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1.
为了深入探讨人工林内不同植物根际效应的差异, 为人工林生态系统林下植被管理提供理论依据, 该研究以江西泰和千烟洲站区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii) 3种人工林(1985年前后营造)为研究对象, 测定林内乔木及其林下常见灌木檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)和格药柃(Eurya muricata)的根际和全土土壤碳、氮、磷含量及pH值, 比较不同林分类型下优势乔灌树种的根际效应。结果发现: (1)乔木根际土壤大部分化学性质指标显著高于或低于全土(p < 0.05), 而林下灌木根际土壤与全土土壤化学性质的差异与物种有关, 如檵木根际土壤大部分化学性质显著不同于全土, 而格药柃根际土壤大部分指标与全土无显著差异。(2)除硝态氮(NO3 --N)外, 林下灌木不同物种之间的根际效应有别, 具体表现为檵木pH值、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、全氮(TN)、全碳(TC)、碳氮比(C/N)、有效磷(AP)和全磷(TP)的根际效应显著高于格药柃, TN、TC、C/N和AP的根际效应也显著高于杨桐, 但杨桐与格药柃间的根际效应无显著差异。(3)杉木的根际效应显著强于林下3种灌木; 马尾松和湿地松的根际效应与檵木无显著差异, 而马尾松的根际效应显著高于杨桐和格药柃, 湿地松的根际效应显著高于格药柃。该研究表明相对于林下灌木(尤其是格药柃), 乔木具有较强的根际效应, 暗示了乔木具有更高的养分捕获能力。但林下灌木与乔木根际效应的差异与灌木种类和林分类型有关。因此, 人工林林下植被管理除了考虑适量保留林下灌木外, 可依据人工林类型, 充分考虑灌木种类选择, 进而最大地发挥人工林生态系统的生产和生态功能。 相似文献
2.
Rhizosphere effects of overstory tree and understory shrub species in central subtropical plantations—A case study at Qianyanzhou,Taihe, Jiangxi,China
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《植物生态学报》2018,42(7):723
为了深入探讨人工林内不同植物根际效应的差异, 为人工林生态系统林下植被管理提供理论依据, 该研究以江西泰和千烟洲站区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii) 3种人工林(1985年前后营造)为研究对象, 测定林内乔木及其林下常见灌木檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)和格药柃(Eurya muricata)的根际和全土土壤碳、氮、磷含量及pH值, 比较不同林分类型下优势乔灌树种的根际效应。结果发现: (1)乔木根际土壤大部分化学性质指标显著高于或低于全土(p < 0.05), 而林下灌木根际土壤与全土土壤化学性质的差异与物种有关, 如檵木根际土壤大部分化学性质显著不同于全土, 而格药柃根际土壤大部分指标与全土无显著差异。(2)除硝态氮(NO3 --N)外, 林下灌木不同物种之间的根际效应有别, 具体表现为檵木pH值、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、全氮(TN)、全碳(TC)、碳氮比(C/N)、有效磷(AP)和全磷(TP)的根际效应显著高于格药柃, TN、TC、C/N和AP的根际效应也显著高于杨桐, 但杨桐与格药柃间的根际效应无显著差异。(3)杉木的根际效应显著强于林下3种灌木; 马尾松和湿地松的根际效应与檵木无显著差异, 而马尾松的根际效应显著高于杨桐和格药柃, 湿地松的根际效应显著高于格药柃。该研究表明相对于林下灌木(尤其是格药柃), 乔木具有较强的根际效应, 暗示了乔木具有更高的养分捕获能力。但林下灌木与乔木根际效应的差异与灌木种类和林分类型有关。因此, 人工林林下植被管理除了考虑适量保留林下灌木外, 可依据人工林类型, 充分考虑灌木种类选择, 进而最大地发挥人工林生态系统的生产和生态功能。 相似文献
3.
