细菌外膜囊泡应用于肿瘤治疗

细菌外膜囊泡（outer membrane vesicles,OMVs）是由革兰氏阴性菌分泌的纳米囊泡,主要由细菌外膜和周质成分组成,因此表面富集的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）使OMVs能激起强烈的免疫反应。在抗肿瘤研究中,OMVs主要被用于抗肿瘤药物的递送,不仅能增加药物的肿瘤富集还能激活免疫反应协同杀伤肿瘤;同时,OMVs也用于开发肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,可显著提高免疫响应的能力。本综述主要概括了OMVs的生物发生机理、OMVs对宿主免疫系统的影响及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展。     

肿瘤的免疫治疗

肿瘤抗原是肿瘤细胞使其具有免疫原性,能被免疫系统识别的标志物质.肿瘤抗原的发现是肿瘤疫苗发展的基础.肿瘤疫苗至今已有许多重大发展.同时,随着对肿瘤抗原的新认识,肿瘤疫苗的研究进入了新的阶段.     

肿瘤基因疫苗的研究进展

基因疫苗技术自从20世纪90年代问世以来被迅速应用到传染病、免疫缺陷、肿瘤等重大疾病的预防和治疗的研究中,有一部分已经进入临床试验阶段.肿瘤基因疫苗可以打破免疫耐受,增强免疫原性,诱导机体产生针对肿瘤的体液和细胞反应,既有预防又有治疗肿瘤的作用.能够防治肿瘤的基因疫苗发展迅猛,主要包括与肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs）有关的全长、表位、独特型（Id）和融合DNA疫苗,能够自主复制的RNA疫苗,与树突细胞（DCs）相关的肿瘤基因疫苗等.肿瘤基因疫苗的分子作用机制及其存在的弊端也日益成为关注的问题.     

GM—CSF基因瘤苗抗肿瘤活性的实验研究

转细胞因子基因的肿瘤细胞疫苗是当今肿瘤免疫－基因治疗研究的热点。本文用逆转录病毒载体将人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子基因转入大鼠Ｗａｌｋｅｒ瘤细胞株ＷＲＣ２５６,经Ｘ－射线灭活制备肿瘤疫苗。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ检测证实,ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因已成功地导入了ＷＲＣ２５６细胞。     

基因修饰细胞介导的肿瘤治疗

肿瘤的基因治疗,最终都是通过基因修饰细胞介导完成的,这些基因修饰细胞可分为（1）免疫基因修饰的肿瘤细胞疫苗;（2）自杀基因或抑癌基因修饰的细胞疫苗;（3）基因修饰的树突状细胞（DC）疫苗;（4）基因修饰造血干细胞;（5）基因修饰淋巴细胞;（6）基因修饰血管内皮细胞及其它。它们在肿瘤的基因治疗中各有特点,本主要介绍这些方面的研究进展。     

黏蛋白MUC1的研究进展

黏蛋白MUC1是一种具有高度糖基化胞外区的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白,存在于正常细胞和多种癌细胞的表面,为公认的血清和细胞肿瘤抗原。本文简述了MUC1的分子生物学结构、生物学功能及其在肿瘤疫苗方面的研究应用进展。     

诱导免疫应答的肿瘤抗原

肿瘤抗原可以诱导机体的免疫应答,是肿瘤的免疫治疗中多肽疫苗的分子基础,近十年来发展起来的肿瘤疫苗筛选方法,利用肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞或抗体识别肿瘤抗原,为临床肿瘤免疫治疗提供了大量备选抗原分子。文中总结了肿瘤抗原的种类,及迄今几乎所有被证明的含有T细胞识别表位的抗原分子及其血清学反应性,为临床肿瘤疫苗的选择提供了依据。     

Binding patterns of DTR-specific antibodies reveal a glycosylation-conditioned tumor-specific epitope of the epithelial mucin (MUC1)

