头状链轮丝菌染色体复制起始区的克隆和对变铅青链霉菌的转化

头状链轮丝菌(Streptoverticillum caespitosus) ATCC27422是抗肿瘤药物——丝裂霉素A的产生菌,根据高GC含量革兰氏阳性菌染色体复制起始区两端基因序列的保守性,采用PCR方法从该菌中克隆了一段包含染色体复制起始区(oriC)的1.3 kb片段。序列分析发现,克隆片段与天蓝色链霉菌的oriC及邻近区域的同源性达80％以上;头状链轮丝菌oriC中含有22个DnaA-box,保守序列为TTGTCCACA。以克隆片段构建的质粒可以跨属转化变铅青链霉菌(S. lividans)ZX7,原生质体转化效率为3.2×10²个/μgDNA;质粒在S. lividans ZX7中能以低拷贝形式稳定存在;转化子的菌落和菌丝形态均正常。头状链轮丝菌oriC序列与几种链霉菌的oriC有较高的同源性,以及在变铅青链霉菌中仍具有复制起始活性等说明链轮丝菌属与链霉菌属在系统发生上关系较近;但采用最大似然法分析oriC序列构建的头状链轮丝菌与几种链霉菌的系统进化树表明,头状链轮丝菌与几种链霉菌之间的分化距离远大于链霉菌之间的分化距离。该证据支持链轮丝菌属的独立分属。     

链霉菌大肠杆菌穿梭质粒载体pSGLgpp的构建及应用

质粒pSGL1(74kb)是从球孢链霉菌(\%Streptomyces geobisporus)\%中分离得到的一个高拷贝质粒,已测定其最小复制子序列。从球孢链霉菌总DNA中采用PCR方法扩增获得编码C1027前蛋白信号肽的DNA片断gpp。将gpp克隆至pSGL1的衍生质粒pSGLN中,获得新的链霉菌表达型质粒载体pSGLgpp。应用该质粒进行了人的河溶性白细胞介素1受体I型的表达。     

链霉素抗性突变——纳他霉素高产菌株的选育研究*

应用链霉素抗性筛选法 ,将经过紫外线诱变处理的纳他霉素生产菌———褐黄孢链霉菌 (StreptomycesgilvosporeusATCC1 332 6的孢子涂布在含有链霉素最小抑制浓度 (0 6μg mL)的培养基平板上 ,获得了 1 2 2株链霉素抗性突变株。其中纳他霉素产量高于出发菌株的有1 3株 ,产量阳性效率达到 1 0 6 % ,同时获得了产抗生素能力为出发菌株 1 46倍的突变株SG 56。     

丝裂霉素C抗性基因（mcr）的克隆及其高效表达

头状链轮丝菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｃａｅｓｐｉｔｏｓｕｍ）ＡＴＣＣ２７４２２是抗肿瘤药物丝裂霉素Ｃ的主要产生菌。为了研究丝裂霉素Ｃ抗性的分子机制,实验通过鸟枪法克隆技术,从库中筛选得含有丝裂霉素Ｃ抗性基因（ｍｃｒ）的６．６ｋｂ外源片段的克隆子,对此外源片段进行一系列亚克隆,将丝裂霉素Ｃ抗性基因定位在３．１ｋｂ的片段中。序列分析的结果表明,此３．１ｋｂ外源片段中存在一长度为１３４     

大肠杆菌-链霉菌高效接合载体的构建及其应用

以链霉菌质粒SCP2 的衍生质粒pHJL400为基础 ,构建了能够在大肠杆菌到链霉菌之间进行高效接合转移的质粒pGH112。pGH112含有在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中复制起始位点 ,以及分别在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中进行筛选的抗性标记。用pGH112转化EscherichiacoliET12567(pUZ8002 )后 ,与天蓝链霉菌 (StreptomycescoelicolorA3(2 ) )、除虫链霉菌 (Streptomycesavermitilis)、变铅青链霉菌 (StreptomyceslividansTK54 )、毒三素链霉菌 (StreptomycestoxytriciniNRRL15443)、委内瑞拉链霉菌 (Streptomyces.venezuelaeISP5230 )和红色糖多孢菌 (Saccharopolyporaerythraea)进行接合 ,发现本文构建的pGH112与pKC1139相比 ,接合转移效率较高 ,稳定性好 ,而且宿主范围较广。把组成型启动子ermE 与绿色荧光蛋白基因 (gfp)克隆到本文构建的pGH112 ,通过接合转移到链霉菌中 ,gfp获得表达,证明其可以用作基因接合转移的有效工具载体,这为研究链霉菌的基因功能创造了有利条件上。     

