Phylogeny and classification of the Phengaris–Maculinea clade (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): total evidence and phylogenetic species concepts

Abstract.  Total evidence analysis, based on a combination of morphological and ecological characters with two mitochondrial sequences (cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II) and one nuclear (elongation factor-1α) sequence, provides a new phylogeny of the uniquely obligate ant parasitic Phengaris–Maculinea butterflies. The clade, including all species of Maculinea and Phengaris , is very stable and well supported. However, various analyses suggest that either Phengaris or Maculinea is not monophyletic with regard to the other, which necessitates generic reclassification of the clade. Application of the diagnostic and monophyletic 'phylogenetic' species concepts leads to species-level reclassification, including ten species ( P. alcon comb.n. including ' P. rebeli ', P. daitozana , P. albida , P. atroguttata , P. kurentzovi comb.n. , P. nausithous comb.n. , P. teleius comb.n. , P. arion comb.n. , P. arionides comb.n. , P. takamukui comb.n .) and one unresolved metaspecies (' P. cyanecula ' comb.n .) in four monophyletic species groups. The existence of further or additional cryptic species is possible within P. nausithous and P. teleius . Maculinea Van Eecke, 1915 syn.n. is considered a junior synonym of Phengaris Doherty, 1891.     

Revision of the Alamirinae (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract. The genus Couturiera Disney, 1979, only known in the female sex, is synonymized with Perissa Borgmeier, 1967, only known in the male sex, a syn.n., thus solving the problem of the 'missing' males of the Alamirinae. Perissa kensmithi (Disney) comb.n., P.lewisi (Disney) comb.n. and P.orientalis (Disney & Peterson) comb.n. are transferred from Couturiera. Perissa couturieri Disney is synonymized under P. lewisi (Disney) and C.palawanensis Disney under P.georgei Disney. Perissa latiptera sp.n., P.oligoseta sp.n., P.tinglei sp.n. and Perittophora couturieri gen.n., sp.n., are described from Zimbabwe. A key to the twelve species of Alamirinae is provided. It is hypothesized that the Alamirinae may be paraphyletic, by virtue of exclusion of the Termitoxeniinae. The latter is probably polyphyletic, in that each Alamirinae genus is probably the sister group of a different Termi-toxeniin clade.     

Systematics of species referred to the genus Angiostrongylus

Based on morphological criteria of the male bursa, angiostrongylid nematodes often placed in the genus Angiostrongylus Kamensky (1905) were found to be heterogeneous, comprising species which are relegated to 5 distinct genera: Angiostrongylus Kamensky, 1905 (syn. Haemostrongylus Railliet and Henry, 1907); Parastrongylus Baylis, 1928 (syn. Pulmonema Chen, 1935, Rattostrongylus Schulz, 1951, Morerastrongylus Chabaud, 1972, Chabaudistrongylus Kontrimavichus and Delyamure, 1979); Angiocaulus Schulz, Orlov and Kutass, 1933; Gallegostrongylus Mas-Coma, 1977 (syn. Thaistrongylus Ohbayashi, Kamiya and Bhaibulaya, 1979 n. syn); and Stefanskostrongylus Drozdz, 1970. These genera all contain species located primarily in specific host groups: Angiostrongylus in carnivores; Parastrongylus in rodents (Muridae), Angiocaulus in mustelids; Rodentocaulus in rodents (Cricetinae), Gallegostrongylus in rodents (Muridae), and Stefanskostrongylus in insectivores. Species in each genus include: Angiostrongylus (A. vasorum, A. raillieti, A. chabaudi); Parastrongylus (P. tateronae, P. cantonensis, P. mackerrasae, P. sandarsae, P. sciuri, P. petrowi n. comb., P. dujardini, P. schmidti, P. costaricensis n. comb., P. malaysiensis n. comb., P. ryjikovi n. comb., P. siamensis n. comb.); Angiocaulus (A. gubernaculatus, A. ten n. comb., A. sp. Caballero, 1951); Rodentocaulus (R. ondatrae) and Gallegostrongylus (G. ibicensis, G. andersoni, G. harinasutai n. comb.). Angiostrongylus pulmonalis is likely similar to Stefanskostrongylus soricis and is transferred to this genus. Angiostrongylus minutus is removed to Stefanskostrongylus.     