Glycosylation determines essential biological functions of epithelial mucins in health and disease. We report on the influence of glycosylation of the immunodominant DTR motif of MUC1 on its antigenicity. Sets of novel glycopeptides were synthesized that enabled us to examine sole and combined effects of peptide length (number of repeats) and O-glycosylation with GalNAc at the DTR motif on the binding patterns of 22 monoclonal antibodies recognizing this motif. In case of unglycosylated peptides almost all antibodies bound better to multiple MUC1 tandem repeats. Glycosylation at the DTR led to enhanced binding in 11 cases, whereas 10 antibodies were not influenced in binding, and one was inhibited. In nine of the former cases both length and DTR glycosylation were additive in their influence on antibody binding, suggesting that both effects are different. Improved binding to the glycosylated DTR motif was exclusively found with antibodies generated against tumor-derived MUC1. Based on these data a tumor-specific MUC1 epitope is defined comprising the ...PDTRP... sequence in a particular conformation essentially determined by O-glycosylation at its threonine with either GalNAcalpha1 or a related short glycan. The results can find application in the field of MUC1-based immunotherapy.     

Curative potential of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines on established orthotopic liver tumors: Mechanisms for the superior antitumor activity of live tumor cell vaccines

In preclinical studies, tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete cytokines, hereafter referred to as tumor cell vaccines, can often generate systemic antitumor immunity. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of live or irradiated tumor cell vaccines that secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on established orthotopic liver tumors. Experimental results indicated that two doses (3 × 10⁷ cells per dose) of irradiated tumor cell vaccines were therapeutically ineffective, whereas one dose (3 × 10⁶ cells) of live tumor cell vaccines caused complete tumor regression. In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells, but not natural killer cells, restored tumor formation in the live vaccine-treated animals. Additionally, the treatment of cells with live vaccine induced markedly higher levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity than the irradiated vaccines in the draining lymph nodes. The higher levels of cytokine and antigen loads could partly explain the superior antitumor activity of live tumor cell vaccines, but other unidentified mechanisms could also play a role in the early T cell activation in the lymph nodes. A protocol using multiple and higher dosages of irradiated tumor cell vaccines also caused significant regression of liver tumors. These results suggest that the GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines are highly promising for orthotopic liver tumors if higher levels of immune responses are elicited during early tumor development.     

HA纳米载体介导转hGM-CSF基因的HepG2疫苗诱导的抗瘤效应研究

目的：观察HA纳米颗粒载体介导转染hGM-CSF基因的HepG2细胞疫苗体外抗肿瘤效应,为hGM-CSF基因修饰的HepG2细胞疫苗的临床应用提供依据。方法：HA纳米颗粒载体介导hGM-CSF基因转染HepG2细胞制备转GMCSF基因的HepG2细胞疫苗。密度梯度离心法分离人PBMC,体外诱导人PBMC。WST-1法测定PBMC的增殖活性及对HepG2细胞的杀伤效应,流式细胞术分析CD4＋和CD8＋的阳性表达率,ELISA法测定INF-γ的分泌。结果：WST-1结果显示,转基因HepG2组疫苗能诱导PBMC增殖,其增殖率优于野生型疫苗（p〈0.05）;其诱导的PBMC对HepG2的杀伤率高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组（p〈0.05）。FCM结果显示,转基因HepG2疫苗组PBMC中CD4＋和CD8＋阳性表达率均高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组（p〈0.05）。ELISA结果显示,转基因组PBMC培养上清中IFN-γ含量为1989.76±254.21pg/ml,高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组（p〈0.05）。结论：HA纳米颗粒载体介导转染hGM-CSF基因能增加HepG2细胞疫苗的免疫原性,转hGM-CSF基因HepG2细胞疫苗可有效诱导PBMC增殖、分化,增加INF-γ的分泌,提高其对HepG2细胞的杀伤作用。     

