以葡萄糖为生长相基质的重组毕赤酵母表达植酸酶发酵

甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白是在醇氧化酶（alcohol oxidase,AOX）启动子（PAOXI）严格调控下进行的,然而这种启动子在转录水平受到葡萄糖的阻遏。本文研究了毕赤酵母在葡萄糖替代甘油为生长相碳源时表达重组植酸酶蛋白的发酵特征。结果表明：初始葡萄糖浓度为20dL的细胞得率高,为0．39g[DCW]／g。通过基于实时参数（溶氧和呼吸商）调控的葡萄糖补料策略,生长相40h后细胞密度达到100g[DCW]／L,甲醇诱导100h后植酸酶产量达到2200FTUphytase／mL,甲醇得率系数为0．25FTU phytase／gmethnol。因此,在毕赤酵母高表达重组蛋白培养中葡萄糖能够用作生长相基质,并能实现重组蛋白的高效表达。     

用于异源基因表达的毕赤酵母启动子研究进展

甲醇营养型毕赤酵母是一个广泛使用的蛋白表达宿主系统,易于高密度发酵、具有真核细胞翻译后加工修饰特点,适于异源蛋白分泌表达。转录调控是控制蛋白高效表达的关键环节,启动子是其中重要的元件。毕赤酵母表达系统中应用最为广泛的是甲醇诱导型AOX1启动子和组成型的GAP启动子,已成功用于一些异源蛋白的表达。近年来,发现了其他一些可供利用的启动子,包括来自管家基因的启动子如TEF、PGK1,以及具有特殊调控机制的启动子如FLD、PHO89等。此外,通过对启动子进行序列改造,构建启动子文库,实现了对启动子的精细调控。不同的启动子具有各自独特的调控机制与特点,就毕赤酵母启动子在异源蛋白表达应用中的相关研究进展进行综述。     

毕赤酵母基因工程菌胞内AOX酶的检测方法

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)作为外源基因的表达宿主,已成功表达出一系列胞内和胞外蛋白[1～6],并已建立起了一套较成熟的发酵工艺.巴斯德毕赤酵母基因工程菌的外源基因,由胞内AOX酶(乙醇氧化酶)基因启动子调控.在非甲醇碳源条件下(如甘油或葡萄糖),AOX酶基因表达被抑制,外源基因也处于不表达状态.而以甲醇为唯一碳源时,AOX酶在胞内大量合成,同时外源基因被调控表达.在一般情况下,AOX酶的变化直接反映了外源基因的表达状况,因此通过分析检测胞内AOX酶的含量和变化速率,就可以确定外源基因所处的状态.     

毕赤酵母的非甲醇诱导系统研究进展

毕赤酵母是一种能以甲醇为唯一碳源生长的甲基营养型酵母,常用作表达外源蛋白的细胞工厂。目前毕赤酵母常用的高效启动子AOX1(PAOX1)是一个严格的底物依赖型启动子,受甲醇的严格诱导,受葡萄糖、甘油、乙醇等非甲醇碳源抑制。但是甲醇有毒、易燃、易爆的特性使得其在食用、医用产品生产等领域受到很大的限制。本文将主要从PAOX1机制改造、新型启动子和非甲醇诱导物研发的角度阐述毕赤酵母非甲醇诱导的研究进展。     

利用不同碳源进行毕赤酵母高密度发酵及TEF-1启动子指导下的HPV16_L1蛋白表达

目的:研究不同碳源对于毕赤酵母菌株在发酵罐中高密度生长,以及对组成型翻译延伸因子-1(TEF-1)启动子指导下HPV16_L1蛋白表达的影响。方法:利用1.5L发酵罐使用不同碳源进行毕赤酵母的高密度发酵,检测在不同碳源利用情况下菌体的增殖动力学,并以Western blot动态分析HPV16_L1蛋白的表达水平。结果:以甘油作为碳源,菌体细胞湿重可达到510g/L(OD600为189.4),HPV16_L1的表达在72h之前保持高水平;在甲醇和葡萄糖中菌体细胞湿重都可达到220g/L左右(OD600分别为75.3和77.3),甲醇利用下HPV L1蛋白在144h后仍保持较高水平表达,葡萄糖中60h HPV L1表达开始显著下降;在山梨醇作为碳源情况下菌体未能在发酵罐中获得高密度生长;总体上,甘油作为碳源在72h左右可获得最高的目的蛋白收获总量。结论:为实现毕赤酵母高密度生长与异源基因在TEF-1启动子指导下高效表达,以及HPV L1蛋白的简易、有效制备提供了基础。     

