介导两种半纤维素酶分泌表达的信号肽比较

木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶是两种主要的半纤维素酶,广泛应用于诸多领域。选择了3种毕赤酵母内源信号肽Scw11、Dse4和Exg1,以α-factor为参照,分别在毕赤酵母X33中用于表达实验室前期获得的耐热木聚糖酶DSB和耐热甘露聚糖酶Man A,选择适合DSB和Man A表达的信号肽以提高胞外酶活水平。结果表明不同信号肽引导的两种半纤维素酶的酶活水平相差较大:对DSB(分子量为23k Da),α-factor介导的表达效率明显优于其它3种信号肽;但对Man A(分子量为30k Da),Dse4和α-factor介导的表达效率相当且明显优于Scw11和Exg1。因此在X33中表达DSB时应选用α-factor,而表达Man A时应选用Dse4或α-factor。此外胞内酶活的结果显示α-factor介导的DSB和Man A重组菌胞内滞留酶活明显高于其它信号肽,而分子量为30k Da的Man A的滞留酶活又明显高于分子量为23k Da的DSB,因此在表达Man A蛋白时,选用其它的信号肽,如Dse4,会减少外源蛋白在胞内的滞留从而在一定程度上提高外源蛋白的分泌量。因此为毕赤酵母表达系统鉴定更多可用的信号肽并筛选到针对目的蛋白的最优信号肽奠定了一定的基础。     

黑曲霉嗜热β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的克隆表达及其魔芋降解产物分析

根据毕赤酵母密码子偏好性优化设计合成一段来自黑曲霉BK01的嗜热β-甘露聚糖酶基因,通过构建表达载体pPICZαA-man线性化后电转化入不同的毕赤酵母宿主,获得最佳重组菌KM71-MAN,其发酵罐发酵酶活最高达2 318.85 IU/mL。表达产物纯化后的分子量约为40 kD,最适反应温度为80℃,最适pH为5.0。该酶在70℃(pH5.0)保温44 h仍能保留43%的酶活力且在pH3.0-7.0范围内保温70 h(50℃)酶活力仍能保留85%以上。利用发酵罐所产重组酶酶解魔芋胶制备甘露低聚糖,产物以甘露二糖和甘露六糖为主,甘露低聚糖得率为55.6%。该重组β-甘露聚糖酶具有良好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,在魔芋制备甘露低聚糖中具有较好的应用潜能。     

β-甘露聚糖酶Man5A和木聚糖酶Tlxyn11B的融合表达

甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶是主要的半纤维素降解酶,在食品、饲料、纺织、造纸等工业应用广泛且通常搭配使用。文中将蓝状菌Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802来源的性质优良的甘露聚糖酶编码基因man5A的CBM(Carbohydrate-bindingmodule)编码区去除,留下连接区和催化区,并将木聚糖酶基因Tlxyn11B成熟区编码序列与man5A的连接区进行融合,形成Tlxyn11B-linker-man5A融合基因,并在毕赤酵母中成功表达,获得了融合蛋白Tlxyn11B-Man5A。Tlxyn11B、不含CBM区的Man5A和Tlxyn11B-Man5A的理论分子量分别为21.6kDa、41.0 kDa、62.6 kDa。对纯化后的融合蛋白进行了性质分析,融合蛋白同时具有高的木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶活性。融合后的木聚糖酶的最适温度为70℃,较单独表达时提高了5℃。甘露聚糖酶的最适温度为90℃,与融合前一致。融合后的木聚糖酶热稳定性明显提高,60℃处理1 h剩余48%的酶活力,单独表达的木聚糖酶60℃处理20 min仅剩余20%的酶活力。融合后的木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶...     

枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

目的:研制高效分泌表达枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株。方法与结果:将优化设计的枯草芽孢杆菌MA139β-甘露聚糖酶基因用EcoRⅠ/XbaⅠ双酶切,克隆到诱导型表达载体pPICzαA中α因子信号肽编码序列的下游,转化大肠杆菌筛选重组质粒,转化毕赤酵母X-33感受态细胞,经Zeocin筛选,获得重组表达菌株X-33/mann。将重组菌株在10L全自动发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养,甲醇诱导72h发酵活力达到2100U/mL。重组甘露聚糖酶的最适催化温度为40℃,最适催化pH值为6.0。结论:枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达,具有开发作为饲料添加剂的潜能。     

里氏木霉内切-β-甘露聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

采用PCR方法从里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)基因组中获得含有两个内含子的内切-β-甘露聚糖酶全长基因,末端重叠延伸PCR去除内含子后,将其插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母(Picher pastoris)表达载体pPIC9K中,位于α-因子信号肽序列的下游,并与之同框,获得重组质粒pM242。重组质粒线性化后用电击法转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115。经大量筛选,获得高效分泌表达内切甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母工程菌株Gpmf25。摇瓶发酵结果表明,培养基中甘露聚糖酶的活力可达12.5IU/mL。重组酶最适pH和最适反应温度分别为5.0和80℃,在pH5.0～6.0时酶活稳定,在pH5.4时70℃保温30min酶活维持50％以上。     