Systematic relationships of the Antillocorini of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Abstract. The status of the tribe Antillocorini as it occurs in the Western Hemisphere is discussed. An evaluation of characters useful in systematic analysis is included together with an evaluation of the plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed and a cladogram included. A key is given to all known genera found in the Western Hemisphere. The following new taxa are described: Paradema gen.n.; Paradema bathydemoides sp.n. (Venezuela), P.engiernani sp.n. (Panama), P.longisetosa sp.n. (Argentina), P.oculata sp.n. (Coiumbia, Guyane) (type-species), P.pameroides sp.n. (Brazil), Caeneusia obrienorum sp.n. (Peru), Antillodema gen.n. (to include Antillocoris obscurus Barber comb.n. (type-species) and Bathydema maculosa Slater and Baranowski comb.n.), Paurocoris gen.n., P.yvgodzinskyi sp.n. (type-species) (Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela), P.punctata (Distant) transferred to Paurocoris from Bathydema, Trachinocoris gen.n., T.crassus sp.n. (Brazil), Terenocoris gen.n., T.nitidus sp.n. (Peru).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paulogramma hydarnis</Emphasis> (n. comb.) (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae): Distribution,Systematic Position,and Conservation Status of a Rare and Endangered Butterfly

The nymphalid Paulogramma hydarnis (Godart) (n. comb., previously in the genus Callicore) is an endangered butterfly present in a few montane sites in the Atlantic Forest in the Southeastern Brazil. The precise systematic position of P. hydarnis was previously unknown. Based on molecular data, we find that it is sister to Paulogramma pygas (Godart) (n. comb., also previously in Callicore), a common and widespread species in the Neotropics. In addition, we find that Callicore is not monophyletic and that “Callicore” hydarnis (along with other species) is more related to the genus Paulogramma, and should thus be placed in that genus. The genus Paulogramma is now composed by the following species: Paulogramma pyracmon (Godart), Paulogramma eunomia (Hewitson) n. comb., Paulogramma hydarnis (Godart) n. comb., Paulogramma hystaspes (Fabricius) n. comb., Paulogramma pygas (Godart) n. comb., and Paulogramma tolima (Hewitson, 1852) n. comb. Museum specimens and field data report P. hydarnis in four sites in Southeastern Brazil. Recently, P. hydarnis was recorded for the first time at Parque Nacional do Caparaó, states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, expanding its distribution about 200 km northward of the previously known limit. Although regularly recorded in some sites, most records are historic, before the 1960s, and the current conservation situation of this species is delicate, deserving attention.     

Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Abstract. A data set consisting of twenty-eight anatomical characters scored for twenty-eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora , are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviella syn.n . and Kerrichiella syn.n . are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora ( australicus comb.n. , australiensis comb.n. , australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethoveni comb.n. , corvinus comb.n. , funeralis comb.n. , reticulata comb.n. , ruskini comb.n. , thusanoides comb.n.) , one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicus comb.n.) , and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella ( coleoptratus comb.n.) . A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.     

Revision of the genus Helastia sensu stricto with description of a new genus (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)

Abstract

Helastia Guenée, 1868 is redefined and redescribed. New Zealand species previously placed in that genus but not congeneric with the type species are reassigned to either the available genera Epyaxa Meyrick, 1883, Asaphodes Meyrick, 1885 and Xanthorhoe Hübner, [1825] or placed in a newly described genus, Gingidiobora. Six Australian species placed in Xanthorhoe are shown to be congeneric with three New Zealand species, previously placed in Helastia and here transferred to Epyaxa.

