竹类简说

竹类植物的形态构造特殊,既不同于一般木本植物,也不同于草本植物,是一独特的植物类群,它在植物分类系统中隶属于单子叶植物细的禾本科。竹的水平分布从赤道两侧直至温寒地带;垂直分布从沿海平原直到高山雪线。绝大多数竹种需要温暖湿润的气候条件,多分布在南北回归线之间的热带、亚热带季风气候区的平原丘陵地带。随着纬度和海拔增高,只有少数耐寒竹种才能生长。全世界约有100属、1000余种竹,在五大洲中,欧洲无乡土竹种,亚洲种类最多,南美洲次之,非洲较少,大洋洲贫乏。我国是世界主要产竹国家,竹类种质资源丰富,在《中国植…     

植物功能性状与外来植物入侵

揭示影响外来植物入侵性的功能性状及其生态机制是入侵植物生态学的核心任务之一。本文综述了植物功能性状与外来植物入侵性的研究进展, 通过分析植物功能性状对外来植物入侵的贡献以及外来植物的不同入侵阶段对其功能性状的需求, 探讨植物功能性状与外来植物入侵的相关性及其入侵机理。迄今研究较多的影响外来植物入侵性的功能性状主要包括形态性状、生长性状、生理性状、繁殖性状、种子性状、克隆性状、表型可塑性和遗传变异等。这些功能性状对外来植物入侵的贡献随着入侵阶段的不同而变化。在传播到达阶段, 种子性状对入侵具有重要影响; 在定居建群阶段, 与植物抗逆性和适应性相关的生理性状和繁殖性状发挥主要作用; 在扩散入侵阶段, 克隆性状和影响植物竞争能力的生理性状对植物成功入侵具有重要贡献。由于植物入侵性是其功能性状和环境因素互作的结果, 且功能性状的作用随环境因素和入侵阶段不同而异, 因此, 结合外来植物入侵阶段, 并考虑功能性状与环境因子的互作, 是入侵生物学中植物功能性状研究的发展趋势。     

植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能

植物性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系起来(所谓的“植物功能性状”)。该文介绍了植物功能性状的分类体系,综述了国内外植物功能性状与气候(包括气温、降水、光照)、地理空间变异(包括地形地貌、生态梯度、海拔)、营养、干扰(包括火灾、放牧、生物入侵、土地利用)等环境因素,以及与生态系统功能之间关系的研究进展,探讨了全球变化(气候变化和CO₂浓度升高)对个体和群落植物功能性状的影响。植物功能性状的研究已经取得很多成果,并应用于全球变化、古植被恢复和古气候定量重建、环境监测与评价、生态保护和恢复等研究中,但大尺度、多生境因子下的植物功能性状研究仍有待于加强,同时需要改进性状的测量手段;我国的植物功能性状研究还需要更加明朗化和系统化。     

竹类植物种群生态学研究进展与展望

综述了竹类种群生理生态学、种群动态、繁殖特性、无性系种群特征等几个方面的研究进展,概括了群落水平上竹类种群对森林更新的影响。并从竹类种群克隆多样性与微进化、生长适应机理、开花机制,以及竹类种群与林窗更新等四个方面展望未来竹类种群生态学研究的重点和主要趋势。     

永安竹类植物及其区系研究

经调查,永安天然分布的竹类植物有11属63种(含变种、变型),属种分别占中国总数的28.2%和11.4%,占全省的64.7%和48.8%。其中红舌唐竹、湖南箬竹、毛箨茶秆竹、黄槽毛竹等4种为福建省竹类分布新记录。经类群分析表明,永安竹类植物以单轴散生和复轴混生类型为主,具明显的由丛生竹向散生竹过渡特性,是散生竹类和混生竹类的分布中心。区系地理分析表明,永安竹类植物有5个分布区类型(含亚型),其中东亚成分占首位。     

贵州省竹类植物分布新资料(I)