耐酸性黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达分析

目的:克隆黑曲霉β-甘露聚糖酶基因,研究该基因在毕赤酵母中的表达情况。方法:运用RT-PCR从黑曲霉AN070902中克隆β-甘露聚糖酶cDNA片段,与载体pPIC9K相连,构建重组载体VMAN-pPIC9K,电转化毕赤酵母GS115,筛选产酶最高菌株进行5 L液体发酵,对该菌株所产重组酶进行酶学性质分析。结果:克隆获得1152 bpcDNA,编码由383个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,该蛋白质属于GH5家族,理论pI和相对分子质量分别为4.48和41.6×103;筛选获得的重组菌株VMAN-pPIC9K-GS115在5 L液体发酵中上清酶活达11 785 U/mL;表达的重组酶是一种酸性β-甘露聚糖酶,最适反应pH值为3.0,经pH2.0～9.0处理2 h后剩余酶活保持90%以上;该重组酶最适反应温度为65℃,70℃处理1 h后剩余酶活保持75%以上;该重组酶活性被1 mmol/L的Fe3+和Mn2+显著抑制,被1mmol/L的Co2+显著激活。结论:重组耐酸性β-甘露聚糖酶的特性,决定了其在工业生产中,特别是动物饲料和食品加工中具有应用价值。     

一株全基因合成耐热甘露聚糖酶的表达及酶学性质分析

根据已知耐热甘露聚糖酶ManAd3氨基酸序列与毕赤酵母密码子使用偏爱性,设计并合成了甘露聚糖酶ManA全基因(Accession No.KJ806637),与表达载体pPIC9k重组后,转化毕赤酵母GS115,筛选获得重组菌株ManA-GS115。该重组菌株发酵产物经SDS-PAGE鉴定,其中甘露聚糖酶ManA含量达到电泳纯级别,分子量大小约为30 kDa。其酶学性质检测结果显示该酶最适反应温度为75℃,最适反应pH为6.0,比活力高达3200 IU/mg,并且在75℃下处理30 min仍能维持90%以上相对酶活力。该甘露聚糖酶ManA表达量较高,在偏酸性环境下仍能够维持较高的相对酶活力,且热稳定性显著,可广泛应用于食品、酿造、饲料、纺织和医药等工业领域。     

一株全基因合成耐热甘露聚糖酶的表达及酶学性质分析

根据已知耐热甘露聚糖酶ManAd3氨基酸序列与毕赤酵母密码子使用偏爱性,设计并合成了甘露聚糖酶ManA全基因(Accession No.KJ806637),与表达载体pPIC9k重组后,转化毕赤酵母GS115,筛选获得重组菌株ManA-GS115。该重组菌株发酵产物经SDS-PAGE鉴定,其中甘露聚糖酶ManA含量达到电泳纯级别,分子量大小约为30 kDa。其酶学性质检测结果显示该酶最适反应温度为75℃,最适反应pH为6.0,比活力高达3200 IU/mg,并且在75℃下处理30 min仍能维持90%以上相对酶活力。该甘露聚糖酶ManA表达量较高,在偏酸性环境下仍能够维持较高的相对酶活力,且热稳定性显著,可广泛应用于食品、酿造、饲料、纺织和医药等工业领域。     

耐碱性甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

通过功能平板从土壤中筛选得到含甘露聚糖酶基因的耐碱菌株。构建其基因组文库,从中筛选到甘露聚糖酶基因TM1并测序分析,用BLAST分析表明,TM1的氨基酸序列与其他在GenBank发表的甘露聚糖酶的氨基酸序列的同源性均低于60%,故确定其为一个新的甘露聚糖酶基因(GenBank登录号为AY623903)。将此基因去除信号肽后的编码序列克隆到表达载体pHBM905C上,得到重组质粒pHBM1201。经SalⅠ酶切后分别转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)KM71、GS115、SMD1168,得到分泌表达的重组毕赤酵母。挑选相对表达量最高的重组毕赤酵母SMD1168-3在摇瓶中诱导产酶,对该酶的粗酶进行酶学性质分析表明,其最适反应温度为55℃,最适PH值为7.5,以魔芋粉为底物所测得的最高酶活为41.8U,半衰期为1h,在80℃保温5min其酶活由最初酶活的77%下降到11%,温度下降到55℃后活性可恢复到最初酶活的60%以上。     

重组海栖热袍菌极耐热甘露聚糖酶的纯化和性质研究

研究了海栖热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima)MSB8甘露聚糖酶基因(TM_1227)的克隆、重组酶的纯化和性质.该基因全序列2010 bp,编码669个氨基酸,分子量为76.827 kD.根据氨基酸同源性分析,该β-甘露聚糖酶与Thermotoga sp.RQ2来源的β-甘露聚糖酶(GenBank登录号ACB09927.1)同源性最高,为99%.重组转化子经IPTG诱导酶比活可达39.7 U/mg蛋白.粗酶液经金属亲和层析,得到电泳纯甘露聚糖酶.以槐豆胶为底物时,该酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为95℃和pH 8.0,85℃处理30min酶活保存50%以上,很有潜力用于高温、偏碱性的造纸工业.对椰子甘露聚糖和槐豆胶的主要水解产物是不同聚合度的甘露寡糖,几乎没有单糖生成,适合生产低聚甘露糖.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.