部分扩增与双片段连接相结合制作长基因定点突变

重叠延伸PCR是基因定点突变的主要方法,但是以该方法制作长基因定点突变时,往往遇到难以获得第二轮PCR产物或容易引入新的非预期突变等问题。此时,可先以重叠延伸PCR扩增含突变位点的部分基因片段,再将其连入适当载体获得重组质粒。若该扩增片段两侧的酶切位点在质粒载体上不单一,则可采用双片段连接法构建完整质粒。以制作视网膜母细胞瘤基因S780E定点突变为例,直接以重叠延伸PCR扩增全长基因时未能得到理想的目标产物。故先扩增含点突变的F3片段,再将其与源自原始质粒的F2片段一起连入含F1片段的质粒载体而构建完整质粒。两个筛选出的重组质粒经序列检测完全符合目标突变序列特征,验证了该方案的可行性。该方法作为重叠延伸PCR的补充,可为许多长基因定点突变提供解决方案。     

多片段扩增结合Gibson组装法克隆基因定点突变北大核心CSCD

为寻找一种简洁高效的基因定点突变方案,利用Gibson组装技术对重叠延伸PCR法进行简化,并以克隆细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4基因单位点与双位点突变为例进行验证。采用与重叠延伸PCR相似的策略扩增含点突变的基因片段,同时采用双酶切制备线性质粒载体,保证质粒载体与基因片段含有一小段重叠序列作为接头。直接将基因片段与线性载体通过Gibson组装法拼接成完整质粒。经转化、筛选与检测,成功得到数个单位点与双位点目标突变体克隆,且阳性率均为100%。由于没有繁琐的多轮PCR扩增和频繁的DNA回收操作,也无需消化原始质粒,该方案避免了很多干扰定点突变的因素,能简便、高效地克隆基因单位点与多位点突变。对比而言,该方案规避了重叠延伸PCR与滚环扩增法的主要缺陷,是一种基因定点突变的良好解决方案。     

利用优化的反向PCR策略高效构建多位点突变体

蛋白质的突变体是研究其结构和功能的基础,文中旨在建立一种高效、快捷的多位点突变体构建方法。当要突变4个及以上相邻的氨基酸残基时,设计两长两短(长引物Ⅰ/Ⅰ、短引物Ⅱ/Ⅱ) 4条引物:长引物包含突变位点,且突变碱基数≤20 bp,短引物不包含突变位点;两条引物的GC含量≤80%、退火温度之差≤40℃,分别以Ⅰ/Ⅱ和Ⅰ/Ⅱ两对引物和模板进行两组反向PCR扩增。扩增后各体系均可得到含有突变位点的非甲基化线性质粒,且以Ⅰ/Ⅱ和Ⅰ/Ⅱ为引物扩增得到的两组线性质粒的断开位点分布在突变位点两侧。用DpnⅠ酶切回收后等摩尔比混合的PCR产物除去甲基化模板,再进行一轮变性和退火处理,两组线性质粒在95℃变性后互相以来自对方的单链DNA为模板退火形成开环质粒,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞即可得到包含突变位点的转化子。结果表明,该方法可同时突变4–11个连续氨基酸残基(8–20 bp,将大幅简化多位点突变体的构建,从而进一步提高蛋白质结构和功能研究的效率。     

改进重叠延伸PCR技术构建定点双突变

目的:目的DNA片段中快速构建位点不同的定点双突变体。方法: 借鉴DNA shuffling技术中DNA小片段延伸扩增获得全长DNA片段的工作原理,与常规基因定点突变技术相结合,改进重叠延伸PCR技术构建定点双突变。结果:对嗜酸热脂肪杆菌(Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius)Tc-12-31的甘露聚糖酶基因AamanA中两个可能的活性位点E151和E231进行双点突变,先后经过无引物和有引物两步PCR,扩增获得全长DNA,测序结果表明得到预期的定点双突变体;酶活性检测和薄层层析结果表明双点突变体丧失了酶的活性。结论: 改良的重叠PCR技术,能经济、简便、高效地获得双点定点突变体,在酶的催化机理的阐述、蛋白质结构改造等分子生物学领域中具有较高的应用价值。     