【目的】摸清贵州竹类资源本底,以补充和丰富贵州现有竹类资料,为后续竹产业的规划发展提供一定的依据。【方法】以“面”“点”结合的方式进行野外调查,标本的采集和鉴定,以及相关资料的查阅,整理出此前从未有分布记录的属和种。【结果】发现了贵州省竹类植物新纪录的1个属和6个种,即[/思]簩竹属（Schizostachyum）、[/思]簩竹（S. pseudolima McClure）、鸡窦簕竹（Bambusa funghomii McClure）、龙山玉山竹(Yushania longshanensis D. Z. Li & X. Y. Ye)、滑竹（Y. polytricha Hsueh et Yi）、少枝玉山竹（Y. pauciramificans Yi）和抱鸡竹（Y. punctulata Yi）,现予以报道。【结论】这些新纪录属和种在贵州的发现扩展了其分布范围,同时丰富了贵州竹类植物的多样性。     

中国东部海岛植物功能性状及其影响因子

研究海岛植物功能性状及其影响因子,有助于理解植物在海岛环境中的适应策略。以中国东部近海7个海岛典型植物群落为研究对象,测定群落内每种植物的6个功能性状(胸径、株高、平均单叶面积、比叶面积、小枝密度和小枝含水率),比较植物功能性状在不同气候带间的差异,探讨功能性状对气候因子(年均温、年降水和年平均风速)和土壤因子(土壤含水率、土壤总碳、土壤总氮和土壤总磷)的响应关系,并分析影响这些性状的主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)所测功能性状中除比叶面积外,其他性状在不同气候带间差异显著,但常绿和落叶植物的功能性状在不同气候带间的差异不同,表明不同生活型植物对环境的响应程度和适应能力不同。(2)海岛植物功能性状对气候和土壤因子均有不同程度的响应,气候因子是影响中国东部海岛植物功能性状的重要因子,其中水热条件(年均温和年降水)是主导因子,在水热资源丰富的南方海岛,植物具有较大的胸径和小枝含水率、较小的叶片和小枝密度,北方海岛反之。此外,海岛植物的小枝性状(小枝密度和小枝含水率)受年平均风速的影响显著。该研究结果可为海岛植被恢复重建中物种的选择及植被布局规划提供一定的参考。     

福建华安竹园一些竹类植物叶的热值研究

在冬季对福建省华安县竹园14属46种（含变种和栽培型）竹类植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明：竹类植物叶的灰分含量在8.05%-28.14%之间,平均为15.18%;干重热值在14957.3-19111.4J/g之间,平均为17672.1J/g;去灰分热值在19473.1-24646.2J/g之间,平均为20845.6J/g;竹类植物叶干重热值和灰分含量有显著的线性关系,相关方程为Y＝－169.21X 20241(r=0.7370,df=44）,高灰分含量是竹叶干重热值相对较低的重要原因之一。     

福建华安竹园一些竹类植物叶的热值研究

在冬季对福建省华安县竹园14属46种（含变种和栽培型）竹类植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明：竹类植物叶的灰分含量在8.05%～28.14%之间,平均为15.18%;干重热值在14957.3 ～19111.4 J/g之间,平均为17672.1 J/g;去灰分热值在19473.1～24646.2 J/g之间,平均为20845.6 J/g;竹类植物叶干重热值和灰分含量有显著的线性关系,相关方程为Y=－169.21X+20241（r=0.7370**,df=44）,高灰分含量是竹叶干重热值相对较低的重要原因之一。     

植物功能性状对土壤保持的影响研究述评

植被对土壤保持具有重要的影响,但是从植物功能性状的角度总结评述植被对土壤保持影响的研究并不多见。总结评述了植物地上功能性状、地下功能性状对土壤保持功能的影响以及植物地上、地下功能性状的关系,认为:(1)植被地上部分功能性状对土壤保持的作用主要体现在对溅蚀、面蚀的影响及间接改变土壤理化性质等方面,其功能性状指标主要包括叶面积、叶长、叶宽、枝数、植被高度等;(2)植被地下部分功能性状对土壤保持的作用主要体现在固持土壤、提高土壤抗剪切强度、提高土壤抗侵蚀能力、增强土壤渗透性,植物根系固持土壤与根系抗拉能力密切相关,植物根系土壤的物理和水文性质,与细根比例、根长密度、根表面积等性状密切相关;(3)可以通过植物地上部分功能性状间接反映地下部分功能性状,但是现有研究多为定性认识;(4)在植物功能性状对土壤保持的研究中亟待加强植被地上地下功能性状的长期定位监测,深化植被功能性状尤其是根系特征与土壤保持的作用机理,加强植被地上部分、地下部分功能性状的定量表达,建立植被功能性状与土壤保持功能的定量关系,实现植被功能性状与土壤保持功能特征的动态链接。     