Eight new species are described in Helastia: Helastia alba n. sp.; H. angusta n. sp.; H. christinae n. sp.; H. cryptica n. sp.; H. mutabilis n. sp.; H. ohauensis n. sp.; H. salmoni n. sp.; H. scissa n. sp. The following new combinations and synonymies are proposed: Asaphodes chlorocapna (Meyrick, 1925) n. comb.; A. citroena (Clark, 1934) n. comb.; A. glaciata (Hudson, 1925) n. comb.; A. ida (Clark, 1926) n. comb; Epyaxa agelasta (Turner, 1904) n. comb.; E. centroneura (Meyrick, 1890) n. comb.;

E. epia (Turner, 1922) n. comb.; E. hyperythra (Lower, 1892) n. comb.; E. lucidata (Walker, 1862) n. comb.; E. sodaliata (Walker, 1862) n. comb.; E. subidaria (Guenée, 1857) n. comb.; E. venipunctata (Walker, 1863) n. comb.; Gingidiobora nebulosa (Philpott, 1917) n. comb.; G. subobscurata (Walker, 1862) n. comb.; Helastia clandestina (Philpott, 1921) n. comb.; H. corcularia (Guenée, 1868) n. comb. (= Larentia infantaria Guenée, 1868 n. syn.); H. expolita (Philpott, 1917) n. comb.; H. siris (Hawthorne, 1897) n. comb.; H. triphragma (Meyrick, 1883) n. comb.     

Pseudempleurosoma gibsoni n. sp., a new ancyrocephalid monogenean from Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Sciaenidae) from off the southeastern coast of Brazil

Pseudempleurosoma gibsoni n. sp. (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) is described from the oesophagus of Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner) from off the coast of Brazil. The type-species of Pseudempleurosoma Yamaguti, 1965, P. carangis Yamaguti, 1965, is redescribed and the diagnosis of the genus is amended. Metadiplectanotrema Gerasev et al. 1987 is considered synonym of Pseudempleurosoma. This genus now contains four species, including P. carangis, P. caranxi Gerasev et al., 1987 n. comb., P. myripristi Gerasev et al., 1987 n. comb. and the one new species.     

The taxonomic status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Opegaster</Emphasis> Ozaki, 1928 and the description of four new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Opecoelus</Emphasis> Ozaki, 1925 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from marine teleosts in Australian waters

The similarities between Opecoelus Ozaki, 1925, Coitocaecum Nicoll, 1915, Opegaster Ozaki, 1928 and Paropecoelus Pritchard, 1966 and the difficulty of separating Opecoelus and Opegaster are discussed. It is proposed that Opegaster be reduced to synonymy with Opecoelus and the diagnosis of the latter amended to accommodate both forms. Four new species of Opecoelus are described from marine teleosts in Australian waters. These are Opecoelus woolcockae n. sp. from Acanthopagrus butcheri and A. australis from off South Australia, New South Wales and southern Queensland, O. pomatomi n. sp. from Pomatomus saltatrix off New South Wales, O. crowcrofti n. sp. from Atherinomorus ogilbyi off southern Queensland and O. queenslandicus n. sp. from Apogon fasciatus off southern Queensland. The following new combinations are formed: Opecoelus gonorhynchi (Gavrilyuk, 1979) n. comb., O. elongatus (Yamaguti, 1959) n. comb., O. pentadactylus (Manter, 1940) n. comb., O. apogonichthydis (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. cameroni (Caballero & Caballero, 1969) n. comb., O. dendrochiri (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. hawaiiensis (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. jamunicus (Srivastava, 1968) n. comb., O. longivesiculus (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb., O. mastacembalii (Harshey, 1937) n. comb., O. mehrii (Harshey, 1937) n. comb., O. synodi (Manter, 1947) n. comb., O. tamori (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. bothi (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. caulopsettae (Manter, 1954) n. comb., O. beliyai (Pande, 1937) n. comb., O. brevifistulus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb., O. cryptocentri (Yamaguti, 1958) n. comb., O. dactylopteri (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. dermatogenyos (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb., O. gobii (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb., O. hippocampi (Shen, 1982) n. comb., O. iniistii (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. lobulus (Wang, 1977) n. comb., O. macrorchis (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. parapristipomatis (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb., O. pritchardae (Overstreet, 1969) n. comb., O. syngnathi (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb., O. lutiani (Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957) n. comb., O. ovatus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb., O. plotosi (Yamaguti, 1940) n. comb. and O. rectus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb.; all the new combinations were previously species of Opegaster.     

