同期发情处理小鼠与自然发情小鼠子宫内膜中孕激素受体分布的比较

目的从孕激素受体（PR）的角度探讨同期发情处理与自然发情小鼠的子宫内膜上,孕激素受体分布是否受内源孕激素的特异诱导而变化,两者之间是否存在差异。方法27只同日龄母鼠,根据处理方式的不同随机分为三个组：自然发情假孕组（对照组）、同期发情处理假孕组和自然发情假孕第l天摘除卵巢组,3个组的小鼠在见栓后第4、6、8天分别取样后,采用免疫组织化学法观察小鼠子宫内膜中孕激素受体的分布情况。结果免疫组化结果显示,三个处理组小鼠子宫内膜的三种细胞中都有PR存在;见栓第4天时,同期发情处理组小鼠子宫腺上皮细胞和基质细胞的PR胞核阳性率显著高于自然发情组（P〈0．05）;见栓第6天时,同期发情处理组小鼠子宫内膜三种细胞中的PR胞核阳性率显著高于自然发情组（P〈0．05）;同时自然发情假孕第1天摘除卵巢组在见栓第6和8天时的阳性率均显著低于其它两组（P〈0．05）。结论同期发情处理的小鼠子宫内膜中孕激素受体分布显著高于自然发情小鼠,且两者都受其内源性孕激素的特异诱导而变化。     

GnRHR-Ⅱ在子宫内膜的分布及表达变化规律研究

目的:研究促性腺激素释放激素Ⅱ型受体(GnRHR-Ⅱ)在子宫内膜的分布及表达变化规律。方法:选择2015年1月~2016年7月期间我院收治的100例女性不孕患者,经诊断性刮宫技术获取50例增生期子宫内膜组织与50例分泌期子宫内膜组织,分别作为研究组与对照组;采用免疫组织化学染色法检测两组子宫内膜基质细胞与腺上皮GnRHR-Ⅱ的表达。结果:增生期、分泌期子宫内膜均有GnRHR-Ⅱ分布;研究组子宫内膜基质细胞的GnRHR-Ⅱ表达明显高于对照组,而腺上皮则明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:GnRHR-Ⅱ在子宫内膜增生期与分泌期均有表达,且在膜基质细胞与腺上皮均有分布,其分布于表达变化规律在一定程度上与子宫内膜容受性有关,有望成为评估子宫内膜容受性的标记物。     

自然发情与诱导发情小鼠子宫内膜中雌激素受体α表达的比较

目的从雌激素受体α(ERα)的角度探讨自然发情小鼠与诱导发情小鼠的子宫内膜上,雌激素受体α表达是否受内源雌激素的特异诱导而变化,两者之间是否存在差异。方法27只同日龄母鼠,根据处理方式的不同随机分为3个组:自然发情假孕组(对照组)、诱导发情处理假孕组和自然发情假孕第1天摘除卵巢组,3个组的小鼠在见栓后第4、6、8天分别取样后,采用免疫组织化学法观察小鼠子宫内膜中雌激素受体α的表达情况。结果免疫组化结果显示,3个处理组的小鼠子宫内膜上皮细胞核、胞质都有ERα存在,且主要表达在腺上皮;见栓第4、6、8天时,诱导发情处理组小鼠子宫内膜的ERα阳性率均显著高于自然发情组和自然发情第1天摘除卵巢组(P0.05);见栓第8天时,自然发情处理组小鼠子宫内膜中的ERα阳性率与自然发情第1天摘除卵巢组差异不显著(P0.05),但见栓第4、6天时两者阳性率差异显著,自然发情处理组小鼠子宫内膜中的ERα阳性率显著高于自然发情第1天摘除卵巢组(P0.05)。结论诱导发情处理的小鼠子宫内膜,其表面雌激素受体α表达显著高于自然发情小鼠,且两者都受其内源性雌激素的特异诱导而变化。     

子宫内膜异位症患者血清VEGF和CRP水平变化及其相关性

目的：探讨子宫内膜异位症患者血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）的水平变化及其相关性。方法：采用ELISA的方法测定30例III～Ⅳ期子宫内膜异位症患者（其中增生期13例、分泌期17例）和22例非子宫内膜异位症患者（其中增生期10例、分泌期12例）血清VEGF和CRP的水平,并分析两者相关性。结果：子宫内膜异位症组分泌期血清VEGF水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;子宫内膜异位症组增生期血清CRP水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;子宫内膜异位症组增生期和分泌期血清VEGF与CRP水平存在显著的正相关（F0．52,P〈0．05;r=0．44,P〈0．05）。结论：子宫内膜异位症患者血清VEGF、CRP水平的升高说明了过度血管生成和异常炎症反应是子宫内膜异位症的显著特征。     

