马尾松受害诱导的化学物质滞后变化

通过接种马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus和人工剪叶,分析比较了不同受害方式对马尾松针叶内化学物质的影响。结果表明,害虫取食松针诱导的次生代谢物质(单宁、酚类物质)比人工剪叶处理略有增加,而营养物质-可溶性糖变化不大。对马尾松进行害虫取食为害、人工剪叶受害、未受害三种处理后,连续3年跟踪测定了松针叶内化学物质含量的变化。结果发现,无论是害虫取食为害,还是人工剪叶受害,针叶内次生代谢物质含量都减少,可溶性糖含量降低,直至一年后才恢复到原有的水平;蛋白质变化的趋势则始终是受害处理的含量比未受害处理的含量高,表明马尾松受害后诱导的化学物质变化具有滞后特性。     

鼎湖山异龄马尾松针叶长度序列元素分布

利用植物体元素化学分析结果来诊断环境污染对森林健康影响和监测环境污染程度已成为诸多生态学家和环境学者广为采用的方法之一。该研究选择广东肇庆鼎湖山健康马尾松(Pinus massoniana)前年生针叶和当年生针叶为研究对象, 将相同年龄针叶分为叶尖、叶中、叶基等长3段, 分析了两种针叶全S、全P、K、Mg、Na、Ca、Al、Mn、Zn、Cu、Fe、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni15种元素及相应Ca/Al值在叶尖、叶中部、叶基部和叶鞘的分布模式。结果表明: 前年生针叶元素平均值除全S、全P、K和Cd外, 其它元素浓度都高于当年生针叶, Ca/Al值则是当年生针叶小于前年生针叶, 表明当年生针叶受Al毒大于前年生针叶; 在针叶长度序列不同部位间, 元素分布不均匀, 全S、Na、Ca、Al和Mn在两种针叶长度序列上没有显著性差异, K、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cr、Cd、Ni和Ca/Al值差异均达显著水平, 而全P、Cu、Cd和Pb仅在前年生针叶不同部位间差异显著; 针叶Al浓度和Ca/Al值都表明马尾松已经处于严重Al毒胁迫下; 两种针叶各部位Fe、Zn和Cu浓度远超出该地区马尾松元素的背景值, 暗示马尾松针叶已受到严重重金属毒害; 马尾松叶鞘Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量显著高于针叶其它部位, 表明叶鞘能累积环境重金属, 可以作为马尾松在污染环境下遭受重金属危害指标加以利用, 是一种有广泛应用前景的生物指示物。该研究所采用的技术和方法对环境监测, 尤其是对利用生物化学方法评价环境污染对森林健康影响评价体系的完善和生物监测指标的利用具有指导意义, 可为今后评估相似环境污染地区森林健康和树木正常生长提供参考。     

Alterations of chemical composition,construction cost and payback time in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) trees grown under pollution

Previous studies show that Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) stands grown at the industrially-polluted site have experienced unprecedented growth decline, but the causal mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, to understand the mechanisms of growth decline of Mason pine strands under pollution stresses, we determined the reactive oxygen species levels and chemical composition of the current-year (C) and one-year-old (C + 1) needles, and calculated the needle construction costs (CC_mass) of Masson pine trees grown at an industrially-polluted site and an unpolluted remote site. Pine trees grown at the polluted site had significantly higher levels of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion in their needles than those grown at the unpolluted site, and the former trees eventually exhibited needle early senescence. The contents of lipids, soluble phenolics and lignins in C and C + 1 needles were significantly higher at the polluted site than at the unpolluted site, but the total amounts of non-construction carbohydrates were lower in non-polluted needles than in polluted needles. Elevated levels of the reactive oxygen species and early senescence in polluted needles together led to significant increases in CC_mass and a longer payback time. We infer that the lengthened payback time and needle early senescence under pollution stress may reduce the Masson pine tree growth and consequently accelerate tree decline.     