The status of Acleotrema Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 and Heteroplectanum Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987 (Monogenoidea: Diplectanidae), with the redescription of Acleotrema girellae Johnston & Tiegs, 1922

Acleotrema Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 is resurrected and its diagnosis amended. A. girellae Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 is redescribed based on the lectotype from the Australian Museum (Sydney, Australia). A. kyphosi Yamaguti, 1968 is considered a junior synonym of A. girellae. Heteroplectanum Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987 is considered a junior synonym of Acleotrema. The nine species of the latter genus are transferred to Acleotrema as: A. diplobulbus (Yamaguti, 1968) n. comb., A. nenue (Yamaguti, 1968) n. comb., A. spiculare (Yamaguti, 1968) n. comb., A. yamagutii (Oliver, 1983) n. comb., A. nenuoides (Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987) n. comb., A. parastromatei (Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987) n. comb., A. serrulopenis (Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987) n. comb., A. tamatavense (Rakotofiringa, Oliver & Lambert, 1987) n. comb. and A. oliveri (León-Règagnon, Pérez-Ponce de León & Garcia- Prieto, 1997) n. comb. An historical account of the species of Acleotrema is presented.     

Phylogenetic Systematics and Biogeography of the Neoephemeridae (Ephemeroptera: Pannota)

A revision of species of the pannote Holarctic and Oriental mayfly family Neoephemeridae is presented. Three genera are recognized in a strictly phylogenetic classification. Potamanthellus [=Neoephemeropsis Ulmer syn. n.] includes P. caenoides (Ulmer) comb. n., P. amabilis (Eaton) [=N. cuaraoensis Dang syn. n.], P. ganges sp. n., P. chinensis (Hsu) [=P. rarus (Tiunova and Levanidova) syn. n.], P. edmundsi sp. n., and the Oligocene fossil Potamanthellus rubiensis Lewis. Neoephemera [=Leucorhoenanthus Lestage syn. n.] includes N. maxima (Joly), N. purpurea (Traver), N. youngi Berner, N. bicolor McDunnough, and N. compressa Berner. Ochernova gen. n., includes O. tshernovae (Kazlauskas) comb. n. Taxa are described, illustrated and keyed. Species cladistics and biogeography are presented.     

Molecular phylogeny and systematics of leaf‐mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae): delimitation of Phytomyza Fallén sensu lato and included species groups,with new insights on morphological and host‐use evolution

