秦岭华山松种群格局规模与林窗特征

基于秦岭林区华山松群落的20 m×20 m的27块样地的野外调查数据,运用样方法和无样地法对其种群的空间分布型进行了测定,运用Greig-Smith相邻格子样方法对其作了格局分析,判定了种群的格局规模;同时对华山松林窗做了详细的调查。结果表明,(1)种群在0~50龄时,空间分布格局为集群分布;在15~25龄时,种群有向随机分布转变的趋势,但仍属于集群分布;40~50龄种群处于由集群分布向随机分布的过渡期;50龄以后种群趋于衰退,分布格局由集群分布转向随机分布。(2)华山松种群集群分布的格局规模同样随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。但总的来说格局的大小在100 m2。(3)华山松林窗大小与格局规模的大小相近,其中林窗大小在80~130 m2的占59%。由于林窗内光照养分条件较好,又形成与格局规模大小一致的华山松更新幼苗,进而通过“移动镶嵌循环”更新和维持种群的稳定性。     

金钟山亚热带森林林窗特征与木本植物多样性的关系

开展林窗空间格局与林下木本植物多样性关系的研究,对于认识森林物种共存、生物多样性维持以及生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以广西金钟山自然保护区24 hm²永久森林动态监测样地为对象,采用机载激光雷达获取样地点云数据,通过R语言提取林窗并计算各林窗的形状复杂指数,利用相关分析量化林窗特征与林下木本植物多样性的关系。结果表明：该研究区林窗空隙率为6.16%,密度为15.5个·hm^-2,平均面积为39.72 m²,整体以微小和中型林窗为主;林窗空间分布格局存在地形分异特征,多分布于低海拔和缓坡区域;林窗形状复杂指数与香农指数、物种丰富度指数均呈正相关,且在低海拔和陡坡处表现更加明显。本研究揭示了亚热带森林林窗植被更新特征,对区域生物多样性保护具有一定指导作用。     

喜马拉雅山脉种子植物多样性特征及分布格局

喜马拉雅山脉是全球著名的生物多样性热点地区之一。该研究对以往收集的喜马拉雅山脉南、北坡植物物种名录及其分布数据进行整合,借助在线数据库对分布数据进行补充与修订,最后整理并汇总了喜马拉雅山脉位于中国、印度、尼泊尔、不丹4国境内的种子植物分布情况,并在此基础上对科属特征、物种组成相似性、区系成分以及海拔梯度上物种分布格局进行分析,为该区域的生物多样性研究以及保护提供数据支撑。结果表明：(1)喜马拉雅山脉共分布有种子植物11 875种,隶属223科2 086属,其中包含7 906种草本植物(66.6%),2 583种灌木(21.8%)和1 386种乔木(11.7%)。(2)研究区涵盖物种数量位于前20的科有菊科(Asteraceae)、兰科(Orchidaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)等科,共包含物种7 456种,约占喜马拉雅山脉植物种的62.8%;涵盖物种数量位于前20的属有杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)、报春花属(Primula)、马先蒿属(Pedicularis)、虎耳草属(Saxifraga)、薹草属(Carex)...     

中国种子植物物种多样性及其分布格局

缤纷的中国植物区系包含着大量的特有种,这使中国成为北半球最富植物多样性的国家。其原因一是土地面积辽阔,植物演化历史时间悠久,气候相对稳定。二是中国具有连续完整的热带、亚热带、温带和寒带的植被类型。三是伴随地质构造上的活跃,中国广大陆地受到了强烈的深切和抬升,导致生境复杂多样,使中国成为一个重要的植物物种保存中心、形成中心和进化中心。中国植物多样性的分布是很不均匀的,主要集中分布于中南部,约在20°～35°N之间。在该范围内,我们确定了3个植物多样性热点地区：横断山脉地区、华中地区和岭南地区,它们的植物多样性和特有性程度都很高,其中横断山脉地区尤为突出。     