残落物去除对杉木林4种林下植物养分含量和化学计量比的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
残落物和林下植被在维持森林关键过程和人工林经营管理中具有重要地位,但目前针对亚热带人工林残落物如何影响林下植被的研究较少,相关机制尚不清楚。基于杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)中龄林布设的残落物去除和对照两种处理4次重复的野外试验平台,在连续4年处理后选取2种优势草本(鳞毛蕨Dryopteris chinensis、淡竹叶Lophatherum gracile)和2种优势灌木(毛冬青Ilex pubescens、紫珠Callicarpa bodinieri)为对象,于生长季测定其根际和非根际土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、矿质氮、有效磷含量和植物体叶和根N、P含量,分析不同林下植物根叶响应的异同。结果表明:残落物去除显著提高了4种林下植物根际和非根际土壤有效磷含量(P0.05),而矿质N因物种不同而响应各异;残落物去除除降低紫珠叶P含量外,对林下植物叶养分含量影响不显著,却显著提高了除淡竹叶根P之外植物根N和P含量;残落物去除提高了鳞毛蕨和淡竹叶根N/P以及紫珠叶N/P。可见,残落物去除短期内可提高表层土壤养分供应能力,并且林下植物根系对土壤养分及环境变化的响应显著强于和先于叶,叶养分平衡内稳性强于根。 相似文献
4.
Dan-Dan Li Hong-Wei Nan Chun-Zhang Zhao Chun-Ying Yin Qing Liu 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2021,14(1):147-159
增温、施肥与种内竞争的交互作用对云杉根系属性的影响
物种竞争、气温和土壤养分是青藏高原东部高寒地区影响树木生长的重要因素。虽然已开展了大量关于物种竞争、气温、施肥单因素对树木生长的影响研究,但关于这三者的交互作用对根系生长的影响还知之甚少。因此,本研究拟通过测量根系属性(细根长、根表面积、比根长、比表面积、根尖数、根系分支数等)、根生物量,以及根系养分吸收,研究施肥和增温对物种竞争的影响,并进一步探讨施肥、增温与物种竞争的交互作用对云杉(Picea asperata)生长的影响机制以及所采取的适应策略。研究结果表明,增温、施肥和竞争均提高了细根的氮、钾浓度,但并未影响细根生物量和根长、根表面积、根尖数和根分支数等根系特征。然而,无论是增温、施肥,或是它们的联合作用,与物种竞争进行交互时,均增加了根长、根表面积、根尖数、根系分支数和养分吸收。此外,施肥降低了根比表面积、比根长和单位面积的根尖数和根分支数,增温和竞争的交互作用使根比表面积、比根长下降,其他参数不受温度和竞争的影响。该结果表明,云杉在物种竞争、气候变暖、施肥及其交互作用下保持着保守的营养策略。该研究加强了对树木应对全球变化的生理和生态适应性的理解。 相似文献
5.
林下灌木是亚热带常绿阔叶林重要的构成部分,但林下灌木细根功能性状变异规律及地下生态策略仍不清楚。以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内9种灌木为研究对象,对细根直径、根长、比根长、组织密度、碳浓度和氮浓度6个细根性状进行研究,采用序级划分法,分析不同树种细根性状序级间的变化特征、常绿和落叶灌木细根性状之间的差异,不同序级细根性状之间的关系以及细根性状变异维度。结果表明:树种和序级对9种灌木细根形态和化学性质有显著影响。直径、根长、根组织密度随着序级的增加而逐渐增加,比根长和氮浓度逐渐减小,碳浓度在序级间的变化趋势不一,未表现出明显的规律。落叶灌木细根直径、根长和氮浓度均显著高于常绿灌木,碳浓度和组织密度显著低于常绿灌木,表明与常绿灌木相比落叶灌木更偏向于资源获取型生态策略,常绿灌木则更偏向于保守型策略。灌木细根在不同序级间的直径与比根长、组织密度,氮浓度与组织密度有较强的相关性,细根其他性状间的关系并不密切或因序级而异。主成分分析结果表明灌木细根性状变异沿一个主成分轴发生变异,该轴表示灌木细根的资源获取和保守的权衡策略。 相似文献
6.