Similarity of plant functional traits and aggregation pattern in a subtropical forest

The distribution of species and communities in relation to environmental heterogeneity is a central focus in ecology. Co‐occurrence of species with similar functional traits is an indication that communities are determined in part by environmental filters. However, few studies have been designed to test how functional traits are selectively filtered by environmental conditions at local scales. Exploring the relationship between soil characteristics and plant traits is a step toward understanding the filtering hypothesis in determining plant distribution at local scale. Toward this end, we mapped all individual trees (diameter >1 cm) in a one‐ha subtropical forest of China in 2007 and 2015. We measured topographic and detailed soil properties within the field site, as well as plant leaf functional traits and demographic rates of the seven most common tree species. A second one‐ha study plot was established in 2015, to test and validate the general patterns that were drawn from first plot. We found that variation in species distribution at local scale can be explained by soil heterogeneity and plant functional traits. (From first plot). (1) Species dominant in habitats with high soil ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus tended to have high specific leaf area (SLA) and relative growth rate (RGR). (2) Species dominant in low‐fertility habitats tended to have high leaf dry matter content (LDMC), ratio of chlorophyll a and b (ratioab), and leaf thickness (LT). The hypothesis that functional traits are selected in part by environmental filters and determine plant distribution at local scale was confirmed by the data of the first plot and a second regional site showed similar species distribution patterns.     

中国两栖类生活史和生态学特征数据集

截至2021年底, 中国共记载591种两栖类(不包括外来入侵种), 是世界上两栖类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征影响和决定了物种在环境中的生存能力, 在进化生物学、生态学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。目前, 中国两栖类在线数据库(https://www.amphibiachina.org)已经整理了我国两栖类的形态特征、生物学信息和地理分布等部分物种特征, 但仍缺乏一个完整的、可自由检索的数据集。通过系统查阅文献和数据检索, 本文收集整理了中国全部591种本土两栖类的22个特征数据, 包括物种发现时间(最早发现和描述新物种文章的发表时间)、模式产地、中国受威胁等级、全球受威胁等级、致危因子、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种、雄性体长、雌性体长、窝卵数、卵径、产卵地点、幼体主要生境、成体微生境、活动模式、生殖周期、繁殖时间、是否有亲本照顾、受精方式、海拔范围、分布地区、分布省份数。除了物种发现时间、是否岛屿特有种、分布地区、分布省份数外, 其余特征数据都有不同程度的缺失, 数据完整度为27.92%-100%, 平均完整度为71.72%, 标准差为24%。本数据集是目前我国两栖类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 希望可以为我国两栖类生态学、保护生物学、生物地理学等研究提供数据支持。     

海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林木本植物功能性状的分异规律

研究植物功能性状的分异,有助于理解植物适应环境的方式和策略,也能为预测物种分布和环境变化提供依据。以海南霸王岭热带云雾林为对象,建立21个20 m×20 m固定样方,划分为336个5 m×5 m小样方;测定胸径在5cm以上所有乔灌木植物个体的功能性状(叶面积LA;叶干重LDW;比叶重LMA;叶绿素含量Chl;叶厚度LTh;木材密度WD)和土壤养分含量,通过方差分解分析植物功能性状在个体、种内、种间、群落水平的分异大小,探究土壤养分对功能性状分异的影响。结果表明,LA、LDW、LMA、CHl、LTh、WD在个体、种内、种间、群落水平的解释方差范围分别为0.06—0.47、0.09—0.35、0.35—0.72、0—0.07,在个体、种内、种间、群落层次上,种间水平的功能性状分异最大,而群落水平的分异最小。逐步回归分析表明,不同尺度的功能性状变化与土壤有机质、氮和磷含量都有密切关系。     

Tropical dung beetle morphological traits predict functional traits and show intraspecific differences across land uses