西双版纳热带次生林林窗小气候要素的时空分布特征

利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候垂直观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域树表温、气温、水汽压及相对湿度的时空分布和变化规律,指出在林窗区域,林窗边缘不仅具有显著的热力效应,同样具有明显的水汽效应。并由此构成了林窗区域立体空间的环境异质性,其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量、水汽传输,小气候的形成机制,生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候垂直观测资料,探讨了昼间林窗区域树表温、气温、水汽压及相对湿度的时空分布和变化规律,指出在林窗区域,林窗边缘不仅具有显著的热力效应,同样具有明显的水汽效应。并由此构成了林窗区域立体空间的环境异质性,其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量、水汽传输,小气候的形成机制,生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。     

格氏栲天然林林窗植物物种多样性与系统发育多样性

林窗环境异质性导致群落物种多样性与系统发育多样性(phylogenetic diversity, PD)存在差异, 研究不同大小的林窗中群落的物种多样性与系统发育多样性有助于揭示林下生物多样性的形成及维持机制。本文以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为研究对象, 通过Pearson相关性分析与广义线性模型探讨了林窗内物种多样性与系统发育多样性间的相互关系及其环境影响因素。结果表明: (1)大林窗(面积 > 200 m²)植物种类及多度均高于中林窗(50 m² ≤ 面积 < 100 m²)、小林窗(30 m² ≤ 面积 < 50 m²)和非林窗(面积 = 100 m²)。大林窗群落系统发育结构趋于发散, 中、小林窗和非林窗群落系统发育结构受到生境过滤和竞争排斥综合作用。(2)群落系统发育多样性指数与物种丰富度(species richness, SR)、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈显著正相关, 这与林窗内稀有种种类组成多于优势种有关。(3)林窗面积对物种多样性存在显著正效应; 土壤全氮含量对系统发育多样性和系统发育结构存在显著正效应。林窗形成提高了格氏栲天然林群落物种多样性和系统发育多样性, 林窗面积与土壤全氮共同驱动了格氏栲天然林林窗物种多样性和系统发育多样性的变化。     

鼎湖山林窗形成特征及其对幼树组成和多样性的影响

在对鼎湖山自然保护区植物群落动态长期监测的基础上,研究了保护区内各林窗成因、大小和年龄等形成特征,以及地形位置、附近同种的成年乔木等其它相关因子,探讨其对幼树组成和多样性的影响。林窗主要由山体滑坡、暴风雨或雷击大树、虫害等原因形成。结果显示,幼树组成、密度和多样性随林窗形成方式而异,因耐荫能力的差异使出现在林窗的植物不尽相同。林窗大小、年龄和地形位置的变化,导致植物更新生态位的分化,使幼树在林窗内分布形成同源种团。     

马尾松人工林不同大小林窗植物多样性及其季节动态

人工林目前存在结构单一、土壤退化、生物多样性降低等人类普遍关注的生态问题。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是长江上游低山丘陵区退耕还林的主要人工林树种。研究采伐林窗对植物物种组成和更新的影响, 对马尾松低效人工林的改造, 提升其生态服务功能具有重要的意义。该文以采伐39年生的马尾松人工林形成的7种不同大小的林窗为研究对象, 分析了不同季节林窗内的植物生活型组成及多样性变化。结果表明: 1)马尾松人工林林下植物以高位芽植物居多, 其次是地面、地下芽植物, 一年生植物较少而缺少地上芽植物。在林窗形成初期, 林窗的高位芽植物比例明显低于林下, 大林窗的高位芽植物比例稍高于小林窗, 地下芽和一年生植物的比例低于小林窗。2)林下的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数显著低于大林窗。不同林窗下植物的丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数也存在显著差异。3)夏季林窗下植物多样性最高, 其次是秋季, 春季多样性最低。1225-1600 m²的大林窗能够促进马尾松人工林植物多样性恢复和植被更新。     

