链霉菌发育控制启动子—P_(TH4)对孢子形成的影响

在原核生物发育分化的分子遗传学研究中,链霉菌因其复杂的分化生命周期,无与伦比的合成次级代谢产物的能力（目前世界上所知的数千种天然抗生素的７０％由链霉菌产生）,使之成为原核生物乃至微生物发育与分化研究的最好模式系统［１］,为研究基因时空表达和阐明分化调…     

链霉菌发育调控启动子——P_(TH270)对细胞分化的影响

在原核生物发育分化的分子生物学研究中,以枯草杆菌为模式系统进行了许多研究,但其生命周期特别是分化过程比较简单,不象链霉菌有基质菌丝、气生菌丝、菌丝分隔形成多细胞,然后断裂形成单孢子的过程。链霉菌的这一性状与真核生物丝状真菌的分化相似。因此在原核生物中,链霉菌是研究分化基因表达调控的良好模式材料,为在时空上研究发育分化基因的多水平调控提供了有利条件。 链霉菌的发育调控启动子(P_(TH270))是国际上首先克隆的两个启动子之一。一些研究结果表明该启动子依赖于链霉菌分化关键基因——whiG。虽然该启动子的序列已被测定,启动子的-10区和-35区已被精确定位,但该启动子在链霉菌发育分化中是如何调控的,当它以高拷贝数的形式存在时对细胞内含物的组份有何影响,这种影响怎样与分化关联,这些都是有待解决的重要问题。本文报道这方面     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化及其特性的研究

链霉菌分化的分子生物学研究是一个饶有兴趣并富有挑战性的世界前沿研究课题.在原核生物的分化研究中,主要以枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)作为模式系统,但枯草杆菌的生命周期尤其是分化过程远比链霉菌简单,不象链霉菌有基质菌丝、气生菌丝、菌丝螺旋和孢子分隔那样的发育分化过程[1].在真核生物中也有分化研究的报道,如构巢曲霉、酵母等.由于真核生物的基因结构比原核生物复杂得多,弄清分化中基因调控的关系就更加困难.因此,选用链霉菌作分化研究的材料有其独一无二的优越性.国际上有关链霉菌的分子生物学研究,近年来主要以链霉菌的抗生素生物合成基因和链霉菌的分化基因两个大的方面作为研究的热点和主攻方向,并展开了一些开拓性的研究.     

Sigma因子和抗-Sigma因子在原核生物分化中的分子调控

发育分化是现代生物学一个重要的前沿研究领域。微生物的分化是指细胞的形态和功能不断趋向于不同的一系列变化,是基因转录或翻译在时空上的有序表达。在原核生物分化的分子遗传学研究中,多年来以枯草芽孢杆菌为模式材料进行了较系统的研究。近年来,链霉菌因其复杂的生命周期和产生抗生素的特点倍受青睐,而成为原核生物分化研究的更好的模式材料。原核生物分化的分子调控由多基因控制,构成复杂的分化调控网络,sigma因子和抗—sigma因子在网络中占有重要地位,它们控制分化的进程,也是目前研究基因表达调控的一个新的闪光点。     

Sigma因子和抗-Sigma因子在原核生物分化中的分子调控

发育分化是现代生物学一个重要的前沿研究领域。微生物的分化是指细胞的形态和功能不断趋向于不同的一系列变化,是基因转录或翻译在时空上的有序表达。在原核生物分化的分子遗传学研究中,多年来以枯草芽孢杆菌为模式材料进行了较系统的研究。近年来,链霉菌因其复杂的生命周期和产生抗生素的特点倍受青睐,而成为原核生物分化研究的更好的模式材料。原核生物分化的分子调控由多基因控制,构成复杂的分化调控网络,sigma因子和抗—sigma因子在网络中占有重要地位,它们控制分化的进程,也是目前研究基因表达调控的一个新的闪光点。     

A因子在原核生物分化和次级代谢中的分子调控

发育分化是现代生物学一个重要的前沿研究领域。近二十年来,原核生物细胞的发育与分化取得了令人瞩目的成就,如芽孢杆菌的内源性孢子形成,放线菌的分生孢子分化,粘细菌的多细胞形态发生等。形态分化与次生代谢之间的关系是目前的一个研究热点,本文介绍近年来Ａ因子及其类似物在原核生物分化和次级代谢调控中的研究进展。１　Ａ因子及其类似物１９８２年,Ｈａｒａ等人分离到一株丧失了生物合成链霉素和孢子形成能力的灰色链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｇｒｉｓｅｕｓ）突变株,发现当提供一种由野生型菌株产生的可扩散因子时,突变…     

变铅青链霉菌启动子活性片段的亚克隆及其顺序分析

近年来,由于链霉菌启动子探测质粒的构建以及体外克隆技术的迅速发展,使得许多链霉菌启动子得到分离分析.已发现的链霉菌启动子大致可以分为三类:一、与原核生物典型启动子—10区和—35区类似的链霉菌启动子;二、仅与原核生物典型启动子—10区相似的启动子;三、无论在—10区还是在—35区与典型的原核生物的启动子都没有任何相似之处的启动子.链霉菌启动子的多样性还表现在—10区与—35区保守序列的间隔长短差异较大,从7bp到24bp长短不一.链霉菌中还常存在着串联的启动子.总之,链霉菌启动子比一般原核生物启动子具有更加复杂的多样性.     

