大小兴安岭针叶树倒木上木腐真菌的物种多样性

木腐真菌在森林生态系统中具有丰富的物种多样性, 并在倒木的降解过程中发挥重要的生态功能。针叶树是大小兴安岭森林生态系统的优势树种, 因此研究针叶树倒木木腐真菌物种多样性和影响其物种分布的相关环境因子有助于揭示大小兴安岭森林生态系统物质循环的机理。本研究收集了近16年对大小兴安岭地区冷杉属(Abies)、落叶松属(Larix)、云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus) 4类针叶树倒木上1,561份木腐真菌标本的采集信息, 统计了物种种类及其腐朽类型, 并选取具有代表性的地点开展木腐真菌群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析。结果显示, 大小兴安岭针叶树倒木木腐真菌有166种, 隶属于70属, 其中白腐真菌有111种, 占所有种类的66.9%, 褐腐真菌为55种, 占所有种类的33.1%。在4类针叶树倒木上均能生长的真菌种类有19种, 占所有种类的11.5%, 其中柔丝干酪孔菌(Oligoporus sericeomollis)是各类倒木上木腐真菌群落中的优势种。大兴安岭地区落叶松属为优势寄主, 其倒木上生长的木腐真菌种类数和个体数在4类倒木中均为最高; 而小兴安岭地区松属倒木上木腐真菌种类数和个体数比其他3类倒木高, 是该地区的优势寄主。对6个代表性地区木腐真菌群落的研究显示, 有11种真菌在6个地区均有分布, 小兴安岭地区木腐真菌多样性普遍高于大兴安岭地区; 聚类分析显示树种比地理位置对木腐真菌物种分布的影响更大。     

长白山阔叶红松林优势树种的木腐真菌群落结构特征

木腐真菌是森林生态系统中非常重要的组成部分,能够降解倒木,实现生态系统中的物质循环。长白山阔叶红松林林分结构复杂,林内植物种类多样,倒木数量极多,为木腐真菌的生长提供了丰富的基质。为了解该林分中不同树种对木腐真菌的影响,本研究选取了长白山自然保护区25 hm2永久性大样地中325块20 m×20 m的样方,对样方中的木腐真菌进行了调查和记录,并对其中4类优势树种槭属、椴属、栎属和松属倒木上的降解真菌分别进行了统计和分析,结果发现:阔叶红松林中这4种优势寄主上的木腐真菌占所调查真菌总数的86.6%,物种数占总数95.3%,囊括了该林分中木腐真菌的绝大多数。但不同树种上的真菌种类有很大差别,4种树种上木腐真菌的种类韦恩图显示,这4类优势树种共有种类仅为7种,而各自独特种至少占本类树种倒木上真菌种类的25%,尤其松属上的独特种类数占松属真菌总数的45.7%。倒木的腐烂程度和径级对木腐真菌也有着极为重要的影响。不论哪个树种,腐烂程度为2级的倒木均生长有种类最多、数量最大的真菌;而径级大于10 cm的倒木也是木腐真菌的优先选择。     

古田山国家级自然保护区木腐真菌物种多样性及分布

木腐真菌是微生物的一个重要类群, 主要以倒木为生长基质, 通过产生各种水解酶将倒木的纤维素、木质素和半纤维素分解为小分子物质, 对促进森林生态系统中的营养物质循环发挥着重要的生态功能。于2016年8月在浙江古田山国家级自然保护区开展的木腐真菌野外调查, 利用形态学和DNA序列分析对采集的标本进行了物种鉴定, 并分析了木腐真菌的物种组成和地理成分。在采集的158份标本中鉴定木腐真菌45属92种, 其中白腐真菌78种, 褐腐真菌14种。古田山的木腐真菌物种区系组成中, 热带-亚热带成分比例最高。在158份木腐真菌标本中, 97份标本采自直径大于10 cm的倒木或树桩上, 分属于76个种, 是木腐真菌生长的主要基质大小类型; 48份标本采自直径为2-10 cm的枝干上, 分属38个种; 13份标本采自直径小于2 cm的枝干上, 分属12种。不同腐烂等级倒木上生长的真菌数量和种类差异明显, 其中一级腐烂倒木上采集到9份标本(7种), 二级腐烂倒木上采集到86份标本(45种), 三级腐烂倒木上49份标本(29种), 四级腐烂倒木上14份标本(14种)。结果表明, 林分中倒木直径大小和腐烂程度是影响木腐真菌生长与分布的重要因子。     