云南地区种子植物多样性分布格局和多样性分化特点研究

利用大尺度的植物分布信息结合地理信息系统和数理统计分析,探讨了云南种子植物多样性的地理分布格局和多样性分化特点。结果表明,从科到属和种,植物多样性和区系分化强度的数据集离散程度均呈递增趋势。相对属和种而言,科的多样性的空间分异和高值区域并不明显,这可能与科、属、种所代表的不同地质历史时期有关;南部地区属和种的多样性明显高于除滇西北以外的大部分地区。种的多样性分布中心主要集中在滇西北地区、云南南部地区、哀牢山、无量山地区和昆明地区,这可能与生境异质性和热量条件有关。相对科而言,属的区系分化强度的空间分异更为明显,并与物种多样性的分布格局比较接近,暗示着植物多样性与区系分化之间的密切联系。相对科而言,属的区系分化中心高值区域更为明显。总体上,云南地区植物多样性的分布格局及其分化可能与其生境、热量条件和地质历史有关。     

茂兰喀斯特森林林窗下木本植物多样性及其驱动力

喀斯特森林中的林窗多为中小尺度干扰形成的,是木本植物更新的重要场所,探索林窗下木本植物多样性维持及其驱动力对喀斯特退化森林更新及恢复有重要意义.本研究以茂兰国家级自然保护区内常绿落叶阔叶混交林林窗为对象,监测林窗特征,分析林窗下木本植物重要值、α多样性指数,明确林窗特征与植物多样性之间的关系,并分析生境因子对林窗下木本...     

无人机高光谱影像与冠层树种多样性监测

冠层树种多样性是自然森林生态系统功能和服务的重要基础。及时掌握冠层多样性的现状及变化趋势, 是探讨诸多重要生态学问题的前提, 更是制定合理生物多样性保护策略的基础。但受制于传统的多样性信息采集方法, 区域尺度的高精度冠层多样性监测发展较为缓慢; 许多在气候变化和人类干扰下的生物多样性分布信息得不到及时更新。近年来基于无人机的冠层高光谱影像收集与分析技术的发展, 使得冠层多样性监测迎来了新的发展契机。本文从森林冠层高光谱影像出发, 介绍了与多样性监测相关的无人机航拍和基于深度学习的图像处理技术, 并结合已有文献, 探讨了无人机高光谱应用于森林冠层树种多样性监测的研究现状、可行性、优势及缺陷等。我们认为冠层高光谱影像为多样性监测提供了不可或缺且丰富的原始信息; 而无人机与高光谱相机的结合, 使得区域化高频率(如每周)、高精度(如分米乃至厘米级)的冠层多样性信息自动化收集成为可能。然而高光谱影像数据量大、数据维度高与数据结构非线性的特点为影像处理带来了挑战, 而深度学习技术的飞跃, 使得从冠层高光谱影像中提取个体及物种信息达到了极高精度。恰当地使用这些技术将大大提升冠层树种多样性的自动化监测水平, 由此也将帮助我们在当前剧变环境下及时掌握森林冠层多样性的现状与变化, 为生物多样性研究与保护提供可靠的数据支撑。     

Logging leaves a fingerprint on the number,size, spatial configuration and geometry of tropical forest canopy gaps

Recent advances in remote sensing such as airborne laser scanning have revolutionized our ability to accurately map forest canopy gaps, with huge implications for tracking forest dynamics at scale. However, few studies have explored how canopy gaps vary among forests at different successional stages following disturbances, such as those caused by logging. Moreover, most studies have focused exclusively on the size distribution of gaps, ignoring other key features such as their spatial distribution and shape. Here, we test a series of hypotheses about how the number, size, spatial configuration, and geometry of gaps vary across a logging disturbance gradient in Malaysian Borneo. As predicted, we found that recently logged forests had much higher gap fraction compared to old-growth forests, a result of having both a greater total number of gaps and a higher proportion of large gaps. Regrowing forests, on the other hand, fell at the opposite end of the spectrum, being characterized by both fewer and smaller gaps compared to nearby old-growth forests. Across all successional stages gaps were found to be spatially clustered. However, logging significantly diluted the degree of spatial aggregation and led to the formation of gaps with much more complex geometries. Our results showcase how logging and subsequent regrowth substantially alter not just the number and size of gaps in a forest, but also their spatial arrangement and shape. Linking these emergent patterns to their underlying processes is key to better understanding the impacts of human disturbance on the structure and function of tropical forests.     