基孔肯雅病毒非结构蛋白基因合成中多位点缺失突变的校正方法

目的:建立一种PCR方法,以快速校正基孔肯雅病毒非结构蛋白基因合成过程中发生的多位点缺失突变。方法:用PCR方法合成基孔肯雅病毒非结构蛋白基因;对测序的克隆进行序列比对,分析不同克隆上缺失突变发生的位置,以保守区域互相重叠的寡核苷酸为上下游引物、以该区域测序正确的克隆为模板进行PCR扩增,得到所需片段,再将这些片段用PCR方法进一步组装成完整的基因序列并进行测序。结果:测序结果表明,经过2次PCR扩增,校正了基孔肯雅病毒非结构蛋白基因合成过程中发生的5个位点缺失突变。结论:得到序列正确的基孔肯雅病毒非结构蛋白基因。在进行基因合成过程中如发生多位点缺失突变,可利用该方法同时对以上突变进行校正,无须再合成引物,降低了实验操作难度,并提高了实验效率。     

重叠延伸PCR对DNA片段进行定点双突变

探讨如何利用重叠延伸PCR对同一靶DNA片段中的两个不同位点实施联合突变。先用野生型DNA作模板,通过一轮重叠延伸PCR,获得突变一个预期位点的DNA片段,再用此突变DNA片段作模板,通过另一轮重叠延伸PCR获得两个预期位点均突变的DNA片段。重叠延伸PCR能对DNA片段进行双突变甚至多点突变,具有简便、快速、经济等特点,在阐明基因的调控机理、改造蛋白质结构等分子生物学领域中具有极大的应用价值。     

用DREAM技术纠正人工合成基因中的突变

目的：介绍一种简便、有效的定点突变技术。方法：根据突变位点附近的DNA序列推导出氨基酸序列,再以此氨基酸序列进行逆翻译,这样在不改变氨基酸序列的前提下可以得到数目巨大的隐性突变体（silent mutants）,这些突变体中包含大量的限制性内切酶位点,选择合适的酶切位点设计引物用PCR技术扩增两侧DNA片段,然后以相应酶切融合这两个片段即可完成定点突变。结果：用该方法成功地在人工合成的含有缺失的可溶性组织因子基因的472位插入C,T两个碱基,校正了阅读框架,获得了预期的目的基因。结论：该方法简便、有效, 避免了多轮PCR和合成长引物导致突变的可能性,这种改进的PCR 定点诱变技术我们称之为“设计限制酶辅助突变”（Designed Restriction Enzyme Assisted Mutagenesis, DREAM）。此技术简单方便, 诱变的成功率高, 适于实验室常规应用。     

邻近多位点基因突变的组合大引物PCR策略(英文)

报道了一种新的组合多位点突变策略,通过单管中三阶段聚合酶链式反应(PCR)得以实现。在第一阶段,PCR扩增出多位点突变大引物,然后在第二阶段延伸大引物,在第三阶段获得全长突变基因序列。基于退火温度与热循环参数的组合大引物反应的优化,三个阶段中退火温度差异小(低于10°C),成功扩增出多位点突变基因序列和比邻突变序列。是一种简单、高效的多位点突变方法。     

基于重叠延伸PCR法的定点突变技术

目的:建立一种高效而经济的定点突变方法。方法:采用重叠延伸PCR定点突变技术,引物设计时引入目的突变,以前两次PCR产物为模板,进行第三次PCR,即可获得突变后的目的DNA片段。将此片段连入pMDTM18-T载体后测序验证突变结果。结果:DNA测序表明,待突变位点已由ATTGG突变为ATTTT。结论:成功实现了目的位点的定点突变,重叠延伸PCR法是一种高效且经济的定点突变方法。     

以P型PRSV-VPg为模板多位点突变获得W型PRSV-VPg的研究

以P型脉PRSV-VPg（Papaya Ringspot Virus,VPggene）基因为模板利用高保真酶通过两对引物（突变4个位点）．PCR扩增获得一条276bp和一条141bp的两个小片段．以此为基础,利用长引物延伸和套叠PCR的方法,定点突变剩余5个位点,最后拼接获得形型PRSV—V段基因．结果表明通过上述方案可以成功改造P型PRSV-VPg基因,获得与W型PRSV-VPg同源的目的基因,成功率为100％．该技术可以绕开传统的通过寻找毒源进行RT－PCR方法和人工合成方法获得病毒基因,其技术操作简单,且节约时间和成本,并在人工合成基因、多位点基因定点突变等方面具有很好的借鉴作用和应用价值．     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.