植物内生真菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

植物内生真菌是一种新的微生物资源,具有潜在的应用前景,能产生生物碱类、肽类、甾体类、萜类、酚类、醌类、脂肪族类、异香豆素类等多种类型的抗菌活性物质.本文简要综述了植物内生真菌的抗菌活性物质的研究方法、提取物的抗菌活性、抗菌活性成分等方面的研究进展.     

中国麻翅虻属记述

一、序言 虻类为危害家畜的一种吸血昆虫,不但因其吸血而使家畜骚扰不安,并且是许多重要传染病的媒介。全世界已知虻类在3000种以上,麻翅虻属巳知约200多种。 我国最早记载的麻翅虻为1911年Ricardo氏记载的 Chrysozona sinensis Ric.及Chrysozona lata Ric.两种。其后经Szilady、Kr(?)ber、Shiraki、Takagi、Ouchi、     

茶园螨类调查及利用胡瓜钝绥螨控制卵形短须螨的初步研究

对广东省农业科学院茶叶研究所英德实验茶场进行调查,共有螨类10科,12属,17种.其中捕食性螨类6科,13种,捕食螨优势种为江原钝绥螨Amblyseius eharai.植食性螨类4科,4种,植食性螨类主要为卵形短须螨Brevipalpus obovatus.茶园释放胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris释放后10～50 d,对卵形短须螨的防治效果达23.30%～81.31%,可有效控制卵形短须螨的为害.并建议在应用中,每株茶树释放一袋胡瓜钝绥螨.     

黄河中游河漫滩(禹渡口-桃花峪)种子植物资源

黄河中游河漫滩有种子植物84科、358属、818种,根据用途资源植物种类有56科270种,可划分为有6类、25亚类.其中含种数较多的依次为:纤维植物类、饲用植物类、药用植物类、抗污染植物类、指示植物类、水土保持植物类.文章分析了该区域的主要资源植物特点,并对资源植物的开发利用和保护提出了建议.     

苋科植物化学成分的研究进展

苋科植物有65个属,约1000余种,主要分布在热带、亚热带和温带地区.该科的很多植物具有良好的食用和药用价值,化学成分丰富,含有三萜类、甾体类、黄酮类、生物碱类、色素类和多肽类物质.为推动我国苋科植物资源的更深层次利用和开发,对苋科植物的化学成分研究概况做一综述.     

新疆原类梅属地衣的初步研究

该文对新疆原类梅属(Protoparmeliopsis M.Choisy)地衣进行了分类学研究。采用形态解剖学、化学及分子生物学方法,鉴定了采样区原类梅属地衣的4个种:凹盘原类梅[Protoparmeliopsis laatokkaensis(R?s?nen)MobergR.Sant],戛氏原类梅[P.garovaglii(K9rb.) Arup, Zhao XinLumbsch]、石墙原类梅[P.muralis(Schreb.) M. Choisy]和盾原类梅[P.peltata(Ramond) Arup, Zhao XinLumbsch],其中凹盘原类梅(P.laatokkaensis)为中国新记录种。该种最主要的辨别特征是具沉陷入地衣体生长的子囊盘和很明显的黑色下地衣体。对以上4种地衣的形态解剖、化学特征和生境进行了描述,同时提供了分种检索表和相关彩色图片。     

中国上二叠统济源四足动物群——2.地层、分类学评述及对比（英文）

重新研究了济源四足动物群的材料,表明其以锯齿龙类的复齿河南龙为主体,还包括至少三种迟滞鳄类和一种犬齿兽,可能还有一种凶脸兽。根据甲片特征推测,迟滞鳄类至少包括中国毕氏螈Bystrowiana sinica,扁平济源盖螈(新属新种)Jiyuanitectum fl atum gen.et sp.nov.以及大型脊廊盖螈(新种)Dromotectum largum sp.nov.。根据四足动物组合,济源动物群大致可以与俄罗斯Sokolki组合带的Ilinskoe亚带以及南非的小头兽组合带对比。     

