), carbachol (1 mM), and carbachol plus GTP(S) stimulated without delay. The effects of carbachol plus GTP(S) but not those of Ca2+ were inhibited by spermine (4 mM). Accumulation of 3H-inositol phosphates was enhanced by Li+ (4 mM) only in intact cells. In intact or permeabilized cells, the "partial" agonist arecoline was maximally 40-50% as efficacious as carbachol. In permeabilized cells, the maximal effects of carbachol and arecoline were enhanced 2.8- and 5.3-fold, respectively, by 0.1 mM GTP(S), but only the EC50 for carbachol was substantially reduced. The binding affinity of carbachol but not that of arecoline in permeabilized cells was significantly reduced by 0.1 mM GppNHp. These data indicate that a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein is involved in coupling muscarinic receptors to phosphoinositidase C in SH-SY5Y cells and that the activity of this protein influences the relationship between receptor occupation and phosphoinositide response.     

Neuroprotective effects of triterpenoid saponins from Medicago sativa L. against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells

Medicago sativa L. is a forage legume plant widely distributed in all continents. Six new triterpenoid saponins, Medicagosides A-F (1–6) and five known ones (7–11) were isolated from M. sativa. Their structures were determined via HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Biologically, all the isolates displayed neuroprotective activities against H₂O₂-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Among them, compounds 1, 3–5 and 10 exhibited striking neuroprotective activities at 100 μM, restoring cell viability range from 79.66% to 89.03%, relative to 79.46% (100 μM) of Trolox used as the positive control.     

ASPP2过表达可增强DRAM介导的自噬对HepG2细胞的促调亡作用

p53凋亡刺激蛋白2（apoptosis stimulating protein 2 of p53, ASPP2）能特异性地与p53蛋白结合并增强其促凋亡功能,进而发挥抗肿瘤作用.最近文献提示,自噬对肿瘤发生、发展及肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物的反应都具有重要作用.在本研究中,甲基磺酸(MMS)处理HepG2细胞24 h后,用calcein AM/PI和M30染色检测细胞凋亡,可引起早期（M30免疫组化阳性）和晚期细胞凋亡（PI染色阳性）. 给HepG2细胞转染GFP-LC3质粒后,发现MMS处理24 h可引起自噬的发生. ASPP2腺病毒（rAd-ASPP2）感染HepG2细胞引起ASPP2过表达后,再用MMS处理24 h,能引起更明显的早期、晚期细胞凋亡和自噬. 荧光定量PCR检测发现,rAd-ASPP2诱导了更高的BCL-2相关X蛋白基因（BAX）和p53蛋白的目的基因p53诱导的自噬调节蛋白（p53-induced modulator of autophagy,DRAM）的表达. 但仅用rAd-ASPP2处理HepG2细胞不能引起自噬和凋亡.利用2条DRAM特异性的siRNA下调DRAM的表达,发现rAd-ASPP2引起的自噬被完全抑制, 早期和晚期凋亡均部分被抑制,同时BAX 的mRNA水平也明显下降. 以上结果说明,ASPP2可通过上调BAX和DRAM基因的转录而促进MMS引起的HepG2细胞凋亡; 另外,DRAM介导的自噬是ASPP2促进MMS引起的肿瘤细胞凋亡的机制之一. 该研究可为肝癌的基因治疗提供新的思路.