寒温带针叶林优势树种倒木分解真菌群落多样性及功能差异

为了揭示寒温带针叶林不同树种倒木分解中真菌群落的分布格局,探讨影响倒木真菌群落分布的养分驱动因子。采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和R语言等分析方法对微生物多样性数据进行信息挖掘,解析白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)倒木分解初期真菌群落的多样性及功能差异。研究发现,寒温带针叶林中白桦、樟子松倒木优势菌群为Basidiomycota(担子菌门)、Trichaptum(附毛菌属),兴安落叶松倒木优势菌群为Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Acidea菌属。多样性分析表明,不同树种倒木真菌群落的Alpha多样性由高到低依次为兴安落叶松、白桦、樟子松,树种的差异极显著的改变了操作分类单元(OTU)、属水平上倒木真菌群落的Beta多样性。菌群生态分析表明,腐生型是3种倒木上优势真菌的主要生态类型,木质腐生为白桦、樟子松倒木上真菌的主要生活方式,土壤腐生为兴安落叶松真菌类群的主要生活方式。养分关联分析表明,pH、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、半纤维素、木质素等养分指标在3种倒木间存在显著性差异,其中含水率(MC)、TC、TN、纤维素、半纤维素是影响倒木优势真菌群落分布的主要养分因素。不同树种对倒木真菌群落的富集具有差异性,这种差异带来的微生物多样性及功能变化对寒温带森林生态系统的物质循环具有重要的科学意义。     

辽东次生林木腐菌的物种多样性及其分布特征

2013年7—9月,以清原林场、老秃顶子国家级自然保护区和宽甸白石砬子自然保护区为研究区域,对辽东次生林中木腐菌的物种多样性及其分布特征进行了研究.经过野外调查,共采集和记录木腐菌1062份,经鉴定为92种,隶属于48个属;其中白石砬子国家级自然保护区木腐真菌物种最丰富,Shannon多样性指数为4.04.从物种的地理成分来看,辽东地区的木腐菌以世界性广布和北温带分布为主,具有明显的北温带特征.白腐真菌是该地区倒木的主要分解者;该地区的木腐菌主要生长在腐烂等级为2、3的倒木上,主要优势寄主为槭属倒木,有243份真菌采集于槭属倒木,占总数的23.2%.     

中国热带地区木腐真菌物种组成及分布特征

木腐真菌是一类依托倒死木生活的真菌,在森林生态系统物质循环过程中起重要作用。为了解我国热带地区木腐真菌的物种组成和分布情况,本研究选取海南尖峰岭、霸王岭、云南西双版纳为代表性研究地点,分析比较了三地点木腐真菌的物种组成、出现频率、寄主种类、生态习性等。经统计,三地点木腐真菌共有362种,其中尖峰岭222种,霸王岭200种,西双版纳119种,三地点共有种仅37个,81.08%均为常见种。尖峰岭、霸王岭属种组成较为相似,西双版纳则与上述两地存在较大差异。优势科为多孔菌科Polyporaceae和锈革菌科Hymenochaetaceae,主要为白腐真菌,占所有种类的93.92%。相比而言,尖峰岭、霸王岭的褐腐真菌数量高于西双版纳。     

长白山阔叶红松林大型真菌多样性

采用取样调查方法获得长白山阔叶红松混交林蒙古栎+红松+云杉群落、红松+色木槭+蒙古栎群落、红松+假色槭+糠椴群落、红松+花楷槭+紫椴群落、长白松+红松+山槐群落中的大型真菌物种组成和群落结构的基本数据,分析不同植物群落中大型真菌的丰富度指数R1、R2、多样性指数N1、N2和H′、均匀度指数E。大型真菌标本鉴定采用形态学分类方法,凭证标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。多样性研究结果:(1)共采集鉴定大型真菌238种,隶属于90属44科,其中外生菌根菌100种;腐生菌135种;其他3种。(2)在不同的植物群落中大型真菌丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数有所差异,其中蒙古栎+红松+云杉群落中的丰富度指数和多样性指数最高,而红松+色木槭+蒙古栎群落中的均匀度最大;(3)大型真菌子实体的发生在1a中出现2次高峰,即7月中下旬和9月上旬,第1次高峰期的优势类群为腐生菌,外生菌根菌较少;第2次高峰期优势类群则以外生菌根菌为主,腐生菌相对较少。     

色季拉山不同腐解等级华山松倒木上的苔藓植物组合

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

Bryophyte societies on the fallen logs of Pinus armandii with different decay classes in Sygera Mountains