中国广西晚白垩世一新的巨龙类恐龙

记述了采自广西南宁市郊晚白垩世地层中一巨龙类恐龙新属种:右江清秀龙(Qingxiu- saurus youjiangensis gen.et sp.nov.)。新属种正型标本包括以下不关联的头后骨骼:一段较完整的前部尾椎神经棘、左右胸骨板、左右肱骨。它以以下独特特征组合区别于其他巨龙类:前部尾椎神经棘板状结构不发育、相对较高并呈桨状;胸骨与肱骨最大长之比值较低(约0.65)。广西发现的新属种以及近年来报道的巨龙类恐龙材料表明,亚洲巨龙类恐龙的头后骨骼形态变异度高,白垩纪时期这类恐龙曾在亚洲广为分布。     

辽东半岛的蚤类

辽东半岛的蚤类,森川义金(1941)和大野(1942)曾作过一些报道。为弄清这一地区蚤类的区系分布,我们先后在旅顺、大连、庄河、宽甸、风城、岫岩、千山及复县等地进行了较广泛的调查。从人体及12种兽类(共11.850只)身上检获蚤类标本2.300多号,经鉴定共有16种,分隶7科13属,其中包括我国新纪录一种,现将各种的分布及其寄主叙述如下: (一)蚤科Pulicidae 1.人蚤Pulex irritans Linnaeus,1758 分布 大连、旅顺,庄河,宽甸、凤城,岫岩(常见种)。 寄主 家犬、人。 2.猫栉首蚤猫亚种Ctenoe phalides felis felis(Bouche.1835) 分布 大连(常见种)。     

Complete mitochondrial genome of ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus alaschanicus from China's Helan Mountains and description of its phylogenetic relationships in Galliformes

Phasianus colchicus alaschanicus, Phasianidae, Galliformes is known only from the Helan Mountains of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions, China. Due to few studies on this subspecies, the taxonomic status of Phasianus colchicus alaschanicus in Galliformes is unclear. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of one P. c. alaschanicus and downloaded 36 species of 22 genera from GeneBank to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. The mitochondrial genome sequence length of P. c. alaschanicus was 16,688 bp with a base composition of 30.6% A, 25.3% T, 30.8% C, and 13.3% G, including two rRNA genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and a control region. We confirmed the genetic classification status of P. c. alaschanicus in Galliformes. The Phasianidae formed a complex clade, which could be separated into eighteen lineages. P. c. alaschanicus was a sister group of the remaining taxa (posterior probabilities 100% in ML).     

环境因子对雉鸡甘肃亚种种群遗传多样性的影响(英文)

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法,测定了雉鸡甘肃亚种9个种群118个样本的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)1150个碱基长度的基因序列,43个变异位点产生51个单倍型。环境因子与种群遗传变异的相关性研究表明,序列变异与经度(r=0.725,P<0.05)、年平均温度(r=0.833,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,核苷酸多样性与经度(r=0.686,P<0.05)、年平均温度(r=0.844,P<0.05)呈显著正相关。片段化与低温是导致雉鸡甘肃亚种遗传多样性的主要因素。序列变异及核苷酸多样性与温度的变异系数呈显著负相关(r序列=-0.679,P<0.05;r核苷酸=-0.669,P<0.05)。温度越稳定地区雉鸡甘肃亚种的遗传多样性越高。     

两种锦鸡和环颈雉线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的比较研究

本文以10种限制性内切酶分析雉科中环颈雉,红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡线粒体DNA（mtDNA）。雉属与锦鸡属之间的遗传距离P为0.076（0.067-0.085）,红腹锦鸡与白腹锦鸡的P为0.012。推算雉属和锦鸡属的分化大约发生在3.8×10[6]年以前,红腹锦鸡与白腹锦鸡的分化大约在6×10[5]年以前。这些结果表明：1.在雉科系统发生中,雉属与锦鸡属是近缘的属;2.红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡的分化较晚,关系密切,可能只是两个亚种。     

Polychromatisme et polymorphisme biochimique chez cinq espèces de phasianidés

A correspondence between egg shell polychromatism and polymorphism of egg white proteins is presented and discussed in five related species of Phasianidae: Coturnix coturnix japonica, Lophortyx californica, Perdix perdix, Alectoris rufa and Phasianus colchicus.     