山东省台上金矿区赤松林叶绿素含量的季节动态

在1991年春、夏、秋三个季节对山东省招远市台上金矿区赤松林叶绿素含量的变化进行了测定,并与背景区作比较,对金矿区和背景区赤松针叶中的Au、Ag、Cu、Pb元素含量也进行了比较。金矿区和背景区Au、Ag、Cu、Pb元素含量有明显差异,金矿区高于背景区数倍,这对赤松的生长有一定影响,与叶绿素含量有一定的正相关;无论金矿区还是背景区,赤松一年生叶和二年生叶的叶绿素总量变化规律大体一致,都是春季较低,随气温上升而开始增加,至夏末达到最大值,然后从秋季开始下降,金矿区叶绿素总量低于背景区,一年生叶略高于二年生叶;当叶绿素总量变化时,叶绿素a/b的比率稍有波动,但几乎保持不变,金矿区和背景区也无差异。     

马尾松毛虫对马尾松和湿地松的选择与适应研究

用马尾松老叶、新叶,湿地松老叶、新叶,当年生马尾松新叶、湿地松新叶和当年生以20％和40％β-蒎烯处理过的马尾松新叶作食料饲养马尾松毛虫。结果表明：马尾松毛虫幼虫在第1代发生期取食马尾松老叶、马尾松新叶、湿地松老叶和湿地松新叶等4种不同质量的食料后,因其食料中10种必需氨基酸含量和挥发性物质β-蒎烯含量的不同,导致幼虫的存活率差异显著。其中,取食马尾松老叶的幼虫成活率最高（44％）,依次为马尾松新叶（32.7％）、湿地松老叶（4％）,而取食湿地松新叶的幼虫全部死亡。通过马尾松针叶增加外援β-蒎烯喂养马尾松毛虫实验,表明增加了外源β-蒎烯的松针饲养的马尾松毛虫幼虫与用同样松针未增加外源β-蒎烯饲养的幼虫相比,死亡率明显提高;松树中β-蒎烯含量的增加与幼虫成活率呈显著负相关。由此,我们阐明了马尾松与湿地松对马尾松毛虫的抗虫机制。     

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of Pinus sylvestris needle lipids

The fatty acid (FA) composition of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle lipids was studied. It was shown that FA composition of needle lipids changed during the entire growth period (from March to October) under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, solar radiation) affecting the biosynthesis of chloroplast membrane lipids in pine needles. Among needle lipid FAs, unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted FAs (Δ5-UPIFA) were identified: pinolenic, skiadonic, coniferonic, and other); in March and April, their content attained 16.1 and 16.9% of total FAs; it decreased in June to 6.0% and increased again in September to 20.4%.     

Identification of chemical elements as pollutants and their primary distribution in steppes of the southern Minusinsk depression

The chemical composition of solid and liquid phases of snow samples collected at different distances from various sources of anthropogenic emissions was studied. The main chemical elements polluting geosystems during the production of aluminum were determined and the halos of their spatial scattering were revealed. The total pollution index and the load of pollution were calculated. Based on quantitative indicators in comparison with maximum permissible concentration values, zones of ecological and geochemical risk were identified. A comparative analysis of the levels of the selected association of elements in technogenic aerosols of the area of the greatest risk and in background soil was carried out.     

受害马尾松针叶营养及次生物质含量与思茅松毛虫种群参数的相关分析

为了揭示受害马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶主要化学物质变化对思茅松毛虫Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura种群变动的影响, 本研究以受思茅松毛虫危害程度不同（轻度、 中度和重度）的马尾松针叶喂养思茅松毛虫幼虫, 测定思茅松毛虫饲养种群的特征参数和不同受害程度马尾松针叶营养物质与次生物质含量, 用综合相关系数分析法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明： （1）随植株受害程度加重, 针叶黄酮含量增加, 可溶性糖、 蛋白质、 多糖含量减少, 各龄幼虫平均历期延长、 死亡率升高。单宁和总酚含量的变化与各龄幼虫平均历期、 死亡率之间没有显著的相关性; （2）除6龄幼虫外, 其他各龄幼虫的平均历期、 死亡率均与松针营养物质和次生物质含量有直接的和综合的相关性; （3）随受害程度加重, 7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力减小。单宁、 总酚含量的变化对7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 幼虫平均死亡率、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力都没有显著影响。总体上, 松针营养和次生物质含量对思茅松毛虫种群参数有重要影响, 其重要性依次为可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞多糖＞黄酮, 单宁和总酚的作用相对较小。     