个性化肿瘤新抗原疫苗中抗原肽预测研究进展

失控的突变导致肿瘤的发生,其中某些非同义突变(错义、移码、融合)多肽,被蛋白酶体降解成短肽后被抗原提呈细胞(antigen-presenting cells,APCs)识别,呈递至引流淋巴结,符合主要组织相容性复合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)结合基序的短肽,继而被T细胞表面因子捕获而产生免疫反应,引发肿瘤的消退,我们称之为"新抗原"(neoantigens).这类抗原由于未受胸腺的阴性筛选,被T细胞识别为"异类",不易受免疫耐受机制的影响,从而可作为免疫介导肿瘤治疗的有效靶点.新一代测序技术极大推动了新抗原疫苗的可行性,但从测序识别肿瘤的体细胞突变到TCR (Tcell receptor)识别新抗原产生免疫反应,中间存在着大量的候选假阳性新抗原多肽,这对于针对新抗原而设计疫苗无疑是难以跨越的障碍.一套有效合理的筛选方法,是新抗原疫苗制备过程中不可或缺的一环.然而国内未见相关综述报道,本文调研了目前新抗原免疫治疗过程中的新抗原肽预测及筛选研究进展.     

内皮抑素研究进展

新生血管的生成 (Angiogenesis)与多种生理过程相关 ,受多种促进和抑制因子的调节 ,细胞外基质蛋白经酶解产生的小片段中很多都参与了这一过程的调节。内皮抑素 (Endostatin)是 1997年首先从小鼠血管内皮瘤EOMA细胞培养上清中发现的 ,是细胞外基质蛋白胶原XVⅢα1链NC1结构域C末端 184个Aa的片段。可抑制bFGF和VEGF刺激的血管内皮细胞的增殖和迁移 ,抑制新生血管的形成 ,抑制肿瘤的形成和转移。由于其作用对象是血管内皮细胞 ,而不是转化的肿瘤细胞本身 ,长期反复治疗中不会引起耐药性。它在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景引起多方关注 ,相关研究广泛开展起来。本文综述了近几年在其生物功能、作用机理及应用等方面的研究进展     

HA纳米载体介导转hGM-CSF基因的HepG2疫苗诱导的 抗瘤效应研究

目的:观察HA纳米颗粒载体介导转染hGM-CSF基因的HepG2细胞疫苗体外抗肿瘤效应,为hGM-CSF基因修饰的HepG2细胞疫苗的临床应用提供依据。方法:HA纳米颗粒载体介导hGM-CSF基因转染HepG2细胞制备转GMCSF基因的HepG2细胞疫苗。密度梯度离心法分离人PBMC,体外诱导人PBMC。WST-1法测定PBMC的增殖活性及对HepG2细胞的杀伤效应,流式细胞术分析CD4+和CD8+的阳性表达率,ELISA法测定INF-γ的分泌。结果:WST-1结果显示,转基因HepG2组疫苗能诱导PBMC增殖,其增殖率优于野生型疫苗(p<0.05);其诱导的PBMC对HepG2的杀伤率高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组(p<0.05)。FCM结果显示,转基因HepG2疫苗组PBMC中CD4+和CD8+阳性表达率均高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组(p<0.05)。ELISA结果显示,转基因组PBMC培养上清中IFN-γ含量为1989.76±254.21pg/ml,高于各野生型疫苗组和各空白对照组(p<0.05)。结论:HA纳米颗粒载体介导转染hGM-CSF基因能增加HepG2细胞疫苗的免疫原性,转hGM-CSF基因HepG2细胞疫苗可有效诱导PBMC增殖、分化,增加INF-γ的分泌,提高其对HepG2细胞的杀伤作用。     

Fusion protein mediated prodrug activation (FMPA) in vivo

A two component system, consisting of a fusion protein and an appropriate prodrug, suited to perform selective tumor therapy in vivo, is presented. The fusion protein, owing to its humanized carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific variable region, specifically binds to CEA-expressing tumors and has an enzymatic activity comparable to human β-glucuronidase. The prodrug is a nontoxic glucuronide-spacer-derivative of doxorubicin decomposing to doxorubicin by enzymatic deglucuronidation. In vivo studies in nude mice bearing human CEA-expressing tumor xenografts revealed that 7 d after injection of 20 mg/kg fusion protein, a high specificity ratio (>100:1) was obtained between tumor and plasma. Injection of 250 mg/kg of prodrug at d 7 resulted in tumor therapeutic effects superior to conventional chemotherapy without any detectable toxicity. These superior therapeutic effects that were observed using established human tumor xenografts can be explained by the approx 10-fold higher drug concentrations found in tumors of mice treated with fusion protein and prodrug than in those treated with the maximal tolerable dose of drug alone.     