Phylogeography-Based Delimitation of Subspecies Boundaries in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

To test the validity of subspecies status within the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), we used genetic data to assess differences among five subspecies distributed across the Loess Plateau in central China. Samples were collected from 191 individuals representing subspecies P. c. strauchi, P. c. satscheuensis, P. c. kiangsuensis, P. c. suehschanensis, and P. c. edzinensis. Analysis of mitochondrial genetic variation suggested that there were no phylogenetically distinct subspecies clades, and we could not exclude that hybridization has occurred among subspecies. A potential explanation of the observed pattern is that an increase in common pheasant rearing farms may have led to enforcement of hybridization between different subspecies. Consistent with phenotypic data, our analysis suggests that a previously identified common pheasant subspecies (P. c. strauchi) represents an intermediate form between the subspecies P. c. satscheuensis and P. c. suehschanensis.     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法分析雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构。测序获得了8个种群79个样本的长819bp的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列,发现7个变异位点,界定了6种单倍型(Haplotype),其中Hap-1是共享单倍型,占79.75%。在8个种群中,除ZJC和CHX种群外,其它种群的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性都很低,种群间遗传分化小,基因流大。ZJC种群由于亚种间的基因渗透,导致其遗传多样性最高。CHX种群受徽成盆地周边山地的森林隔离作用,单倍型最多。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占86.44%。种群间和地理种群组间差异不显著。地理种群组的核苷酸多样性(π)同形态上的变异规律一致。FS值检测表明,雉鸡甘肃亚种曾发生过快速扩张。     

Molecular heterosis at the conalbumin locus in the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Summary Egg whites of Phasianus colchicus containing conalbumin of the heterozygous type show a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae than egg whites with conalbumin of the common homozygous type. This fact is interpreted as an example of heterosis at the molecular level.     

RAPD-PCR analysis of genetic diversity in the Manchurian pheasant

The genetic diversity of a local population of the Manchurian pheasant Phasianus colchicus pallasi was studied using RAPD-PCR. Based on the DNA patterns obtained in PCR with five arbitrary decanucleotide primers, we assessed genetic polymorphism of this population, estimated genetic distances between individuals, and constructed an NJ phylogenetic tree, and an UPGMA dendrogram of genetic similarity. The population was shown to exhibit high average genetic polymorphism (P = 79.4%) and genetic distances (D = 0.267). Possible reasons for the high genetic diversity of this local population are discussed.     

天柱山黄山松种内与种间竞争的研究

采用改进的竞争指数模型研究安徽天柱山黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度。结果发现:(1)随对象木胸径的增大,黄山松种群因自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用,植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低;(2)黄山松群落内其它物种虽然较多,但个体普遍较小,结果种间竞争相对较弱,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:黄山松—黄山松>杉木—黄山松>枹栎—黄山松>其它树种—黄山松;(3)竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),当黄山松胸径达到20cm以上时,竞争强度变化不大,所得的预测模型能很好地预测黄山松种内和种间的竞争强度;(4)改进的竞争指数模型能很好地度量黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度,改进的确定邻体范围的方法能有效地确定黄山松的竞争范围。     

Subspecies boundaries and recent evolution history of the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) across China

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of two hundreds and thirty-six common pheasants (belonging to fourteen subspecies collected at twenty-eight localities) was used to investigate the subspecies status of Phasianus colchicus. Eighty-nine variable sites defined one hundred and thirty-nine haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of haplotypes revealed that P. c. shawii, P. c. mongolicus and P. c. suehschanensis were monophyletic. P. c. shawii and P. c. mongolicus were isolated by the Taklimakan, the Bardain, the Jaran and the Gurbantonggut Deserts where the two subspecies evolved independently. P. c. suehschanensis was isolated by the forest and mountains in the Sichuan Basin where it evolved independently. Further eleven subspecies were identified and split into the western and eastern groups. The divergence occurred in the late Pleistocene when the arid, semi-arid and monsoon regions formed, and it was induced by the isolation from the Qinling and Taihang Mountains. Fst-values decreased from 0.543 (for twenty-eight populations) to 0.541 (for fourteen subspecies). In light of these results, we suggest that the currently recognized subspecies do not reflect the evolutionary history of the common pheasant.