Levels of damage of Scots pine and Norway spruce caused by needle miners along a SO2 gradient

Needle damages caused by mining insects on Scots pine and Norway spruce were studied in the vicinity or a pulp mill. The abundance of needles mined by the pine bud moth Exoteleia dodecella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Scots pine Pinus sylvestris , and the spruce needle miner Epinotia tedella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Norway spruce Picea abies had a significantly peaked response curve on logarithmic distance scale. For pine bud moth, the maximum expected population density was estimated to be at the distance of 1.35 km from the factory. The maximum expected population density for the spruce needle miner was at the distance of 1.53 km from the factory. However, for both species the curves were significantly different among transects. Both species had a peaked and significant response to sulphur level in needles as well. The maximum expected density in pine was at 1270 ppm, and in spruce at 1070 ppm sulphur concentration in pine needles. The results are consistent with earlier reports demonstrating that these mining insects frequently attack trees suffering from air pollution. The nonlinear response of both species to distance from the pulp mill suggests that E. dodecella on pine and E. tedella on spruce are rather indicators of the zone of intermediate air pollution than of strongly polluted or nearly unpolluted sites. This also agrees with the plant stress-insect performance hypothesis indicating that insect response varies with the magnitude of stress, and at very high stress levels a tree no longer provides the insects with relevant food.     

Variation of specific leaf area and upscaling to leaf area index in mature Scots pine

Reliable and objective estimations of specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) are essential for accurate estimates of the canopy carbon gain of trees. The variation in SLA with needle age and position in the crown was investigated for a 73-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in the Belgian Campine region. Allometric equations describing the projected needle area of the entire crown were developed, and used to estimate stand needle area. SLA (cm² g⁻¹) as significantly influenced by the position in the crown and by needle age (current-year versus 1-year-old needles). SLA increased significantly from the top to the bottom of the crown, and was significantly higher near the interior of the crown as compared to the crown edge. SLA of current-year needles was significantly higher than that of 1-year-old needles. Allometric relationships of projected needle area with different tree characteristics showed that stem diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and crown depth were reliable predictors of projected needle area at the tree level. The allometric relationships between DBH and projected needle area at the tree level were used to predict stand-level needle area and estimate LAI. The LAI was 1.06 (m² m⁻²) for current-year needles and 0.47 for 1-year-old needles, yielding a total stand LAI of 1.53.     

Effects of ozone on organic acids in needles of Norway spruce and Scots pine

Summary The effect of ozone, needle age, and season on the pH of homogenate and acid contents of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles is presented. In addition enzyme activities of cytochrome C-oxidase (cyt. C-ox), phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase (PEPC), shikimic acid-dehydrogenase (SHDH) and malate-dehydrogenase (MDH) were measured in Scots pine needles. In freshly sprouted spruce needles the level of quinic acid is high and the pH of the needle homogenate is low. Shikimic acid starts at low levels, increases with increasing needle age and becomes dominant, whereas the quinic acid content decreases. Malic acid has a marked seasonal trend; no trend was found in citric acid. Ozone (200 g/m³) decreased shikimic acid and quinic acid, whereas pH, malic acid and citric acid increased. Ozone (100 g/m³) had a similar effect, except in the current-year spruce needles. In Scots pine needles ozone led to increased enzymatic activities of cyt. C-ox, PEPC and SHDH, and a decrease in the activity of MDH. This effect was more pronounced in summer than in autumn, but the visible damage was greater in autumn. These effects can be found with other stresses and are not specific for ozone.     

Oviposition preferences in relation to larval growth rates and survival in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea

Abstract. 1. Adult female pine beauty moths, Panolis flammea (D & S), when given a choice of whole plants or needle pairs of four provenances of Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta (Douglas), laid most eggs on that provenance on which the larvae attained their greatest growth rates.
2. When presented with a greater number of Lodgepole pine provenances and Pinus sylvestris L, P.flammea oviposition preferences reflected the trade-off between growth rate and survival.
3. There is some evidence to suggest that the moths are responding to the monoterpene composition of the plants.
4. Adult moths showed no preference for Lodgepole pine needles of a range of ages (1–4 years), ovipositing uniformly on all age classes.     

