Wichtige veterinärmedizinische Aspekte der Lemurenhaltung im Tierpark Berlin

The author describes diseases in lemurs, which occurred in the last ten years at Tierpark Berlin. After a short introduction of the importance of lemur husbandry and breeding in zoological gardens a review of the following diseases is given: periarticular hyperostosis in black lemurs, acute alkaloid intoxication in black lemurs, amoebiasis in ruffed lemurs and obesity in mongoose lemurs. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and post mortem findings are explained in detail.     

高脂膳食对小鼠生化及病理形态的影响

目的高脂膳食对机体血液、组织匀浆中各种生化指标的影响,尤其是对胆固醇等脂质代谢的影响,为研究高胆固醇引起的心血管等疾病建立模型。方法将C57BL/6 j小鼠63只随机分为2组。普食组（用普通饲料饲喂）12只,雌雄各6只,高脂组（用高脂饲料饲喂）51只,雌26只、雄25只。单笼饲喂,饲喂期为67 d。观察动物体重、摄食量、比较血液以及肝、肾组织匀浆中有关脂类代谢和抗氧化方面的生化指标以及组织病理学观察。结果高脂组血液中胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）均显著高于普食组（P〈0.05）;高脂组肝、肾脏组织匀浆中T-AOC、CuZn-SOD、SOD、AKP、NOS、MDA的水平与普食组相比均无统计学差异;与普食组相比,雄性小鼠摄食量差异显著（P〈0.05）、体重差异不显著;病理观察可见高脂组中肝细胞空泡变性。结论通过高脂膳食成功的建立了高胆固醇血症模型,该模型有可能在胆固醇浓度升高引起的脂质代谢异常、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病和其他代谢性疾病的研究中发挥作用。     

壳聚糖吸附胆固醇的研究

血清中胆固醇水平高是冠心病等疾病的重要原因。在当前吸附法治疗高脂血症的推广应用中,所用吸附剂不是价格过于昂贵就是性能不稳定,很难应用于临床。本文试图以具有优良血液相容性和吸附性的壳聚糖用作胆固醇吸附剂。 通过 Ｈａｃｋｍａｎ法制备了壳聚精,并研磨成 ７５～１５０μｍ的粉末,加入血清中吸附,用酶氧化法测量吸附量。 实验中发现壳聚糖对胆固醇的吸附与壳聚糖脱乙酸化程度、分子量有密切关系,实验结果表明：随壳聚糖脱乙酸化度提高,壳聚糖对胆固醇吸附量也提高,当壳聚糖分子量为５３～５４万时,吸附量达到最大值,吸附量还跟壳聚糖形态有关,壳聚精粉末粒径越小越利于吸附。     

血清胆碱酯酶与血脂的关系

通过对749例40～60岁工人SChE和血脂水平的分析,结果显示SChE与TC、TG、LDL-C和VLDL-C呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.21,0.23,0.12,0.11和-0.08。高脂血症患者的SChE活性(2271.8±650.7u/L)高于血脂正常者(1968.6±607.0u/L),但冠心病患者的SChE活性(2242.8±499.4u/L)与高脂血症组无差异。在各型高脂血症中,只有高甘油三酯血症(2241.5±623.9u/L)和混合性高脂血症患者(2561.5±704.8u/L)的SChE活性增高,而高胆固醇血症患者的SChE活性(2034.8±640.0u/L)与血脂正常者无差异(p>0.1)。提示SChE与血脂之间存在一定的联系,本文对此关系进行了讨论。     

幼狼血液生理生化及激素参考值

为了了解狼(Canis lupus)幼体的血液生理生化和某些激素正常值及其特点,为相关生物学研究、人工饲养和健康检测提供参考资料,本文采用全自动血球计数仪、全自动生化分析系统和全自动第三代发光免疫仪对8只4月龄幼狼的40项血液生理生化及8项血清激素指标进行了测定.结果表明,雌雄幼狼的血液生理生化指标无显著差异;雄性幼狼的大多数血液理化指标均比雌性幼狼偏高;雌雄幼狼的血清激素水平存在一定的性别专属.     

食蟹猴血液学及血清生化指标日间节律性变化

目的研究食蟹猴血液学及血清生化指标日间节律性变化,为正确全面评估血液学及血清生化测定结果提供一定的实验事实依据。方法在9：30（am）～10：30（am）、12：30（pm）～13：30（pm）、15：30（pm）～16：30（pm）及19：30（pm）～20：30（pm）4个时间段对12只食蟹猴（雌雄各半）采血。采用全自动血细胞分析仪及血液生化分析仪分别测定血液学及血清生化指标。利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）方法分析血浆中皮质醇含量。结果雌雄食蟹猴下午白细胞数（WBC）及尿素氮（BUN）显著升高;雌性食蟹猴下午血红蛋白（HGB）及血细胞压积（HCT）显著降低,天门冬氨酸氨基转换酶（AST）及丙氨酸氨基转换酶（ALT）活性显著升高;雄性食蟹猴下午血糖（GLU）及血浆皮质醇显著降低。结论雌雄食蟹猴血液学及血清生化部分指标存在明显的日间节律性。     