Abstract Phytomyza Fallén is the largest genus of leaf‐mining flies (Agromyzidae), with over 530 described species. Species of the superficially similar genus Chromatomyia Hardy have been included in Phytomyza by some authors and the status of the genus remains uncertain. Using 3076 bp of DNA sequence from three genes [cytochrome oxidase I (COI), CAD (rudimentary), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)] and 113 exemplar species, we identified and tested the monophyly of host‐associated species groups in Phytomyza and Chromatomyia and investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these groups. Chromatomyia is polyphyletic and nested largely within Phytomyza; two small groups of species, however, are related more closely to Ptochomyza and Napomyza. Therefore, we synonymize Chromatomyia syn.n. , Ptochomyza syn.n. , and Napomyza syn.n. with Phytomyza, recognizing Ptochomyza, Napomyza and Phytomyza sensu stricto as subgenera of Phytomyza. We recognize five major clades within Phytomyza sensu stricto that comprise the majority of species ascribed previously to Chromatomyia and Phytomyza. Many species groups recognized previously were recovered as monophyletic, or virtually so, but some (e.g. robustella and atomaria groups) required emendation. On the basis of the proposed phylogeny and recent taxonomic literature, we present a preliminary revision of 24 species groups within Phytomyza, but leave many species unplaced. Evolution of internal pupariation (within the host’s tissue), regarded as a defining character of the former Chromatomyia, is discussed with regard to the new phylogeny, and we suggest a correlation with stem or leaf midrib mining. The large size of the Phytomyza lineage and an inferred pattern of host family‐specific species radiations make it a promising candidate for the study of macroevolutionary patterns of host shift and diversification in phytophagous insects. The proposed generic synonymies necessitate a number of new combinations. The following 46 species described in Chromatomyia are transferred to Phytomyza: P. actinidiae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P. alopecuri (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. arctagrostidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. beigerae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. blackstoniae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. centaurii (Spencer) comb.n. , P. chamaemetabola (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. cinnae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. compta (Spencer) comb.n. , P. cygnicollina (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. doolittlei (Spencer) comb.n. , P. elgonensis (Spencer) comb.n. , P. eriodictyi (Spencer) comb.n. , P. flavida (Spencer) comb.n. , P. fricki (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. furcata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. griffithsiana (Beiger) comb.n. , P. hoppiella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. ixeridopsis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. kluanensis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. leptargyreae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. linnaeae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. luzulivora (Spencer) comb.n. , P. mimuli (Spencer) comb.n. , P. mitchelli (Spencer) comb.n. , P. montella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. nigrilineata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. nigrissima (Spencer) comb.n. , P. orbitella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. paraciliata (Godfray) comb.n. , P. poae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. pseudomilii (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. qinghaiensis (Gu) comb.n. , P. rhaetica (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. scabiosella (Beiger) comb.n. , P. seneciophila (Spencer) comb.n. , P. shepherdiana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. spenceriana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. styriaca (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. subnigra (Spencer) comb.n. , P. suikazurae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P. symphoricarpi (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. syngenesiae (Hardy) comb.n. , P. thermarum (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. torrentium (Griffiths) comb.n. and P. tschirnhausi (Griffiths) comb.n. Furthermore, we transfer all species of Napomyza to Phytomyza, resulting in the following new combinations: P. achilleanella (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P. acutiventris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. angulata (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. arcticola (Spencer) comb.n. , P. bellidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. carotae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. cichorii (Spencer) comb.n. , P. curvipes (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. dubia (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. filipenduliphila (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. flavivertex (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. flavohumeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. genualis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. grandella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. humeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. immanis (Spencer) comb.n. , P. immerita (Spencer) comb.n. , P. inquilina (Kock) comb.n. , P. kandybinae (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. lacustris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. laterella (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. manni (Spencer) comb.n. , P. maritima (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P. merita (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. mimula (Spencer) comb.n. , P. minuta (Spencer) comb.n. , P. montanoides (Spencer) comb.n. , P. neglecta (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. nigriceps (van der Wulp) comb.n. , P. nugax (Spencer) comb.n. , P. pallens (Spencer) comb.n. , P. paratripolii (Chen & Wang) comb.n. , P. plumea (Spencer) comb.n. , P. plumigera (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. prima (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. pubescens (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. schusteri (Spencer) comb.n. , P. scrophulariae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. suda (Spencer) comb.n. , P. tanaitica (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. tenuifrons (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. vivida (Spencer) comb.n. , P. xizangensis (Chen & Wang) comb.n. and P. zimini (Zlobin) comb.n. Phytomyza asparagi (Hering) comb.n. and P. asparagivora (Spencer) comb.n. are transferred from Ptochomyza. In Phytomyza ten new names are proposed for secondary homonyms created by generic synonymy: P. echo Winkler nom.n. for P. manni Spencer, 1986; P. californiensis Winkler nom.n. for C. montana Spencer, 1981 ; P. griffithsella Winkler nom.n. for C. griffithsi Spencer, 1986; P. vockerothi Winkler nom.n. for C. nigrella Spencer, 1986; P. kerzhneri Winkler nom.n. for N. nigricoxa Zlobin, 1993; P. asteroides Winkler nom.n. for N. tripolii Spencer, 1966; P. minimoides Winkler nom.n. for N. minima Zlobin, 1994; P. nana Winkler nom.n. for N. minutissima Zlobin, 1994; P. ussuriensis Winkler nom.n. for N. mimica Zlobin, 1994 and P. zlobini Winkler nom.n. for N. hirta Zlobin, 1994.     

