共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Angelo Fortunato 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2009,22(1):49-53
Male ornaments are predicted to be a signal of the genetic quality of a male but often the relationship between ornaments
and the physiological performances of males is unclear. Males of Metichnogaster cillipennis, a hover-wasp, during their courtship flights send luminous signals to females by using two abdominal reflectors. Malpighian
tubules, an essential organ in the physiology of insects, participate in the building of the larger of these reflectors but
at a physiological cost. By evaluating the capacity of light reflection from males during their courtship, females can assess
directly the physiological quality of males. 相似文献
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《American anthropologist》1980,82(4):821-830
Ferdinand de Saussure . Jonathan Culler .
Of Grammatology . Jacques Derrida .
Structuraliam and Semiotics . Terence Hawkes .
A Perfusion of Signs . Thomas A. Sebeok, ed .
Rethinking Symbolinm . Dan Sperber . 相似文献
Of Grammatology . Jacques Derrida .
Structuraliam and Semiotics . Terence Hawkes .
A Perfusion of Signs . Thomas A. Sebeok, ed .
Rethinking Symbolinm . Dan Sperber . 相似文献
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J. A. Fraser Roberts 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1950,2(4694):1426-1427
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Chiara Horlin Marita Falkmer Richard Parsons Matthew A. Albrecht Torbjorn Falkmer 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
Objective
A diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorders is usually associated with substantial lifetime costs to an individual, their family and the community. However, there remains an elusive factor in any cost-benefit analysis of ASD diagnosis, namely the cost of not obtaining a diagnosis. Given the infeasibility of estimating the costs of a population that, by its nature, is inaccessible, the current study compares expenses between families whose children received a formal ASD diagnosis immediately upon suspecting developmental atypicality and seeking advice, with families that experienced a delay between first suspicion and formal diagnosis.Design
A register based questionnaire study covering all families with a child with ASD in Western Australia.Participants
Families with one or more children diagnosed with an ASD, totalling 521 children diagnosed with an ASD; 317 records were able to be included in the final analysis.Results
The median family cost of ASD was estimated to be AUD $34,900 per annum with almost 90% of the sum ($29,200) due to loss of income from employment. For each additional symptom reported, approximately $1,400 cost for the family per annum was added. While there was little direct influence on costs associated with a delay in the diagnosis, the delay was associated with a modest increase in the number of ASD symptoms, indirectly impacting the cost of ASD.Conclusions
A delay in diagnosis was associated with an indirect increased financial burden to families. Early and appropriate access to early intervention is known to improve a child''s long-term outcomes and reduce lifetime costs to the individual, family and society. Consequently, a per symptom dollar value may assist in allocation of individualised funding amounts for interventions rather than a nominal amount allocated to all children below a certain age, regardless of symptom presentation, as is the case in Western Australia. 相似文献18.
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Walter J. McNerney 《The Western journal of medicine》1980,132(5):385-391
For Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans, cost containment is not a new concern but an activity that has been carried on for years. It has now been given new emphasis by the urgencies of inflation and the new focus of national attention on health care costs as one of its more conspicuous phenomena—chiefly a result of the inflation but often mistaken for, and mislabeled as, a cause. 相似文献