为了探讨人工林内优势乔木和林下灌草根际土壤氮矿化特征, 明确乔灌草根际土壤氮转化差异, 该研究以江西泰和千烟洲站区典型人工杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林为对象, 在植被生长季初期(4月)和旺盛期(7月)分析3种人工林内乔木、优势灌木(檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)、格药柃(Eurya muricata))和草本(狗脊蕨(Woodwardia japonica)、暗鳞鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris atrata))根际土壤的净氮矿化速率、土壤化学性质及土壤微生物特征。结果发现: 1)物种、林型和取样季节显著影响了根际土壤净氮矿化速率(Nmin)、净铵化速率(Namm)和净硝化速率(Nnit)。马尾松和湿地松林内林下灌草根际土壤净氮矿化的季节敏感性高于乔木: 4月乔木根际土壤Nmin和Namm显著高于大多数林下灌草, 而7月林下灌草根际土壤Nmin和Namm显著提高, 与乔木不再具有显著差异, 与主成分综合得分方差分析的结果一致。一般情况下, 杉木林Nmin和Nnit显著高于马尾松林和湿地松林。7月净氮矿化显著高于4月。2)土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮及土壤微生物量氮含量是影响根际土壤净氮矿化的主要因素。土壤化学性质对人工林根际土壤净氮矿化变异的贡献率为29.2%, 显著高于土壤微生物的解释率。充分考虑不同季节林下植被根际土壤的净氮矿化及其关键影响因素可为准确评估人工林生态系统养分循环状况提供重要支撑。 相似文献
7.
Characteristics of soil nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere of trees,shrubs, and herbs in subtropical forest plantations
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《植物生态学报》2021,44(12):1285
为了探讨人工林内优势乔木和林下灌草根际土壤氮矿化特征, 明确乔灌草根际土壤氮转化差异, 该研究以江西泰和千烟洲站区典型人工杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林为对象, 在植被生长季初期(4月)和旺盛期(7月)分析3种人工林内乔木、优势灌木(檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)、格药柃(Eurya muricata))和草本(狗脊蕨(Woodwardia japonica)、暗鳞鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris atrata))根际土壤的净氮矿化速率、土壤化学性质及土壤微生物特征。结果发现: 1)物种、林型和取样季节显著影响了根际土壤净氮矿化速率(Nmin)、净铵化速率(Namm)和净硝化速率(Nnit)。马尾松和湿地松林内林下灌草根际土壤净氮矿化的季节敏感性高于乔木: 4月乔木根际土壤Nmin和Namm显著高于大多数林下灌草, 而7月林下灌草根际土壤Nmin和Namm显著提高, 与乔木不再具有显著差异, 与主成分综合得分方差分析的结果一致。一般情况下, 杉木林Nmin和Nnit显著高于马尾松林和湿地松林。7月净氮矿化显著高于4月。2)土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮及土壤微生物量氮含量是影响根际土壤净氮矿化的主要因素。土壤化学性质对人工林根际土壤净氮矿化变异的贡献率为29.2%, 显著高于土壤微生物的解释率。充分考虑不同季节林下植被根际土壤的净氮矿化及其关键影响因素可为准确评估人工林生态系统养分循环状况提供重要支撑。 相似文献
8.
漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种生态位变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用群落学调查对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种的Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠进行研究,揭示檵木群落恢复过程物种的环境资源利用状况和种间关系、种群动态及群落稳定性,为漓江流域岩溶石漠化生态系统的植被恢复和重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层主要共有种为檵木、小巴豆,灌木层主要共有种为檵木、红背山麻杆、龙须藤、火棘、白饭树、白马骨、扁片海桐、皱叶雀梅藤、亮叶崖豆藤。(2)乔木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠随着檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠变化趋势则相反。(3)在乔灌阶段的乔木层和乔林阶段的灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度均小于1.0,灌木层中主要共有种对间的低生态位重叠值(0~0.6)的种对数随着群落恢复增多,而高生态位重叠值(0.8~0.9)的种对数减少。(4)乔木层中的主要共有种檵木和小巴豆协同发展,在相当长的时间内将共同主导群落的整体恢复方向;灌木层中的主要共有种随着群落的恢复对环境资源需求进一步分化或者生态位进一步分离,檵木的优势地位进一步削弱。 相似文献
9.