链霉菌工业菌种HS007的基因组标记

通过小片段基因组文库的构建获得工业生产菌HS007的若干基因组片段,并以大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭质粒pHJL400为载体,构建了5个插入了特异性标记序列及抗性筛选标记的重组质粒pHJL02AFOH,pHJL07AFOH,pHJL08AFOH,pHJL10AFOH和pHJL12AFOH.利用这些质粒转化工业生产菌株HS007,获得具有特异性标记序列和相应抗性的标记菌株02-72,07-44,08-02,10-81和12-58,其中02-72和12-58的生产能力不受插入片段的影响.利用重组质粒pSP02AFOH上抗性标记两端两个FRT序列的分子内重组去除抗性标记,并以大肠杆菌一链霉菌穿梭质粒pGH112替换该质粒的载体部分,得到重组质粒pGH02FH.以pGH02FH转化标记菌株02-72,获得具有特异性标记序列而没有相应抗性的菌株02-72-36.发酵结果表明,标记片段的插入不影响菌株02-72-36的生产能力.本方法建立了链霉菌工业菌种基因组标记的技术平台.     

抗反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶基因在钝齿棒杆菌中的表达

将来自钝齿棒杆菌（Corynebacterium crenatum）CD945具有AEC抗性的天冬氨酸激酶(AKfbr)基因克隆到穿梭载体pJC1上,构建重组质粒pLY153。用电击法将质粒pLY153转化到野生型菌株C. crenatum AS1.542及其突变株C. crenatum CD945中。携带AKfbr基因的C. crenatum AS1.542菌株能抗浓度皆为12mg/mL的AEC和苏氨酸。AKfbr基因在C. crenatum CD945中得到表达,天冬氨酸激酶活性提高4倍。摇瓶发酵实验结果表明,重组菌在对数前期和中期生长正常,不受抑制;与对照菌相比,赖氨酸终产量提高22％,赖氨酸生产率提高23％。     

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌SCB329染色体的测定

对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(\%Gluconobacter oxydans\%)SCB329的纯培养进行了研究,测定了其生长曲线,确定其对数期为4～27h。获得纯培养的对数期菌体后采用凝胶包埋法制备完整染色体,用脉冲场电泳方法对SCB329的染色体进行了分析,确定其有一条染色体和一个大质粒。染色体的长度在22Mb到35Mb之间。     

负调节基因nsdA在链霉菌中同源性及激活沉默抗生素合成基因簇的研究

nsdA基因是在天蓝色链霉菌中发现的抗生素合成负调控基因。以nsdA基因片段为探针,通过Southern杂交发现nsdA存在于多种链霉菌中。根据天蓝色链霉菌和阿维链霉菌的nsdA序列设计PCR引物,扩增多种链霉菌中nsdA基因并测序。发现在不同链霉菌中nsdA基因的相似性高达77%～100%。其中变铅青链霉菌与天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)的nsdA序列100%一致。变铅青链霉菌通常不合成放线紫红素,中断nsdA获得的突变菌株WQ2能够合成放线紫红素;在WQ2中重新引入野生型nsdA,又失去产抗生素能力。表明nsdA的中断可以激活变铅青链霉菌中沉默的放线紫红素生物合成基因簇的表达;nsdA的广泛存在及其序列高度保守则提示可以尝试用于这些菌种的抗生素高产育种。     