PMSG或FSH同期发情处理对小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫中孕激素受体分布的影响

目的探讨孕马血清促性腺激素（pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG）和促卵泡激素（folliclestimulating hormone,FSH）同期发情处理的小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫中孕激素受体（progesterone receptor,PR）分布的差异。方法 10只8周龄KM系雌鼠,随机分为PMSG和FSH两个组,第一次处理后48 h取其卵巢、输卵管、子宫进行固定,免疫组织化学法观察各组织中PR的分布。结果两组小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫内膜中均有PR表达;其中PMSG组初级卵泡、次级卵泡和输卵管的阳性率均显著高于FSH处理组（P〈0.05）;PMSG组各级卵泡的平均吸光度值均显著高于FSH处理组（P〈0.05）;PMSG处理组子宫内膜上皮与腺上皮中的阳性率显著高于FSH组（P〈0.05）,而基质和子宫内膜上皮中的平均吸光度值显著低于FSH组（P〈0.05）。结论 PMSG和FSH同期发情处理不同程度影响小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫中PR的表达分布;其中PMSG处理组小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫上皮中PR表达普遍显著高于FSH处理组。     

MUC16 对子宫内膜容受性的影响及其意义

目的:多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome,PCOS)系由于体内复杂的内分泌和代谢环境影响了子宫内膜稳态,导致子宫内膜容受性下降,造成患者生育力减弱和不良妊娠结局.通过测定多囊卵巢综合征患者子宫内膜与正常生育力妇女增生期、分泌早、中、晚期子宫内膜中MUC16的相对表达量,本文探讨MUC16与PCOS患者子宫内膜容受性下降的关系,为临床上改善PCOS患者子宫内膜容受性,提高PCOS患者的妊娠率,降低流产率提供一条新的可能途径.方法:选择PCOS患者子宫内膜、正常生育力妇女增生期、分泌早、中、晚期子宫内膜各20例,用免疫组化SP法检测MUC16在各组的表达情况.结果:(1)MUC16在月经周期各期均有表达,在分泌中期表达最强.(2)PCOS组MUC16的表达较分泌中期组弱,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:(1)在子宫内膜中的表达呈周期性变化.(2)PCOS患者子宫内膜中MUC16表达异常可能使子宫内膜容受性下降,推测其与胚胎不能正常着床或着床后发育不良、导致流产有关.     

PMSG和FSH同期发情处理对小鼠子宫、卵巢和输卵管中雌激素α受体分布的影响

目的从雌激素α受体（estrogen receptorα,ERα）的角度探讨孕马血清促性腺激素（pregnant mareserum gonadotropin,PMSG）和促卵泡激素（follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH）处理小鼠的卵巢、输卵管和子宫中,ERα分布是否有显著性差异。方法 10只8周龄母鼠,随机分为处理方式不同的两个组：PMSG组和FSH组,两组均在处理第48小时取其卵巢、输卵管和子宫样固定,采用免疫组织化学法分别观察组织中ERα分布情况。结果免疫组化结果显示,两个处理组小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫内膜的细胞中都有ERα表达;PMSG处理组卵巢中的初级卵泡和成熟卵泡上ERα阳性率和平均吸光度均显著高于FSH处理组;FSH处理组的输卵管中ERα阳性率和平均吸光度均高于PMSG处理组;FSH处理组子宫基质和腺上皮细胞中ERα的阳性率显著高于PMSG组,其中PMSG组基质中的平均吸光度显著高于FSH组,而子宫内膜上皮细胞的阳性率和平均吸光度两处理组间差异无显著性。结论 PMSG和FSH同期发情诱导由于其特性可不同程度地影响小鼠卵巢、输卵管和子宫中ERα的分布,使之在不同组织中产生差异性变化。     

人体子宫内膜中性鞘糖脂和神经节苷脂的含量和组成在月经周期中和妊娠时的变化

从月经周期各期、早妊(6—8周)及足月妊娠子宫内膜中提取、纯化了神经节苷脂(Gls)和中性鞘糖脂(N-GSL),分别测定了其含量。对两类鞘糖脂的组成进行了HPTLC图谱分析。初步观察了不同时期子宫内膜中CMP—NeuAc:LacCer唾液酰转移酶(ST_1)和CMP-NeuAc:CM_3唾液酰转移酶(ST_2)的活性。结果表明:分泌期的GLs总含量低于增生期(P<0.02);分泌期GD_3含量较生长期增多(P<0.01);妊娠后,GM_3含量增加,而GD_3减少;相应地,ST_1活性增高,ST_2活性降低。分泌期CMH含量为增生期的4.7倍。结果提示子宫内膜鞘糖脂含量和组成的变化可能与子宫的功能有关,而且受女性激素水平的影响。     