Functional traits and functional diversity measures are increasingly being used to examine land use effects on biodiversity and community assembly rules. Morphological traits are often used directly as functional traits. However, behavioral characteristics are more difficult to measure. Establishing methods to derive behavioral traits from morphological measurements is necessary to facilitate their inclusion in functional diversity analyses. We collected morphometric data from over 1,700 individuals of 12 species of dung beetle to establish whether morphological measurements can be used as predictors of behavioral traits. We also compared morphology among individuals collected from different land uses (primary forest, logged forest, and oil palm plantation) to identify whether intraspecific differences in morphology vary among land use types. We show that leg and eye measurements can be used to predict dung beetle nesting behavior and period of activity and we used this information to confirm the previously unresolved nesting behavior for Synapsis ritsemae. We found intraspecific differences in morphological traits across different land use types. Phenotypic plasticity was found for traits associated with dispersal (wing aspect ratio and wing loading) and reproductive capacity (abdomen size). The ability to predict behavioral functional traits from morphology is useful where the behavior of individuals cannot be directly observed, especially in tropical environments where the ecology of many species is poorly understood. In addition, we provide evidence that land use change can cause phenotypic plasticity in tropical dung beetle species. Our results reinforce recent calls for intraspecific variation in traits to receive more attention within community ecology.     

中国蜥蜴类生活史和生态学特征数据集

截至2020年底, 中国共有226种蜥蜴类(不包括外来入侵种), 是世界上蜥蜴类多样性最丰富的国家之一。系统整理中国现有蜥蜴类的特征数据在物种起源与进化、形成与灭绝、保护生物学等研究中具有重要意义。但是, 目前还没有关于我国蜥蜴类生活史、生态学和地理分布等物种特征的完整数据库。本文通过系统查阅文献和数据资料, 共收集整理了中国现有226种本土蜥蜴类19个特征数据: 描述年份、中国受威胁等级、全球受威胁等级、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种、平均体长、平均体重、食性、窝卵数、繁殖模式、四肢发育、活动时间、栖息生境、栖息地类型、栖息地宽度、海拔分布范围、地理分布范围、动物地理界和分布省份。在上述特征中, 除了四肢发育、描述年份、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种和分布省份外, 其余特征数据均存在不同程度的缺失, 数据完整度为47.14%-100%。本数据集是目前关于中国蜥蜴类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 可为我国蜥蜴类生态学、进化生物学、生物地理学和保护生物学等研究领域提供数据支持。     

Geographic distributions shape the functional traits in a large mammalian family

Traits of organisms are shaped by their living environments and also determined in part by their phylogenetic relationships. For example, phylogenetic relationships often affect the geographic distributions of animals and cause variation in their living environments, which usually play key roles in the life history and determine the functional traits of species. As an ancient family of mammals, bears widely distribute and have evolved some specific strategies for survival and reproduction during their long‐term evolutionary histories. Many studies on the ecology of bears have been conducted in recent decades, but few have focused on the relationships between their geographic distributions and ecological adaptations. Here, using bears as a model system, we collected and reanalyzed data from the available literatures to explore how geographic distributions and phylogenetic relationships shape the functional traits of animals. We found a positive relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and geographic distributions, with bears distributed in adjacent areas applying more similar strategies to survive and reproduce: (a) Bears living at high latitudes consumed a higher proportion of vertebrates, which may provide more fat for adaptation to low temperatures, and (b) their reproduction rhythms follow fluctuations in seasonal forage availability and quality, in which bears reach mating status from March to May and give birth in approximately November or later.     

浑善达克沙地中部斑块格局影响植物多样性及功能性状

景观格局与植物多样性之间的关系已被广泛研究,然而,斑块格局如何影响植物多样性,以及这些影响的边缘类型差异尚不清楚。为从植物功能性状角度揭示斑块格局影响植物多样性的机制,该研究采用不同边缘类型的斑块,利用两年调查的705个样方数据,结合遥感卫星图像解译和空间信息分析,根据植物群落的空间位置和斑块格局,按照向内、向外、向内成核和向外成核4种边缘类型将浑善达克沙地中部的斑块进行分类,采用Duncan新复极差法比较了4种边缘类型斑块格局与植物功能性状多样性关系的差异,应用Pearson相关系数和冗余分析(RDA)法量化了斑块格局对植物多样性的影响。结果发现,植物丰富度和多样性指数与斑块格局密切相关,这些关系存在着边缘类型的显著差异,表现出不同的功能性状。对于向内边缘,边缘指数与丰富度负相关,和C₄植物比例正相关;对于向外边缘,边缘指数与C₄植物比例正相关;对于向内成核边缘,边缘密度与多年生植物和虫媒植物比例正相关;对于向外成核边缘,边缘角度和指数与物种Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数正相关,与Pielou指数、丰富度和动物传播植物...     