细根(直径2mm)具有复杂的分枝系统,不同树种间的细根在空间分布、形态和大小上有较大差异,研究不同树种的细根构型及不同根序的养分特征,对认识不同树种的细根形态和化学成分的变异格局,及其对树种地下生态位分离(niche segregation)、共存和森林生态系统功能过程的影响有着重要意义。在湖南会同林区选择青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、枫香(Liquidanbar formosana)、拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)等5个亚热带树种,用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,按照Pregitzer细根分级方法对细根分级,用Win-RHIZO根系测定系统对细根构型的参数进行测定,同时测定各级根系的C、N含量,以探讨各树种各级细根的功能特征,揭示不同树种细根构型与养分策略之间的关系。结果表明:5个亚热带树种细根1级根比根长、比表面积最高,直径最细;3级根比根长、比表面积最低,直径最粗。不同树种之间细根形态特征和构型也表现出差异性:枫香的1级根序比根长最大,为31.45m·g-1,杉木的最小,为16.34m·g-1,枫香和杉木之间差异显著。马尾松的1、2级根序的比表面积最大,杉木的1级根序的比表面积最小,青冈2级根序的比表面积最小,3级根序比表面积杉木最大,青冈最小。不同树种之间的细根直径差异达到极显著水平,各根序的平均直径以杉木的最大,拟赤杨的最小。5个树种细根根尖密度大小顺序为马尾松青冈枫香杉木拟赤杨,各树种细根分叉数以拟赤杨和马尾松的较高,杉木最低。除杉木和枫香外,5个树种细根C含量均呈现出随着根序上升而增加的趋势,C/N比也随根序的上升而增加,而细根N含量呈现出随着根序上升而明显下降的趋势。细根平均C含量以杉木的最高,拟赤杨的最低,马尾松、青冈与枫香之间的差异不显著。细根平均N含量以拟赤杨的最高,马尾松的最低。C/N比以马尾松的最高,拟赤杨的最低。5个树种中,马尾松的外生菌根有很强的拓展能力,因此能显著地增强植物根系的养分、水分吸收能力,即使在贫瘠和干旱的土壤环境中,也能有效地利用有限的养分和水分,促进个体生长。而杉木细根吸收养分和水分的效率及能力最小。 相似文献
10.
人为干扰对中亚热带森林生物量及其空间分布格局的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为揭示不同程度的人为干扰对中亚热带森林生物量及其空间分布格局的影响机制,在湘中丘陵区4种处于不同程度的人为干扰、地域相邻的植物群落:檵木-南烛-满山红灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-石栎-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、石栎-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)设置固定样地,结合植物群落调查,采用收获法和建立主要树种各器官生物量相对生长方程,测定和估算群落生物量。结果表明:(1)随着人为干扰程度减弱,群落总生物量呈显著的指数函数增长(P0.05),地上部分、地下部分生物量表现为异速生长,LAG与PLL乔木层生物量差异不显著(P0.05),4个群落灌木层生物量及其各器官、地上部分、地下部分生物量均呈先增加后下降的变化特征,草本层生物量及其地上部分、地下部分生物量先下降再增高,凋落物层现存量总体上呈增加趋势;(2)不同程度的人为干扰,群落生物量的空间分布格局不同,LVR群落灌木层、草本层生物量相当,LCQ群落灌木层生物量占明显优势,草本层生物量下降,PLL和LAG群落乔木层生物量占绝对优势,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层生物量占群落总生物量低于10%;(3)群落总生物量与树种多样性指数呈显著的正相关(P0.05),与土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、有效磷含量呈显著的正相关(P0.05),表明不同程度的人为干扰造成群落树种多样性、土壤养分含量的变化,是导致群落生物量变化的主要因素。 相似文献
11.
目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。 相似文献
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14.
国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、... 相似文献
15.
Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain. 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
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The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals. 相似文献
16.
L.A. Devriese J.I. Cruz Colque P. De Herdt F. Haesebrouck 《Journal of applied microbiology》1992,73(5):421-425
Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described. 相似文献
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described. 相似文献
17.
Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer. 相似文献
18.
白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
以白术(Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.)二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶(POD)的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
19.
Janewa VS Ghosh A Scheffler C 《Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht über die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur》2012,69(2):175-187
Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Juozas Kulys Kastis Krikstopaitis Arturas Ziemys 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》2000,5(3):333-340
N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k
cat/K
m) varied from 1 ×107 M−1 s−1to 2.6×108 M−1 s−1 at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable
groups with pK
a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed
that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were
consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent
bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×105 M−1 s−1 to 2.0×107 M−1 s−1 at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent
bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed
in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO,
fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×108 M−1 s−1 and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×107 M−1 s−1 and 0.29 eV.
Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000 相似文献