林可链霉菌中的同源重组

为研究链霉菌中的同源整合频率和机制 ,采用不能在链霉菌中复制的大肠杆菌质粒转化链霉菌StreptomyceslincolnensisB48。质粒pYYE0 4a1上携带的被硫链丝菌素抗性基因灭活的林可霉素生物合成基因与染色体DNA上的同源基因发生重组 ,经过低抗筛选 ,得到两个突变子S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2。进一步以硫链丝菌素抗性基因为探针杂交染色体DNASmaⅠ片段 ,S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2都得到 1 5kb的阳性条带 ;而以缺失的lacZ基因为探针杂交染色体DNAHindⅢ和SmaⅠ联合酶切片段 ,只有S .lincolnensisYY2得到 4 4kb的阳性条带。Southern杂交结果表明S .lincolnensisYY1是由同源交换或二次重组产生的 ,而S .lincolnensisYY2为同源整合的结果。为验证同源整合子上大肠杆菌复制子和氨苄抗性基因的存在 ,用SphⅠ酶切染色体DNA后连接 ,连接液转化E .coliJM83感受态细胞 ,在氨苄抗性板上得到 2个转化子 ,命名为pSLE1。对…     

Purification and characterization of the -xylose isomerase gene from Escherichia coli

A DNA fragment containing both the Escherichia coli -xylose isomerase ( -xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5) gene and the -xylulokinase (ATP: -xylulose 5-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.17) gene has been cloned on an E. coli plasmid. The -xylose isomerase gene was separated from the -xylulokinase gene by the construction of a new deletion plasmid, pLX7. The -xylose isomerase gene cloned on pLX7 was found still to be an intact gene. The precise location of the -xylose isomerase gene on the plasmid pLX7 was further determined by the construction of two more plasmids, pLX8 and pLX9. This is believed to be the first -xylose isomerase gene that has been isolated and extensively purified from any organism. -Xylose isomerase, the enzyme product of the -xylose isomerase gene, is responsible for the conversion of -xylose to -xylulose, as well as -glucose to -fructose. It is widely believed that yeast cannot ferment -xylose to ethanol primarily because of the lack of -xylose isomerase in yeast. -Xylose isomerase (also known as -glucose isomerase) is also used for the commercial production of high-fructose syrups. The purification of the -xylose isomerase gene may lead to the following industrial applications: (1) cloning and expression of the gene in yeast to make the latter organism capable of directly fermenting -xylose to ethanol, and (2) cloning of the gene on a high-copy-number plasmid in a proper host to overproduce the enzyme, which should have a profound impact on the high-fructose syrup technology.     

Construction of an Escherichia coli-Clostridium perfringens shuttle vector and plasmid transformation of Clostridium perfringens

A stable shuttle vector which replicates in Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens was constructed by ligating a 3.6-kilobase (kb) fragment of plasmid pBR322 with C. perfringens plasmid pHB101 (3.1 kb). The marker for this shuttle plasmid originated from the 1.3-kb chloramphenicol resistance gene of plasmid pHR106. The resulting shuttle vector, designated pAK201, is 8 kb in size and codes for resistance to 20 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml in both E. coli and C. perfringens. Following shuttle vector construction in E. coli, plasmid pAK201 was transformed into E. coli HB101 and C. perfringens ATCC 3624A, using intact cell electroporation. The transformation frequencies were 10(6) and 10(4) transformants per microgram of DNA in E. coli and C. perfringens, respectively. Restriction enzyme analysis of the chimera isolated from transformants of both microorganisms suggested that the plasmids were identical. Reciprocal transformation experiments in E. coli and C. perfringens indicated no difference in transformation frequency. Plasmid pAK201 was stable in C. perfringens following repeated transfer in the absence of chloramphenicol pressure. The restriction map of plasmid pAK201 shows six unique cut sites which should be useful for future genetic analysis and C. perfringens gene library construction.     

Construction of an Escherichia coli-Clostridium perfringens shuttle vector and plasmid transformation of Clostridium perfringens.