Amperometric determination of serum total cholesterol with nanoparticles of cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase

We describe the preparation of glutaraldehyde cross-linked and functionalized cholesterol esterase nanoparticles (ChENPs) and cholesterol oxidase nanoparticles (ChOxNPs) aggregates and their co-immobilization onto Au electrode for improved amperometric determination of serum total cholesterol. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of ChENPs and ChOxNPs showed their spherical shape and average size of 35.40 and 56.97 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies of Au electrode confirmed the co-immobilization of enzyme nanoparticles (ENPs). The biosensor exhibited optimal response at pH 5.5 and 40 °C within 5 s when polarized at +0.25 V versus Ag/AgCl. The working/linear range of the biosensor was 10–700 mg/dl for cholesterol. The sensor showed high sensitivity and measured total cholesterol as low as 0.1 mg/dl. The biosensor was evaluated and employed for total cholesterol determination in sera of apparently healthy and diseased persons. The analytical recovery of added cholesterol was 90%, whereas the within-batch and between-batch coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 2% and less than 3%. There was a good correlation (r = 0.99) between serum cholesterol values as measured by the standard enzymic colorimetric method and the current method. The initial activity of ENPs/working electrode was reduced by 50% during its regular use (200 times) over a period of 60 days when stored dry at 4 °C.     

Evidence for social enhancement of reproduction in two Eulemur species

Across the past 20 years, captive reproduction has declined steeply in mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) and has been only moderately successful in black lemurs (E. macaco). At the same time, reproduction has been so successful in brown lemurs (E. fulvus) that contraception has been used since 1987 to limit captive numbers. No obvious cause for the differential reproductive success has been identified. Our experience with a pair of unrelated mongoose lemurs at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden suggested that they reproduced in only those years when they were caged in close proximity to another nonreproductive, full-sibling pair of mongoose lemurs. Examination of the worldwide pattern of captive reproduction by Eulemur species during the past two decades revealed that female black and mongoose lemurs housed in institutions with either additional conspecific males or additional conspecific pairs had a higher rate of reproduction than those maintained as an isolated pair. Black lemurs also had higher rates of reproduction when additional conspecific females were present. No similar pattern was found for brown lemurs or for two comparable mammals, the pudu (Pudu pudu) and the okapi (Okapia johnstoni). The evidence presented for the black and mongoose lemurs supports the existence of the Allee effect in these two species, namely, that reproduction is enhanced by the presence of conspecifics. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

江豚血液学的初步研究

本文对从长江中获得的江豚进行了血液学、血液化学特征的测定和血红蛋白、血浆蛋白电泳图谱的研究。发现江豚的嗜中性粒细胞所占百分比较高,淋巴细胞的百分比较低,具有嗜碱性粒细胞。江豚血红蛋白的电泳类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ,即电泳相对迁移率在人类Hb S和Hb F之间,并有4条非血红素蛋白带(NHP)。用醋酸纤维薄膜作支持物进行电泳,血浆的总蛋白(TP)带可分成8条主要的区带,从阳极到阴极依次是:前白蛋白(ζ)、白蛋白(A)和6条后白蛋白带(PA);然而用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶作支持物共可分成16条区带,其中14条后白蛋白带。脂蛋白(Lp)在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上可分成4条区带:α_1-脂蛋白、α_2-脂蛋白和β-脂蛋白,分别相当于聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上总蛋白带电泳图谱中的PA9、PA10和PA11,而前-β-脂蛋白和乳糜微粒在起点处。运铁蛋白(Tf)的电泳图为一条区带,相当于PA6。     

The effect of diet-induced serum hypercholesterolemia on the surfactant system and the development of lung injury

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pulmonary disorder associated with alterations to the pulmonary surfactant system. Recent studies showed that supra-physiological levels of cholesterol in surfactant contribute to impaired function. Since cholesterol is incorporated into surfactant within the alveolar type II cells which derives its cholesterol from serum, it was hypothesized that serum hypercholesterolemia would predispose the host to the development of lung injury due to alterations of cholesterol content in the surfactant system.Wistar rats were randomized to a standard lab diet or a high cholesterol diet for 17–20 days. Animals were then exposed to one of three models of lung injury: i) acid aspiration ii) ventilation induced lung injury, and iii) surfactant depletion. Following physiological monitoring, lungs were lavaged to obtain and analyze the surfactant system.The physiological results showed there was no effect of the high cholesterol diet on the severity of lung injury in any of the three models of injury. There was also no effect of the diet on surfactant cholesterol composition. Rats fed a high cholesterol diet had a significant impairment in surface tension reducing capabilities of isolated surfactant compared to those fed a standard diet exposed to the surfactant depletion injury. In addition, only rats that were exposed to ventilation induced lung injury had elevated levels of surfactant associated cholesterol compared to non-injured rats.It is concluded that serum hypercholesterolemia does not predispose rats to altered surfactant cholesterol composition or to lung injury. Elevated cholesterol within surfactant may be a marker for ventilation induced lung damage.     