阿拉善左旗植物物种多样性空间分布特征

通过对内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗的植被样方调查,研究干旱荒漠地区植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化和空间分布特征。通过对样方数据的群落生活型构成、物种丰富度、α多样性、β多样性分析,结合CCA排序和地统计方法,结果表明：（1）在该区域植物物种的α多样性和β多样性均起伏较大。（2）草本植物的丰富度由西向东呈增高趋势,而灌木的丰富度则呈降低趋势;随纬度的增加,草本植物丰富度呈现下降趋势,而灌木丰富度则显现出上升趋势。但是,38&#176;～39．2&#176;N之间出现了一个灌木和草本物种丰富度都相对比较低的异常区域。（3）α多样性与经度正相关,但与纬度存在负相关关系。β多样性显示,随着经度的增加,自西向东样方问物种构成的相似性降低,物种替代速率升高。随着纬度的增加,群落组成呈现逐渐单一化的趋势。（4）Shannon—Wiener指数和Shimpson指数的CO／（CO＋Cl）都在0．25—0．75之间,α多样性为中等空间相关性。CCA分析的结果表明,地理因素对于物种多样性有显著的影响,而且经度的影响大于海拔的影响。研究阿拉善左旗荒漠区植物物种多样性的梯度变化和空间分布特征,为认识和保护荒漠地区生物多样性资源提供了理论依据和实践基础。     

Subcanopy gaps in temperate and tropical forests

Abstract We present a model of gaps in the vertical structure of forest vegetation. The traditional model of a forest gap assumes the existence of a ‘hole’ in the uppermost canopy layer, often extending down to near the ground. The present model extends the concept to gaps at any level, including those in lower layers below an intact canopy or subcanopy. It assumes that gaps at any level represent spaces with unused resources, especially favourable for plant growth and survival. Evidence from temperate and tropical forests indicates that gaps in the subcanopy and understorey layers below intact canopies are common, and that plants have higher growth rates in them than in non-gap sites. We also extend this model to below-ground gaps in the root zone.     

Pervasive canopy dynamics produce short-term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape

A fundamental property of all forest landscapes is the size frequency distribution of canopy gap disturbances. But characterizing forest structure and changes at large spatial scales has been challenging and most of our understanding is from permanent inventory plots. Here we report the first application of light detection and ranging remote sensing to measurements of canopy disturbance and regeneration in an old-growth tropical rain forest landscape. Pervasive local height changes figure prominently in the dynamics of this forest. Although most canopy gaps recruited to higher positions during 8.5 years, size frequency distributions were similar at two points in time and well-predicted by power-laws. At larger spatial scales (hundreds of ha), height increases and decreases occurred with similar frequency and changes to canopy height that were analysed using a height transition matrix suggest that the distribution of canopy height at the beginning of the study was close to the projected steady-state equilibrium under the recent disturbance regime. Taken together, these findings show how widespread local height changes can produce short-term stability in a tropical rain forest landscape.     

三种干扰方式对西双版纳热带森林群落植物多样性的影响

研究了西双版纳热带森林的 3种人为干扰破坏 (择伐、皆伐和轮歇 )后形成的次生群落在物种和群落水平上植物多样性各个方面的变化规律 ,研究结果表明 :( 1 )择伐群落和皆伐群落乔木层物种数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数在科、属、种 3个水平上无显著差异 ,但较轮歇群落物种更为丰富 ,多样指数更高。( 2 )轮歇群落林下灌草层的物种数在科、属、种 3个水平上高于择伐群落和皆伐群落 ,但 Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数则分别在各个水平上低于择伐群落和皆伐群落。 ( 3)轮歇群落先锋种类占较大比重 ,达76 % ,其它二类群落比例约为 5 0 %。( 4 )择伐和皆伐群落乔木层都由几种植物形成共同优势 ,轮歇群落则形成单优群落。 ( 5 )在生活型构成上 ,皆伐群落乔木树种种类相对较多 ,轮歇群落藤本植物较多 ,草本植物种类较为丰富 ,尤其一年生草本植物种类远多于其它群落类型     