长白山林线树种岳桦幼树叶功能型性状随海拔梯度的变化

通过研究沿不同海拔岳桦幼树叶功能型性状,揭示其对环境的响应机制.结果表明:①随海拔升高,岳桦叶面积(LA)逐渐降低,比叶重(LMA)增加,但LMA较高的可塑性指数表明其适应更依赖叶片的薄厚变化;②岳桦叶绿素含量随海拔升高而显著下降,但类胡萝卜素Car和Car/Chl显著升高,Chlb和Car/Chl表现出较高的可塑性指数,更倾向于吸收蓝紫光和保护光合器官;③岳桦叶氮含量(Narea和Nmass)在海拔1800-1900m间最低,在低海拔和高海拔均表现较高,但Chl/Nmass却随海拔升高而显著增加,Nmasss比Narea具有较高的可塑性指数,对光能的吸收更依赖Nmass对Chl的贡献,高海拔主要将更多的氮投资于光合器官的保护(1900m以上),低海拔则更倾向于光合生产(1800m以下);④随海拔升高,MDA增加,但随之抗氧化物质DS、Pro和APX活性增加,负责对活性氧的抵御和清除,但APX活性最大的可塑性指数表明活性氧的清除更依赖于酶促系统,但在海拔1900m以上,APX活性差异不显著,生理抗性逐渐下降,限制岳桦继续向高海拔生长;⑤抗氧化物质可塑性指数最高,叶绿素和叶形态次之,叶氮最低,表明随海拔升高,岳桦林以保护自身的生存为最主要的适应策略机制,然后以增加吸收光能的Chlb及LMA指标为主要生长策略.     

Invited review: overview of new traits and phenotyping strategies in dairy cattle with a focus on functional traits

For several decades, breeding goals in dairy cattle focussed on increased milk production. However, many functional traits have negative genetic correlations with milk yield, and reductions in genetic merit for health and fitness have been observed. Herd management has been challenged to compensate for these effects and to balance fertility, udder health and metabolic diseases against increased production to maximize profit without compromising welfare. Functional traits, such as direct information on cow health, have also become more important because of growing concern about animal well-being and consumer demands for healthy and natural products. There are major concerns about the impact of drugs used in veterinary medicine on the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria that can negatively impact human health. Sustainability and efficiency are also increasingly important because of the growing competition for high-quality, plant-based sources of energy and protein. Disruptions to global environments because of climate change may encourage yet more emphasis on these traits. To be successful, it is vital that there be a balance between the effort required for data recording and subsequent benefits. The motivation of farmers and other stakeholders involved in documentation and recording is essential to ensure good data quality. To keep labour costs reasonable, existing data sources should be used as much as possible. Examples include the use of milk composition data to provide additional information about the metabolic status or energy balance of the animals. Recent advances in the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy to measure milk have shown considerable promise, and may provide cost-effective alternative phenotypes for difficult or expensive-to-measure traits, such as feed efficiency. There are other valuable data sources in countries that have compulsory documentation of veterinary treatments and drug use. Additional sources of data outside of the farm include, for example, slaughter houses (meat composition and quality) and veterinary labs (specific pathogens, viral loads). At the farm level, many data are available from automated and semi-automated milking and management systems. Electronic devices measuring physiological status or activity parameters can be used to predict events such as oestrus, and also behavioural traits. Challenges concerning the predictive biology of indicator traits or standardization need to be solved. To develop effective selection programmes for new traits, the development of large databases is necessary so that high-reliability breeding values can be estimated. For expensive-to-record traits, extensive phenotyping in combination with genotyping of females is a possibility.