用毕赤酵母组成型分泌表达Canstatin-N

目的:用毕赤酵母的GAP启动子调控组成型表达Canstatin-N。方法:将canstatin-N基因重组于毕赤酵母表达载体pGAP9K的多克隆位点获得pGAP9K-can-N。用电转法将pGAP9K-can-N转化毕赤酵母GS115。筛选高G418抗性的克隆作为工程菌GS115(pGAP9K-can-N)。发酵GS115(pGAP9K-can-N)分泌表达Canstatin-N,用离子交换法纯化目标蛋白。结果:以葡萄糖为碳源,发酵48h分泌表达人血管能抑素蛋白56 mg/L。结论:用毕赤酵母的GAP启动子调控组成型表达的人血管能抑素蛋白具有诱发血管内皮细胞凋亡的生物活性。     

MXR1基因对毕赤酵母工程茵代谢调控的影响

为了研究毕赤酵母中转录因子Mxrlp在毕赤酵母代谢调控中所起的作用,构建一株以南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B基因(CALB)作为报告基因,MXR1基因完全缺失的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株.将重组质粒pPIC9K-CALB转化毕赤酵母GS115,利用三丁酸甘油酯平板筛选得到分泌表达CALB的重组茵GS115/pPIC9K-CALB.通过重叠延伸PCR方法获得一段中间含有博来霉素抗性基因sh ble,两翼大约各有1 200 bp与毕赤酵母MXR1基因上下游同源的基因片段,将此片段用氯化锂法转化毕赤酵母细胞GS1 15/pPIC9 K-CALB后,利用博来霉素抗性及CALB酶活力丧失双重筛选的方法得到一株MXR1基因完全缺失的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株.该菌株在以甲醇为唯一碳源的培养基中不生长,在以乙醇、葡萄糖或者甘油为唯一碳源的培养基中生长缓慢.结果表明转录Mxrlp因子在毕赤酵母中的多条代谢途径中起着关键性的作用,主要涉及甲醇、乙醇、甘油和葡萄糖等代谢途径.     

双碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母高效表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了实现葡萄糖氧化酶的高效生产,提高重组毕赤酵母生产GOD的产量和增强生产强度,对重组毕赤酵母诱导阶段的初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度进行了优化.在此基础上,诱导期采用了双碳源(甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇)与甲醇混合流加的模式.研究发现,最佳诱导前初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度分别为100 g/L和18 g/L,此时GOD产量为427.6 U/mL.在诱导阶段采用甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高GOD产量,其中甘露醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著.当甲醇与甘露醇混合流加的比例为20∶1(W/W)时,诱导156h GOD产量和生产强度分别可达711.3 U/mL和4.60 U/(mL·h),比甲醇单一流加策略结果分别提高了66.3％和67.9％.此外采用合适的甘露醇混合流加策略不但不会抑制AOX1启动子的表达,甚至有一定促进作用,AOX酶活性为8.8 U/g(对照为5.2 U/g).双碳源流加方式还能推广到毕赤酵母其他表型中,为该系统高效表达外源蛋白提供一种新策略.     

共表达透明颤菌血红蛋白对毕赤酵母产β-甘露聚糖酶发酵过程的影响

为了改善高密度发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶过程中的溶氧限制,提高β-甘露聚糖酶产量,将VHb和β-甘露聚糖酶基因置于AOX1启动子调控之下,进行VHb和β-甘露聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的共表达。经密码子优化合成VHb基因,插入表达载体p PICZαA,整合到β-甘露聚糖酶工程菌中,通过G418和Zeocin抗性筛选共表达VHb基因的重组酵母工程菌。在30 L发酵罐水平上分析共表达VHb菌株(VHb+)与初始菌株(VHb-)对β-甘露聚糖酶表达的差异。结果显示,限氧条件下,VHb+菌株的β-甘露聚糖酶的表达量比对照菌株VH b-高90%,且透明颤菌血红蛋白提高了甲醇耐受性,缩短发酵周期约40 h。     

同时利用AOX1和GAP启动子表达SAM合成酶促进重组毕赤酵母中S-腺苷甲硫氨酸积累

利用重组毕赤酵母(Richia pastoris)强化表达S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenvylmethionine,SAM)合成酶(SAM synthetase,SAMS),发酵生产SAM时,胞内SAMS活性和ATP水平是影响SAM合成的重要因素.为了同时保持较高的SAMS活性和ATP供应,我们构建了一株既含有AOX1诱导型表达单元,又含有GAP组成型表达单元的双SAMS表达单元P.pastoris重组菌株Gd.它既能受甲醇调控表达SAMS,又能以甘油为碳源表达SAMS.在培养过程中,先是以甲醇诱导SAMS表达,得到较高的酶活,然后在发酵中后期再将碳源换为甘油.这样不但可以维持较高的酶活,而且可以提高胞内ATP含量.实验结果显示,对于同时利用AOX1和GAP启动子表达SAMS的重组菌,可采取甲醇和甘油两阶段补料,该重组菌的SAMS比产率高于组成型重组茵Xg,Gd进入甘油补料期后胞内ATP含量高于诱导型重组菌Ga.双表达单元菌株Gd的SAM产量达到1.41 g/L,比诱导型表达SAMS的重组菌株提高了76.3%,比组成型表达SAMS的重组菌株提高了60.2%,.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.