纳米递送系统线粒体靶向策略在肿瘤诊疗中的应用

肿瘤是危害人类健康的重大疾病之一。目前用于肿瘤治疗的方法有手术治疗、化学药物治疗、放射治疗等。然而,传统的治疗方法存在治疗效果不佳、易引发多药耐药、毒副作用大等缺点,仍需进一步探索新的肿瘤治疗靶点和策略。线粒体作为细胞的能量转换器,被认为是肿瘤、心血管和神经性疾病新药设计的最重要靶点之一。纳米药物递送载体具有易被主动靶向基团修饰的特点,可实现细胞乃至细胞器的精准靶向给药。本文从抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤复发与转移、诱导细胞自噬等方面综述了线粒体靶向纳米载体在肿瘤诊疗中的应用。     

PA‐MSHA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through the up‐regulation and activation of caspases in the human breast cancer cell lines

To investigate the effects of PA‐MSHA (Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐mannose sensitive hemagglutinin) on inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cell lines and to explore its mechanisms of action in human breast cancer cells. MCF‐10A, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐468, and MDA‐MB‐231HM cells were treated with PA‐MSHA or PA (Heat‐killed P. aeruginosa) at different concentrations and different times. Changes of cell super‐microstructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis induced by PA‐MSHA were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) with PI staining, ANNEXIN V‐FITC staining and Hoechst33258 staining under fluorescence microscopy. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression level of apoptosis‐related molecules. A time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent cytotoxic effect of PA‐MSHA was observed in MDA‐MB‐468 and MDA‐MB‐231HM cells but not in MCF‐10A or MCF‐7 cells. The advent of PA‐MSHA changed cell morphology, that is to say, increases in autophagosomes, and vacuoles in the cytoplasm could also be observed. FCM with PI staining, ANNEXIN V‐FITC and Hoechst33258 staining showed that the different concentrations of PA‐MSHA could all induce the apoptosis and G₀–G₁ cell cycle arrest of breast cancer cells. Cleaved caspase 3, 8, 9, and Fas protein expression levels were strongly associated with an increase in apoptosis of the breast cancer cells. There was a direct relationship with increased concentrations of PA‐MSHA but not of PA. Completely different from PA, PA‐MSHA may impart antiproliferative effects against breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis mediated by at least a death receptor‐related cell apoptosis signal pathway, and affecting the cell cycle regulation machinery. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 195–206, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Antibiotic resistance has resulted in unsatisfactory eradication results with dual and now triple therapy in many countries. Newer antibiotics and changes in dosing and duration of therapy may overcome resistant strains but may only provide limited improvement in eradication rates. Sequential therapy with amoxicillin (1 g twice a day) and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (twice a day) given for 5 days followed by a PPI plus clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day) and tinidazole (500 mg twice a day) for 5 days is now a first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori in some countries. Standard triple therapy is effective in regions where clarithromycin resistance is low. Levofloxacin based triple therapy is an effective alternative to quadruple therapy in second-line treatment. Adjuvant therapy may reduce side-effects and improve compliance. Molecular and genomic research on H. pylori may result in the development of targeted antibiotic therapy; however, more research is required in this field. Further research in vaccination is also necessary before this can become an option in clinical practice.     

体外大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗及其诱导的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答分析

旨在体外组装酵母菌表达的gp96 (Recombinant gp96,rgp96) 蛋白与B16.F10黑色素瘤抗原,大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗,并研究其诱导的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。利用体外组装的rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物免疫C57BL/6小鼠,并通过酶联免疫斑点实验、细胞因子染色、杀伤实验技术进行分析,结果显示与单纯rgp96或肿瘤抗原免疫组相比,体外组装的rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物免疫能够显著抑制B16肿瘤的生长,而且能够明显提高肿瘤特异性T细胞活性。rgp96-肿瘤抗原复合物的抗肿瘤免疫活性与从肿瘤组织中提取的gp96接近。研究结果为大量制备新型gp96肿瘤疫苗提供了依据。