倒木是森林生态系统维持健康和更新的重要组成部分, 在倒木不同腐解阶段, 倒木上定植的苔藓植物组合的差异尚不清楚。为深入探讨倒木上苔藓植物组合变化规律及其影响因素, 该文对西藏色季拉山同一地点不同腐解程度的4株华山松(Pinus armandii)倒木上的苔藓植物进行了样方调查和数据分析。结果表明: 4株倒木上40个样方共有苔藓植物22科52种, 其中藓类13科38种, 苔类9科14种; 以恒有优势种为特征进行划分, 共得到14个物种组合。随着倒木腐解程度加大以及周围环境的不断改变, 生长其上的苔藓植物物种多样性逐渐增加, 但组合数量和苔藓总盖度却呈现先增大后减小的趋势。苔藓物种由耐旱性强的丛生型藓类, 如木灵藓科、白发藓科, 逐渐演替为喜阴湿环境、快速生长的垫状或毯状藓类, 如提灯藓科、羽藓科和青藓科。倒木苔藓植物组合空间结构复杂程度逐渐增大。倒木是多种苔藓植物选择的重要生长基质, 其上苔藓植物受倒木的腐解程度、水分和光照等条件的影响而发生相应的物种组合变化。     

长白山阔叶红松林样地槭属树木木生真菌的群落组成和分布

阔叶红松林是中国东北地区具有代表性的森林植被,为查明该林型中木生真菌的群落组成和分布状况,以长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林的大样地为平台,2009年对样地中主要建群种槭属树木上生长的木生真菌进行了调查,并对其群落组成结构和分布特征进行了分析。共采集到木生真菌79种,分属于14科45属,总个体数为690。综合相对多度、相对频度和重要值的分析,结果表明该群落优势种明显,以淡黄丝齿菌,白囊耙齿菌,杨锐孔菌,扁韧革菌和云芝栓孔菌为主,5种个体数之和占样地总个体数的45.2%,而个体数为1的26种,个体数之和仅占总个体数的4%。长白山阔叶红松林样地中槭属树木上的木生真菌中,有4种生长于活立木上,其中齿白木层孔菌和杨锐孔菌为病原真菌。其余75种均营腐生生活,其中有55.7%的种类分布于寄主倒木的初始腐烂阶段,属于先锋物种,这对该生态系统中槭属倒木的降解起到非常重要的作用。     

Co-occurrence patterns of wood-decaying fungi and ants in dead pines of South Korea

Interaction between fungi and insects such as ants, beetles, wasps and termites inhabiting dead pine trees has significant ecological implication in the forest as they can decompose wood debris and add nutrients to the soil; however, only scarce information is available regarding the interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants. We investigated wood-decaying fungi co-occurring with ants in dead pine trees of South Korea. A total of 57 pairs of wood-decaying fungi and ants were collected from 11 localities. 30 species of wood-decaying fungi and 14 species of ants were identified based on morphology and molecular analysis. Fungal species belonging to Trichaptum, Xylodon, Hyphodontia, and Ceriporia were dominant and co-occurred with common ant species of Lasius, Camponotus, Pristomyrmex, and Crematogaster across most of the sampling sites. This study provides a new baseline in unravelling the complex interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants in forest ecosystems.     

Evaluation of accelerated decay of wood plastic composites by Xylophagus fungi

The resistance to fungal attack of wood plastic composites (WPCs) containing 40% polypropylene and 60% either pine, maple or oak, wt%/wt%, was examined. WPCs specimens were made using the hot press system. Resistance to decay was evaluated using soil block and agar tests. Test specimens were exposed to either white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor or Phanerochaete chrysosporium, or the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum or Postia placenta for six or 12 weeks. Moisture content and weight loss were used to assess the extent of decay of WPCs. Rates of decay in WPCs exposed in soil-block tests were greater than those exposed in the agar. WPCs containing either maple or oak were more susceptible to fungal attack then those containing pine.     

Wood-decay type and fungal guild dominance across a North American log transplant experiment

We incubated 196 large-diameter aspen (Populus tremuloides), birch (Betula papyrifera), and pine (Pinus taeda) logs on the FACE Wood Decomposition Experiment encompassing eight climatically-distinct forest sites in the United States. We sampled dead wood from these large-diameter logs after 2 to 6 y of decomposition and determined wood rot type as a continuous variable using the lignin loss/density loss ratio (L/D) and assessed wood-rotting fungal guilds using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) of the ITS-2 marker. We found L/D values in line with a white rot dominance in all three tree species, with pine having lower L/D values than aspen and birch. Based on HTAS data, white rot fungi were the most abundant and diverse wood-rotting fungal guild, and soft rot fungi were more abundant and diverse than brown rot fungi in logs with low L/D values. For aspen and birch logs, decay type was related to the wood density at sampling. For the pine logs, decay type was associated with the balance between white and brown/soft rot fungi abundance and OTU richness. Our results demonstrate that decay type is governed by biotic and abiotic factors, which vary by tree species.     