Using multitemporal digital elevation model data for detecting canopy gaps in tropical forests due to cyclone damage: An initial assessment

Abstract The detection and mapping of canopy disturbance caused by natural events such as cyclones in tropical rainforests is important for monitoring and understanding rainforest dynamics and recovery. In February 1999 tropical cyclone Rona crossed the coastline of Far North Queensland, Australia, causing significant damage to the rainforest canopy in some areas. This paper examines the application of multitemporal canopy digital elevation models (DEMs) generated by a NASA‐operated airborne radar mapping system called TOPSAR in 1996 and 2000, for detection of canopy disturbance caused by cyclone damage. Canopy damage was mapped here by identifying areas with a significant decrease in canopy height estimated from the difference of the 1996 and 2000 TOPSAR DEMs. Conventional aerial photographs, flown shortly after the cyclone (March 1999), were used to validate the resulting map of cyclone damaged rainforest canopy. The results showed that the DEM‐derived canopy damage map performed reasonably well when comparing the spatial distribution and size of damaged areas, while taking into account the time difference between cyclone damage and the second radar acquisition. Some errors were encountered on the steeper slopes which were related to terrain distortions inherent in radar images of steep terrain. The height accuracy of the DEM was close to the depth of some of the gaps being mapped, which also contributed to errors. Even so, the results demonstrate there may be potential for weather‐independent, regional‐scale mapping of forest canopy change from imaging radar that is not always possible from traditional optical means of measuring canopy elevation, for example, airborne laser data and stereo aerial photography. This may be possible in relatively flat areas, provided the second radar acquisition occurs within months of the damaging event. Further algorithm refinement is required to improve its robustness and the range of topographies where this approach can provide reliable estimates of the extent of canopy disturbance.     

Legacy effects of canopy gaps on liana abundance 25 years later in a seasonal tropical evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand

Lianas require host trees to reach and stay in the forest canopy, but as seedlings and juveniles, they benefit from canopy gaps created by treefalls. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of these two aspects, that is, the availability of potential hosts vs. the legacy effect of past treefall gaps, on the local abundance of liana stems in a seasonal tropical evergreen forest in the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Thailand. Within a 2.5-ha plot for forest dynamics monitoring, canopy height was measured in 1993 and 2018 at 5-m intervals to distinguish areas of mature (canopy height ≥ 20 m), building (10–20 m), and gap phases (< 10 m). In 2017–2018, we surveyed all liana stems ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height within 50 subplots (10 m × 10 m each) and recorded their diameter and the diameter of the host tree. Of a total of 445 liana individuals, 242 could be identified at least to the family level, while the others had clear morphological traits of climbing mechanisms. The number of liana stems was higher in areas that had been at the building/gap phase than those at the mature phase in 1993. When this 25-year-old legacy of past gap locations was considered, there was a positive association of local abundance between lianas and trees in areas at the mature phase in 2018. In conclusion, liana abundance reflected a long-term legacy of past treefall gaps more than 25 years earlier in this seasonal evergreen forest.     

西双版纳干季晴天次生林林窗气温时空分布特征

利用西双版纳干季(12月、4月)次生林林窗的温度观测资料,探讨了晴天林窗4方位的气温的空气变化特征。由于林窗的不同位置所受太阳辐射的影响不同,加之林缘热力效应的综合作用,林窗中存在明显的气温差异,特别是最高气温差异显著;气温最高值和气温日较差最大值不在林窗中央而出现在林窗东侧林缘树冠垂线外。这势必造成林窗不同区域热量传输的不同,形成林窗小气候的差异。其结果可为进一步研究森林林窗小气候及有关生态学现象提供基础。