雌激素和孕激素对不同发情方式小鼠子宫内膜中孕激素受体分布的影响

目的探讨雌（Estrogen,E2）、孕激素（Progesterone,P4）对同期发情与自然发情小鼠子宫内膜中孕激素受体（Progesterone receptor,PR）分布的影响。方法45只同日龄雌鼠,根据处理方式的不同随机分为5组：自然发情组（对照组）、同期发情组、卵巢摘除组、P4处理组和E2处理组,5组小鼠在见栓后第4、6、8天分别取样后,采用免疫组织化学法观察小鼠子宫内膜中PR的分布变化情况。结果免疫组织化学染色结果显示,5个处理组小鼠子宫内膜的三种细胞中都有PR存在;同期发情组小鼠子宫内膜中三种类型细胞PR的表达与自然发情组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;P4处理组小鼠子宫内膜中三种类型细胞PR的表达在见栓第4、6天显著低于卵巢摘除组（P〈0.05）;E2处理组小鼠子宫内膜腺上皮和间质中PR在第4、6、8天时都显著高于卵巢摘除组（P〈0.05）,而在腔上皮中则显著低于卵巢摘除组（P〈0.05）。结论同期发情处理与自然发情小鼠的子宫内膜上PR的分布,都受E2和P4的特异诱导而变化。     

人输卵管粘膜凝集素受体表达的研究

研究正常、妊娠及慢性炎症三种状态下输卵管粘膜凝集素受体表达及其相互关系。应用免疫组织化学ABC方法,以六种生物素化的凝集素为探针,对以上三种状态下的输卵管粘膜凝集素受体进行标记。结果表明PNA.UEA－1.SJA的表达在分泌期比增生期为强;妊娠时输卵管壶腹部粘膜DBA、PNA、SJA表达比分泌期为强,而UEA－1表达比分泌期减弱;慢性输卵管炎粘膜凝集素受体的表达与输卵管妊娠时接近或相同。提示：月经周期中输卵管粘膜凝集素受体的表达受雌激素及孕激素的调节;输卵管妊娠时的表达除受雌孕激素的影响外,还可能与着床时胚泡的局部作用有关;慢性输卵管炎易致输卵管妊娠的因素之一,可能与输卵管粘膜凝集素受体的改变有关。     

Cellular uptake and biological activity of peptide nucleic acids conjugated with peptides with and without cell‐penetrating ability

A 12‐mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) directed against the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor mRNA was disulfide bridged with various peptides without and with cell‐penetrating features. The cellular uptake and the antisense activity of these conjugates were assessed in parallel. Quantitation of the internalized PNA was performed by using an approach based on capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection (CE‐LIF). This approach enabled a selective assessment of the PNA moiety liberated from the conjugate in the reducing intracellular environment, thus avoiding bias of the results by surface adsorption. The biological activity of the conjugates was studied by an assay based on the downregulation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CM). Comparable cellular uptake was found for all conjugates and for the naked PNA, irrespective of the cell‐penetrating properties of the peptide components. All conjugates exhibited a comparable biological activity in the 100 nM range. The naked PNA also exhibited extensive antisense activity, which, however, proved about five times lower than that of the conjugates. The found results suggest cellular uptake and the bioactivity of PNA‐peptide conjugates to be not primarily related to the cell‐penetrating ability of their peptide components. Likewise from these results it can be inferred that the superior bioactivity of the PNA‐peptide conjugates in comparison with that of naked PNA rely on as yet unknown factors rather than on higher membrane permeability. Several hints point to the resistance against cellular export and the aggregation propensity combined with the endocytosis rate to be candidates for such factors. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人女性生殖器官和胎盘组织的凝集素标记研究