Spatial distribution of the basidiocarps of aphyllophoraceous fungi in a tropical rainforest on Borneo Island, Malaysia

The spatial distribution of basidiocarps provides much information on the dispersal abilities, habitat preferences, and inter- and intraspecific interactions of aphyllophoraceous fungi. To reveal the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia, we conducted field observations in a primary forest in 2006 and analyzed the relationships between the abundance of eight dominant fungal species and various environmental factors. The topographical characteristics were significantly patchily distributed at the 100-m scale, whereas woody debris and most fungal species were distributed randomly. Although the dominant fungal species differed among the decay classes and diameters of the woody debris, the abundance of a few dominant species was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Although the latter factors might affect the spatial distribution of these fungi, the effects appear to be so small that they would not create an aggregated distribution at a few 100-m scales.     

丽江老君山国家公园木腐真菌区系组成与分布特征

木腐真菌是自然界中以木材为主要生长基质的一类大型真菌,通过分解倒死木的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素实现森林生态系统的物质循环,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究木腐真菌的生态分布及其与环境因子的关系对分析其在森林生态系统中的生态功能有重要作用。本文在野外调查的基础上对云南省丽江老君山国家公园的木腐真菌物种组成和生态习性进行了分析,共采集标本196份,经鉴定为68种,隶属于8目21科40属,优势科为多孔菌科、拟层孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为异担子菌属,其区系组成以北温带成分为最多(38.2%),其次是世界广布成分,表现出明显的北温带特征。从生态习性来看,63种为腐生菌,其中51种造成白色腐朽,12种造成褐色腐朽;5种为外生菌根菌。木腐真菌的物种组成在不同林分中存在明显差异,落叶阔叶林中种类最多,共34种;其次为针阔混交林,有26种;暗针叶林有22种。脆波斯特孔菌与粗毛韧革菌在3种林分类型中均有分布且多度较高,是该地区的优势种。     

Isolation of wood-inhabiting fungi from Canadian hardwood logs

Wood-inhabiting fungi include many molds, wood-staining fungi, and decay fungi. Most of these fungal species can result in economic losses to wood users. Studies on molds, staining fungi, and decay fungi are necessary to be able to control their growth on wood and wood products. In this study, wood-inhabiting fungi were isolated from logs of 3 major Canadian hardwood species: sugar maple, white birch, and yellow birch. Two media were used for isolation. From these 3 wood species, a total of 1198 fungal cultures were obtained from summer- and winter-harvested logs in dry storage and under water sprinkling. The results showed that most fungal species were not host specific and affected all of the wood species tested. Frequently isolated molds were Alternaria alternata, Trichoderma species, and Mucor/Rhizopus (Zygomycota) species, frequently isolated staining fungi were Ophiostoma piceae and Ophiostoma piliferum, a frequently isolated bark saprophyte was Nectria cinnabarina, and frequently isolated decay fungi were taxa of the phylum Basidiomycota. More fungal species were isolated from summer-harvested logs than from winter-harvested logs. Fewer fungal cultures, especially decay fungi, were isolated from logs in early storage than from logs in late storage.     

Fungal community dynamics in relation to substrate quality of decaying Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) logs in boreal forests

Decaying wood plays an important role in forest biodiversity, nutrient cycling and carbon balance. Community structure of wood-inhabiting fungi changes with mass loss of wood, but the relationship between substrate quality and decomposers is poorly understood. This limits the extent to which these ecosystem services can be effectively managed. We studied the fungal community and physico-chemical quality (stage of decay, dimensions, density, moisture, C : N ratio, lignin and water or ethanol extractives) of 543 Norway spruce logs in five unmanaged boreal forest sites of southern Finland. Fungi were identified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of DNA extracted directly from wood samples. Macroscopic fruiting bodies were also recorded. Results showed a fungal community succession with decreasing wood density and C : N ratio, and increasing moisture and lignin content. Fungal diversity peaked in the most decayed substrates. Ascomycetes typically colonized recently fallen wood. Brown-rot fungi preferred the intermediate decay stages. White-rot fungi represented approximately one-fifth of sequenced species in all decay phases excluding the final phase, where ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi became dominant. Lignin content of logs with white-rot fungi was low, and ECM fungi were associated with substrates containing abundant nitrogen. Macroscopic fruiting bodies were observed for only a small number of species detected with molecular techniques.     

森林生态系统中木腐真菌群落形成机理及生态功能

在森林生态系统中,枯死木是一个重要的组成部分,为很多生物提供栖息地,有助于养分循环以及碳和水的储存.木材分解是森林生态系统养分循环、土壤形成和碳收支的决定性过程,越来越受到森林生态学家、病理学家和管理者的重视.在此过程中,木腐真菌通过分泌多种酶降解木材主要成分,实现生态系统中的物质循环,具有极为关键和重要的作用.木腐真...