Variation of the Pinus ponderosa needle oil with season and needle age

Influence of season and needle age on the yield and composition of the Pinus ponderosa needle oil was investigated. Oil yields throughout the year averaged 0·13% on the basis of tissue green weight. The average composition was 11·9% -pinene, 70·2% β-pinene, 8·0% 3-carene, 5·0% myrcene, 1·8% limonene, 2·2% β-phellandrene and 6·4% methyl chavicol (total MONOTERPENES = 100%). The amount of methyl chavicol and total monoterpenoids was highest in summer, lower in juvenile than in mature firstyear needles, and decreasing thereafter with needle age. A significant increase in 3-carene and decrease in β-pinene was apparent in juvenile needles. The most important step towards decreasing the seasonal and age variability of needle samples in ecological or chemotaxonomic studies was found to involve exclusion of sample collections during a period between the initial appearance of young needles and the time that they reach maximum length.     

Effect of pine foliage damage on the incidence of larval diapause in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) with a larval facultative diapause is one of the most destructive insect pests of the pine tree Pinus massoniana in China. The larvae feeding on pine trees with different damage levels were studied to determine the induction of diapause under both laboratory and field conditions. Developmental duration of larvae before the third instar was the longest when fed with 75%–90% damaged needles, followed by 25%–40% damaged needles and intact pine needles, whereas mortalities did not differ among different treatments under the conditions of 25° and critical photoperiod 13.5:10.5 L:D. At 25°, no diapause was induced under 15:9 L:D, whereas 100% diapause occurred under 12:12 L:D regardless of the levels of needle damage. Incidences of larvae entering diapause when they were fed with intact, 25%–40% and 75%–90% damaged pine needles were 51.7%, 70.8% and 81% under 13.5:10.5 L:D, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the field experiment. Incidence of diapause was significantly different among the pine needle damage levels of pine trees when the photoperiod was close to the critical day length, indicating that the effect of host plants on diapause induction was dependent on the range of photoperiod. The content of amino acid and sugar decreased and tannin increased in pine needles after feeding by the pine caterpillars, suggesting that changed levels of nutrients in damaged needles or a particular substance emitted by damaged pine trees was perhaps involved in the diapause induction of the pine caterpillar.     

马尾松诱导抗性对马尾松毛虫幼虫生长发育的影响

利用不同受害方式和受害程度的马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb.)针饲养马尾松毛DendrolimuspunctarusWalker虫幼虫 ,研究受害松针对幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明 :马尾松毛虫取食受害松针后 ,幼虫的取食量下降 ,排粪量减少 ,对食物的消耗和利用指数降低 ,幼虫发育速率缓慢 ,死亡率增加 ,从而影响马尾松毛虫的种群动态     

不同区域针叶年龄对红松叶性状及相关关系的影响

叶龄是植株个体发育过程中性状变异的重要影响因素, 不同叶龄下的性状变异可以体现植物针对环境变化做出的响应。该研究以东北地区4个不同区域阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林中的成年红松为研究对象, 测定了4个区域红松的叶寿命和不同针叶年龄叶片的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片干物质含量(LDMC)、针叶密度(ND)以及针叶体积(NV), 探讨了红松叶形态性状间的相关性, 并检验了纬度和针叶年龄对这些相关关系的影响。结果显示: (1)不同纬度下红松叶寿命存在显著差异, 随纬度增加呈单峰模式。(2)针叶年龄在性状变异解释中占比最大(34.2%-80.1%), 对4个叶形态性状均存在显著影响。SLA、LDMC和ND在当年生叶片中均表现了比所有龄级下更大的可塑性, 仅NV在所有龄级下的可塑性大于当年生叶片。(3) 4个性状间的二元相关性显著, 且在不同纬度下多有体现, 但性状间的回归斜率随纬度变化趋势存在差异。(4)不同针叶年龄性状间的相关关系依然显著但变异规律不同, 如SLA与ND的回归斜率随针叶年龄增加而减小, ND与NV则相反。研究结果表明红松叶形态性状的变异和性状间的相关关系受纬度和针叶年龄的显著影响, 性状协同应对不同纬度梯度导致的环境变化以及不同针叶年龄下叶片的资源利用策略存在差异。     

Changes in the essential oil composition in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under anthropogenic stress