Ten new species of Haliotrema (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from Australian fish and a revision of the genus

Ten new species of Haliotrema from Australian fish are described and figured: H. cteno-chaeti sp. n. from Ctenochaetus strigosus; H. falcanalis sp. n. from Triacanthus falcanalis; H. lineate sp. n. from Acanthurus lineatus; H. chrysotaeniae sp. n. from Lutjanuschrysotaenia; H. cromileptis sp. n. from Cromileptis altivelis; H. epinepheli sp. n. from Epinephelus merra and E. fasciatus; H. holocentri sp. n. from Holocentrus ruber; Haliotrema chrysostomi sp. n. from Lethrinus chrysostomus and Plectorhinchus pictus; H. fleti sp. n. n. from L. fletus and L. chrysostomus; H. scari sp. N. from Scarus fasciatus.
H. dempsteri (Mizelle & Price, 1964) comb. n. from Acanthrus mata, A. dussumieri and A. xanthopterus: H. johnii (Tripathi, 1959) comb. n. from Lutjanus johni and L. fulviflamma: H. parahaliotrema (Mizelle & Price, 1964) comb. n. from Zebrasoma veliferum and A. grammoptilus: and H. obesa (Caballero, Bravo Hollis & Grocott, 1955) comb. n. from Tetraodon hispidus are redescribed and transferred from the genera Parahaliotrema Mizelle & Price, 1964, Ancyrocephalus Creplin, 1839, Parahaliotrema , and Tetrancistrum Goto & Kikuchi, 1917 respectively.
H. brevis (Mizelle & Price, 1964) comb, n. , H. canescens (Mizelle & Price, 1964) comb. n. and H. zanclus (Mizelle & Price, 1964) comb. n. are transferred from Pseudohaliotrema Yamaguti, 1953; H. eilatica (Paperna, 1965) comb. n. , H. teuthis (MacCallum, 1915) comb. n. , H. triacantha (Tripathi, 1959) comb. n. and H. lethrini (Yamaguti, 1937) comb. n. are transferred from Ancyrocephalus Creplin, 1839.
The generic diagnosis is emended to include the above-mentioned species and the taxonomy of the genus is discussed and the formation of six species groups is proposed.     

Taxonomic Study of the Genus Eucriotettix Hebard (Orthoptera: Tetrigidea) from China

The genus Eucriotettix Hebard from China was reviewed and 13 were species recorded, including two new species: Eucriotettix nigripennis Deng & Zheng n. sp. and Eucriotettix strictivertex Deng & Zheng n. sp. A key to the species of Eucriotettix from China is provided. Type specimens were deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Normal University.     

Parapharyngodon osteopili n.sp. (Pharyngodonidae: Oxyuroidea) and a revision of Parapharyngodon and Thelandros

Summary Parapharyngodon osteopili n.sp. is described from the Cuban treefrog Osteopilus septentrionalis (Hylidae; Anura). Parapharyngodon Chatterji, 1933 and Thelandros Wedl, 1862 are redefined and distinguished on the basis of male and female caudal morphology and egg structure. Parapharyngodon spp. are found in insectivorous reptiles and amphibians whereas Thelandros spp. are essentially parasites of herbivorous and omnivorous reptiles. The following species are transferred to Parapharyngodon from Thelandros and represent new combinations: Parapharyngodon echinatus (Rudolphi, 1819), P. hemidactylus (Patwardhan, 1935), P. khartana (Johnston & Mawson, 1941), P. trachysauri (Johnston & Mawson, 1947), P. californiensis (read & Amrein, 1952), P. meridionalis (chabaud & Brygoo, 1962), P. mabouia (Rao & Hiregaudar, 1962), P. iguanae (Telford, 1965), P. calotis (Johnson, 1966), P. maculatus (Caballero, 1968) and P. garciae (Schmidt & Whittaker, 1975). Thelandros awokoyai (Babero & Okpala, 1962) n.comb., is transferred from Parapharyngodon. P. megaloon (Linstow, 1906) n.comb., P. seurati (Sandground, 1936) Freitas, 1957, P. waltoni (Read & Amrein, 1952) n.comb., P. cameroni (Belle, 1957) n.comb., P. aspiculus Khera, 1961, T. cinctus (Lonstow, 1897) and T. kuntzi Belle, 1957 are considered species inquirendae. ac]19810406