应用ＡＢＣ法和ＰＡＰ法系统研究了９种凝集素对子宫、卵巢、输卵管、乳腺和胎盘绒毛等５种组织的标记状况,发现大豆素（ＳＢＡ）只与子宫内膜被覆上皮而不与子宫内膜腺体上皮结合;蓖麻素－１（ＲＣＡ－１）则恰相反。胎盘绒毛合体细胞滋养层游离缘呈线状麦胚素（ＷＧＡ）结合阳性,而细胞滋养层麦胚素（ＷＧＡ）标记可为环细胞膜阳性。当子宫内膜由增生期向分泌期、妊娠期和乳腺由静止期向泌乳期进展时,麦胚素（ＷＧＡ）、双花扁豆素（ＤＢＡ）、花生素（ＰＮＡ）等凝集素在腺细胞游离缘的结合明显增强。此外,麦胚素（ＷＧＡ）、花生素（ＰＮＡ）、蓖麻素－１（ＲＣＡ－１）等在子宫内膜、乳腺、输卵管、卵巢等组织的被覆上皮和腺上皮细胞都有较高的结合。间质中纤维组织、血管内皮细胞和巨噬细胞等也与麦胚素（ＷＧＡ）、花生素（ＰＮＡ）、荆豆素－１（ＵＥＡ－１）及刀豆素（ＣｏｎＡ）等呈阳性结合。作者探讨了上述女性生殖器官和胎盘组织的凝集素标记特点、相互关系、共同规律及可能具有的生理生化意义。     

子宫内膜癌组织中生长抑素受体、VEGF的表达及其与血管形成的关系

目的探讨生长抑素受体（somatostatin receptor,SSTR）、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤血管形成的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测60例子宫内膜癌组织中SSTR各亚型、VEGF及CD34标记的微血管密度（microvessel denisity,MVD）的表达情况,探讨其与子宫内膜癌临床病理学特征及肿瘤血管形成的关系。结果在60例子宫内膜癌组织中,SSTR各亚型（SSTR1、SSTR2、SSTR3、SSTR4及SSTR5）的阳性表达率分别为70．0％,15．0％。21．7％,23．3％及18．3％;SSTR3、SSTR4在中高分化组表达阳性率明显高于低分化组（P〈0．05）。VEGF的阳性表达率为83．3％,VEGF在低分化组表达阳性率明显高于中高分化组、深肌层浸润组表达阳性率明显高于浅肌层浸润组、FIGO分期≥II期组表达阳性率明显高于I期组（P〈0．05）。子宫内膜癌组MVD（44．85±15．78）明显高于正常子宫内膜组MVD（18．96±4．30）（P〈0．01）。SSTR5的表达与VEGF呈负相关,VEGF阳性表达组子宫内膜癌组织MVD高于VEGF阴性组。结论联合检测SSTR和VEGF对子宫内膜癌预后的评估有一定临床意义。生长抑素类似物（somatostatin analogs,SSTA）可能为子宫内膜癌的诊治提供新的靶点。     

Heat stress-induced alterations in the synthesis and secretion of proteins and prostaglandins by cultured bovine conceptuses and uterine endometrium

Effect of in vitro heat stress on protein and prostaglandin synthesis and secretion by bovine conceptuses and endometrium was examined. Conceptuses (n = 11) and endometrium (n = 10) obtained on Day 17 of pregnancy were cultured at thermoneutral (39 degrees C, 24 h) or heat stress (39 degrees C, 6 h; 43 degrees C, 18 h) temperatures in medium supplemented with L-[4,5-3H]leucine (100 microCi) and arachidonic acid (10 micrograms/ml). Radiolabeled protein secreted into culture medium increased with time in both groups. Heat stress reduced (p less than 0.001) incorporation of [3H]leucine into intracellular and secreted proteins by conceptuses but did not alter incorporation of [3H]leucine by endometrium. In particular, heat stress reduced by 72% the secretion of bovine trophoblast protein-1, the conceptus polypeptide believed to cause extension of luteal lifespan. Two-dimensional, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that heat stress altered the array of proteins in endometrial and conceptus tissues, as evidenced by the induction of "heat-shock proteins." Endometrial secretion of prostaglandin F (p less than 0.001) and conceptus secretion of prostaglandin E2 (p less than 0.05) increased in response to heat stress. Sensitivity of bovine conceptuses and endometrium to heat stress in vitro suggests that infertility associated with maternal heat stress may be caused, partially by alterations in signals required for maintenance of the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.     