Unfavorable anthropogenic factors, such as air pollution, lead to biochemical responses in trees. Changes in the amounts of secondary metabolites may be early indicators of invisible injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate composition of the essential oils in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the areas affected by pollutant emissions of main factories in Lithuania: a nitrogen fertilizer factory (NFF), a cement factory (CF), and an oil refinery (OR). Totally, 14 pine stands were examined along transects from the factories (July 2005). Volatile components of the needles were extracted and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Over 70 components of the essential oils were identified in current-year and 1-year-old needles. Along the CF transect for current-year needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing pH of the pine bark (r = -0.582; p < 0.05) or with the increasing concentration of SO2 (r = -0.573; p < 0.05); for 1-year-old needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing pH of the bark (r = -0.534; p < 0.05). Along the OR transect, in both the current-year and 1-year-old needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing SO2 (respectively, r = -0.773; p < 0.01; r = -0.486; p < 0.05); an opposite relation was true for sesquiterpenes (respectively, r = -0.751; p < 0.01; r = 0.785; p < 0.01). The view was different along the NFF transect. For current-year needles, the percentage of monoterpenes was decreasing with the increasing NH3 (r = -0.669; p < 0.01); while the percentage of sesquiterpenes or oxysesquiterpenes was increasing with the increasing NH3 (respectively, r = 0.540; p < 0.05 and r = 0.688; p < 0.01). For each transect, cluster analysis of the percentages of components of essential oils in the needles allowed us to distinguish the most contrasting stands according to the concentration of air pollutants. Current-year needles were more effective as indicators of the effects of pollution than 1-year-old needles in the case of the NFF and the OR transects, and both-aged needles were equally valuable in the case of the CF transect. The changes detected in the proportions of components of the essential oils in the needles of the trees affected by the industrial emissions may play a significant role in modifying the susceptibility of the pine stands to the biotic factors, and also may alter emissions of terpenes from the stands to the atmosphere.     

A multitrophic interaction: consequences of grazing on decomposition of needles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> L. by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ommatoiulus sabulosus</Emphasis> L.

The aim of this study was to assess how the physical (needle fragmentation by trampling) and chemical (nutritional enrichment from faeces) changes brought about by grazing influence the consumption of needles of Pinus pinea L. by Ommatoiulus sabulosus L. Adult individuals of O. sabulosus were introduced into trays with pine needles subjected to four treatments: (i) intact needles, (ii) trampled needles, (iii) intact needles fertilized with liquid manure, and (iv) trampled needles fertilized with liquid manure. After 30 days, litter decomposition was determined as a function of mass loss over time. Biometric and chemical characteristics of the needles were also measured. The pine needle decomposition rate was significantly higher in the presence of O. sabulosus (20–40%) than in its absence, presenting in addition a significantly higher rate in the treatments enriched with nitrogen. Average needle length was significantly shorter in the trampled treatments (6.89 ± 0.50 cm) than in those with intact needles (11.95 ± 0.69 cm). With regard to leaf mass per area and resistance to breakage, no significant differences were found. The fertilized treatments presented significantly higher N content (50% higher) than those in the non-fertilized ones with a significantly lower C:N ratio. The results of the present study indicate that goat grazing (which produces both trampling and fertilization) favoured the consumption of pine needles by O. sabulosus, which thus influences, along with the microbial community, the decomposition rate of these needles and thereby promotes incorporation of N into the system.     

Effect of acid rain on pine needles as food for capercaillie in winter

The effects of long-range air pollution on the chemical composition of needles of Scots pinePinus sylvestris and consequences for capercaillieTetrao urogallus feeding on the needles were studied. Samples of pine needles from localities receiving different amounts of acid rain were taken in early March. Concentrations of N and P were highest in needles from the most acidified areas, and N concentration was 35% higher in the most heavily polluted area than in the least polluted. Secondary chemicals decreased significantly with increasing acidification. Concentrations of Cd in pine needles were closely correlated with the acid deposition levels, with highest concentrations in the most polluted area. Al concentration also increased with increasing acidification. These results provide evidence that acid rain increases the nutritive value of pine needles through a fertilizing effect. Enhanced levels of certain metals are considered too low to be directly toxic to capercaillie. However, behavioural anomalies cannot be excluded.