A stable shuttle vector which replicates in Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens was constructed by ligating a 3.6-kilobase (kb) fragment of plasmid pBR322 with C. perfringens plasmid pHB101 (3.1 kb). The marker for this shuttle plasmid originated from the 1.3-kb chloramphenicol resistance gene of plasmid pHR106. The resulting shuttle vector, designated pAK201, is 8 kb in size and codes for resistance to 20 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml in both E. coli and C. perfringens. Following shuttle vector construction in E. coli, plasmid pAK201 was transformed into E. coli HB101 and C. perfringens ATCC 3624A, using intact cell electroporation. The transformation frequencies were 10(6) and 10(4) transformants per microgram of DNA in E. coli and C. perfringens, respectively. Restriction enzyme analysis of the chimera isolated from transformants of both microorganisms suggested that the plasmids were identical. Reciprocal transformation experiments in E. coli and C. perfringens indicated no difference in transformation frequency. Plasmid pAK201 was stable in C. perfringens following repeated transfer in the absence of chloramphenicol pressure. The restriction map of plasmid pAK201 shows six unique cut sites which should be useful for future genetic analysis and C. perfringens gene library construction.     

Purification and characterization of the d-xylose isomerase gene from Escherichia coli

A DNA fragment containing both the Escherichia coli d-xylose isomerase (d-xylose ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5) gene and the d-xylulokinase (ATP: d-xylulose 5-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.17) gene has been cloned on an E. coli plasmid. The d-xylose isomerase gene was separated from the d-xylulokinase gene by the construction of a new deletion plasmid, pLX7. The d-xylose isomerase gene cloned on pLX7 was found still to be an intact gene. The precise location of the d-xylose isomerase gene on the plasmid pLX7 was further determined by the construction of two more plasmids, pLX8 and pLX9. This is believed to be the first d-xylose isomerase gene that has been isolated and extensively purified from any organism. d-Xylose isomerase, the enzyme product of the d-xylose isomerase gene, is responsible for the conversion of d-xylose to d-xylulose, as well as d-glucose to d-fructose. It is widely believed that yeast cannot ferment d-xylose to ethanol primarily because of the lack of d-xylose isomerase in yeast. d-Xylose isomerase (also known as d-glucose isomerase) is also used for the commercial production of high-fructose syrups. The purification of the d-xylose isomerase gene may lead to the following industrial applications: (1) cloning and expression of the gene in yeast to make the latter organism capable of directly fermenting d-xylose to ethanol, and (2) cloning of the gene on a high-copy-number plasmid in a proper host to overproduce the enzyme, which should have a profound impact on the high-fructose syrup technology.     

A new mutation in 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli conferring spectinomycin resistance.

We report a novel mutation, C1066U in 16S rRNA which was selected for resistance to spectinomycin, an antibiotic which inhibits ribosomal translocation. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of spectinomycin determined for this mutant (15 micrograms/ml) is greater than with the wild-type plasmid (5 micrograms/ml) but lower than with the well known C1192U mutation (> 80 micrograms/ml). The C1066U mutation also increases the cells sensitivity to fusidic acid, another antibiotic which inhibits translation at the translocation stage, whereas C1192U is unchanged relative to the wild type. We discuss why the acquisition of resistance to one of these drugs is often associated with hypersensitivity to the other.     

Identification and characterization of hmr19 gene encoding a multidrug resistance efflux protein from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. yingchengensis strain 10-22

[(The over-usage of antibiotics may result in the develop-)]ment of extensive antibiotic resistance in microorganisms[1]. Export of toxic compounds as means of resistancehas been well documented in pathogenic bacteria as wellas antibiotic-producing microorganisms [2,3]. Drugresistance efflux proteins comprise the primary efflux[(system, namely the )58.3(A)106.2(TP-binding cassette \(ABC\) family)][(transporters ener)10.9(gized by )68.1(A)104.5(T)0.8(P)113.8(,)-0.1( and the secondary active)…     

Identification of germination gene of Bacillus megaterium

Glucose, KNO3, proline and leucine initiate the spore germination of B. megaterium ATCC 12872, but not of B. megaterium ATCC 19213. In order to isolate the gene concerning germination of B. megaterium ATCC 12872, we constructed its gene library in plasmid vector, and introduced into B. megaterium ATCC 19213. We obtained a transformant whose spores differed from those of the wild type strain with respect to germinability. Spores of this transformant could be germinated by glucose, proline or leucine. The recombinant plasmid prepared from this transformant was found to carry 2 kilobase pairs fragment of B. megaterium ATCC 12872 DNA. This fragment may contain the gene encoding the protein which plays an important role in germination.