Lectin histochemical study on the infraorbital gland of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus)

Histology and lectin histochemistry were performed in the infraorbital gland of the Japanese serow. The gland is composed of glandular tissues and a pouch filled with the secretion. The tissues consist of an inner layer of sebaceous glands and an outer layer of apocrine glands. The male sebaceous layer is made up of the ordinary type, whereas the female's layer consists of the ordinary and modified types. In the apocrine gland stained with Arachis hypogaea (PNA), nine different patterns of glandular tubules were distinguished on the basis of staining of the cytoplasm, the Golgi area of secretory cells and secretion. Secretory modes of apocrine secretion and exocytosis were included in these stainings. Myoepithelial cells stained constantly with Glycine max (SBA) except when only the Golgi area of secretory cells was positive. The modified sebaceous gland was stained with PNA, SBA, Ricinus communis I (RCA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Canavalia ensiformis (Con A) and Ulex europaeus I (UEA), while the ordinary type was positive in PNA, RCA, SBA, WGA and Con A. The secretion in the pouch was stained with PNA, RCA, SBA, Dolichos biflorus (DBA), WGA and Con A. These findings suggest that the modified sebaceous gland contains large amounts of glycoconjugates and the apocrine gland shows a cyclic secretory process of apocrine secretion and exocytosis.     

Sexual function and fertility in adult females and males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Female patients with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) present with decreased fertility and low childbirth rates, women with a salt-wasting form of 21-OHD being most severely affected. In cases of undersubstitution with glucocorticoids, tonic androgen secretion disturbs ovulation. However, even adequately substituted females may present with apparent infertility. Despite adrenal androgen suppression, adrenal progesterone secretion can prevent thickening of the endometrium in the follicular phase. Furthermore, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism is a common finding even in women with well-controlled classic 21-OHD. Psychosexual factors may also contribute significantly to decreased childbirth rates found in these patients. Genital ambiguity may lead to a disturbed body image and the patients have been found to feel less feminine than healthy control women. The repeated psychological insult caused by frequent genital examinations and operations is also important, though its exact impact has been difficult to determine. Finally, prenatal androgen excess can cause masculinization of the central nervous system leading to boyish behavior in childhood and decreased heterosexual activity in adulthood. Some recent reports show a high rate of infertility also in men with 21-OHD. They are at risk of benign testicular tumors, adrenal rests, which can lead to permanent infertility. Also, raised adrenal androgen production leading to increased estrogen concentrations can suppress gonadotropin secretion and may lead to a hypogonadotropic state.     

正常妇女和下生殖道炎症及不孕症时泌尿生殖道中的溶脲脲原体

本文报道165例妇女宫颈阴道分泌物和部分不育男性精液的溶脲脲原体的分离结果。正常妇女组检出率为33％(11/33)、宫颈炎和阴道炎组为67％(39/59)、不孕症组80％(35/44)、富颈癌组24％(5/21)。不孕夫妇中,13例男性精液检查有9例溶脲脲原体阳性。经比较有炎症组和不孕症组的溶脲脲原体检出率高于正常组2倍多,差异显著(P<0.01和<0.005)。鉴于溶脲脲原体作为人泌尿生殖道中的常住菌,其微生态意义与下生殖道炎症和某些不孕症的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

Pregnancy-related changes in the human endometrium revealed by lectin histochemistry

The binding of 22 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins to human proliferative phase and pregnant endometrium was studied histochemically. Only the lectin from Bauhinia purpurea (BPA) reacted exclusively with the epithelial cells. All the others reacted to a certain extent with glandular and/or stromal cells. Lectins from soybean (SBA), and Vicia villosa seeds (VVA) reacted with endometrial glands of pregnancy but not with the glands of the proliferative endometrium. In the proliferative endometrium SBA reacted only with cells of the surface endometrium. Lectin from peanuts (PNA) reacted only with some glands in the proliferative endometrium but was unreactive with others. In pregnant endometrium PNA reacted with all glands. Lectins from lentils (LCA) and red kidney beans (PHA-E and PHA-L) reacted with endometrial glands of the proliferative phase but not with the glands from pregnant endometrium. We thus show that FITC labeled lectins define specific carbohydrate moieties selectively expressed on either proliferative phase or pregnant endometrial glands.     

Reversible and irreversible stages in the transition of cell surface marker during the differentiation of pluripotent teratocarcinoma cell induced with retinoic acid

Treatment of a pluripotent teratocarcinoma cell line with retinoic acid (RA) results in the disappearance of peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptors, accompanied with the decrease in F9 antigens and the enhanced secretion of plasminogen activator. However, this type of differentiation was inhibited by feeder cells. Furthermore, the transition of PNA receptor was reversible on the cells treated with RA for 2 days and became irreversible by an additional 2-day treatment with RA. Thus, two stages of teratocarcinoma cell differentiation—reversible and irreversible—were demonstrated.