Management and husbandry of ruffed lemurs,Varecia variegata,at the San Diego Zoo. I. Captive population,San Diego Zoo housing and diet

The captive history of the ruffed lemur is presented with concentration on taxonomy, captive population and husbandry of the San Diego Zoo population. At the conclusion of 1985, the living population of black and white ruffed lemurs numbered 358; red ruffed lemurs totaled 125. The San Diego Zoo population, established between 1965 and 1970, began with two pairs of each subspecies. Intensive breeding at the Primate Propagation Center resulted in the birth of 135 black and white ruffed lemur infants and 95 red ruffed lemur infants as of January 7, 1986. Housing specifications are presented for the off-exhibit 96-unit breeding facility, describing enclosure size, material, nest box composition, and enclosure furniture. The diet is described, which emphasizes high-protein, high-fiber foods and leaves.     

玉米胚芽降血脂作用的研究

玉米胚芽经提取精制得到粉状物(YF)。以含15％YF的饲料饲喂大、小鼠,可在短期内阻抑实验性高血脂大、小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)的升高(P<0.01),并显著升高小鼠高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P<0.01),使TC-HDL-c/HDL-c显著降低(P<0.01)。对高血脂患者食用YF2个月的食疗观察表明,YF的降脂效果与动物实验一致,并且能使血浆卵磷脂酰基转移酶(LCAT)相对活性升高(P<0.05)。提示YF可能具有促进体内游离胆固醇(FC)转化为酯化胆固醇(EC),从而加速胆固醇从肝内移出的作用,对此尚需进一步研究。     

Changes in hematological parameters in free-living pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana) during the breeding cycle

The blood parameters—red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)—were studied for the first time in free ranging pigeons Columba livia f. urbana. The aim of the study was to establish a set of reference values for this ubiquitous urban species and to examine a potential influence of the factors such as sex and phase of the breeding cycle on the hematological parameters. Blood was sampled from the adult individuals of both sexes during the breeding cycle. Significant variations in Ht and Hb were observed, while RBC count remained unchanged. The lower hematocrit value and hemoglobin concentration found in both males and females during molt probably resulted from the increase of plasma volume not accompanied by an increase in RBC. On the other hand, a significant physiological stress of nutritional deficiency during this energy-consuming stage may manifest itself in the decreased Ht and Hb values. The higher values of Ht and Hb during the laying phase could be related to the dehydration status. There were no overall differences in MCV, MCH, and MCHC values in either of the breeding stage. A lack of sex dimorphism in the measured and calculated blood parameters was apparent. Data collected herein contribute to the better understanding of general physiology of the ubiquitous urban species. The knowledge of variation in the blood indexes with respect to sex and breeding stage is crucial before blood parameters can provide an useful information on physical condition of the bird.     

Increased serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in type IIb hyperlipidaemic patients

The inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele has been shown to increase the plasma cholesterol level, but little information is as concerns the association of the APOE genotype and hyperlipidaemia and the activities of two serum enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Blood samples from 55 type IIb hyperlipidaemic, non-demented patients and 55 age- and sex-matched controls were therefore examined in this pilot study. A significantly increased BChE activity was found in the serum of type IIb hyperlipidaemic patients, but the AChE activity did not differ significantly as compared with that in the control group. The APOE4 allele was significantly overrepresented among the hyperlipidaemic probands, but neither serum cholinesterase activity was affected by the dosage of the APOE4 gene. Our results point to a possible association between an abnormal lipid metabolism and the BChE activity and might have implications as regards the pathomechanism of both Alzheimer's and vascular dementias and the cholinesterase inhibitor therapy of dementing disorders.     

Serum amyloid A promotes ABCA1-dependent and ABCA1-independent lipid efflux from cells

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein that associates with HDL. In order to examine the role of SAA in reverse-cholesterol transport, lipid efflux was tested to SAA from HeLa cells before and after transfection with the ABCA1 transporter. ABCA1 expression increased efflux of cholesterol and phospholipid to SAA by 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively. In contrast to apoA-I, SAA also removed lipid without ABCA1; cholesterol efflux from control cells to SAA was 10-fold higher than for apoA-I. Furthermore, SAA effluxed cholesterol from Tangier disease fibroblasts and from cells after inhibition of ABCA1 by fixation with paraformaldehyde. In summary, SAA can act as a lipid acceptor for ABCA1, but unlike apoA-I, it can also efflux lipid without ABCA1, by most likely a detergent-like extraction process. These results suggest that SAA may play a unique role as an auxiliary lipid acceptor in the removal of lipid from sites of inflammation.     

Distribution and morphological characters of intermediate forms between the black lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco) and the Sclater's lemur (E. m. flavifrons)

A study of intermediate forms betweenEulemur macaco macaco andE. m. flavifrons was performed on animals in different areas located to the north, south, and east of the known limits of distribution in Maromandia. A large hybridization zone was defined and morphological and dermatoglyphic comparisons were done on the different animals.