5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰对沉默抗生素基因的激活

对真核生物的表观遗传学研究表明,5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰参与了多种重要生理功能。虽然在原核生物中也存在5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰,但其具体功能尚未确定。大肠杆菌编码的Dcm甲基转移酶负责DNA的5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰[1],有研究报道显示,Dcm与细菌的限制修饰系统相关[2];也有研究报道dcm基因能影响大肠杆菌中核糖体基因的表达,从而影响初级代谢和次级代谢[3]。本期介绍了高婕、贺新义等发表的论文"大肠杆菌甲基转移酶dcm基因的表达对变铅青链霉菌的多效性影响"[4],作者巧妙地利用变铅青链霉菌的DNA无甲基化修饰这一特点,将大肠杆菌dcm基因导入变铅青链霉菌,研究了5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰在变铅青链霉菌中的功能。结果发现,DNA的5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰不仅可影响变铅青链霉菌的形态和生理分化,而且还能激活放线紫红素沉默基因的表达。论文作者以变铅青链霉菌为材料,拓展了对原核生物DNA5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰的生理功能的认识。以此为基础的深入研究,不仅有助于揭示5-甲基胞嘧啶修饰在原核生物中的功能,而且有可能为沉默抗生素基因的表达或抗生素产量的提高提供一个新的途径。     

天蓝色链霉菌分化调控基因scrX的功能研究

克隆天蓝色链霉菌中一个新基因scrX并进行了序列分析, 利用基因破坏策略进行了该基因的功能研究. 结果表明, scrX基因由660个碱基组成, 编码产物是一个220个氨基酸残基的蛋白质;该基因含有3个在链霉菌中的稀有密码子--AAA, AAA和ATA, 是典型的在翻译水平上受到严紧调控的分化调控基因. 氨基酸序列同源性比较结果表明, scrX编码蛋白属于原核生物转录调控蛋白IclR家族.基因功能研究结果揭示, scrX基因在天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成中可能起正调控作用.     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化关键基因——saw1的克隆及酶切分析

链霉菌是现代生物学研究中一种重要的微生物,它有两个突出的特征:其一,有无与伦比的合成次生代谢产物的能力,世界上所知数千种抗生素的70％由其产生。其二,有一个复杂的发育分化的生命周期,是微生物分化研究的一个最好的模式材料。链霉菌分化主要为形态分化和生理分化,两者彼此独立又相互关联,构成复杂的分化调控网络,研究分化基因的调控不但有重要的理论意义,而且可用于控制抗生素的生物合成,因此弄清合成途径的分子机制,也有潜在的应用价值。圈卷产色链霉菌是从我国东北土     

In vivo transcription of two promoters, PTH4 and PTH270 involved in regulation ofStreptomyces differentiation

The promoters, PTH4 and P-TH270 involved in the regulation of Streptomyces coelicolor differentiation were subcloned into Streptomyces promoter, i.e. probe plasmid pIJ4083, and the recombinant plasmids, pIJ4470 and pIJ4471, were constructed. Two promoters could drive the expression of reporter gene encoding catechol dioxygenase when pIJ4470 and pIJ4471 were introduced into some white mutants (C85, C70, C71, C17 and C119). The total RNA was isolated from these strains containing recombinant plasmid. Probes were prepared by labelling 5 -ends of PTH4 AND PTH270 DNA fragments using radioisotope. DNA - RNA hybridization was carried out with the probes and RNAs isolated from different strains. The S1 mapping result showed that all RNAs from strains of C85/pIJ4470, C85/4471, C70/pIJ4470, C70/pIJ4471 and C17/pIJ4470 as well as C17/pIJ4471 gave rise to strong positive hy-bridization signal, whereas RNAs from C71/pIJ4470 and C71/pIJ4471 did not give any positive signal. RNAs from C119/pIJ4470 and C119/pIJ4471 gav     

单点突变葡萄糖异构酶(GIG138P)基因在变铅青链霉菌中的高效表达及其稳定性研究

通过三步亚克隆 ,将单点突变葡萄糖异构酶 ( GIG1 38P)基因及其调控序列插入链霉菌质粒p IJ40 83,构建重组表达质粒 p IJ40 83- GI1 .用重组质粒转化变铅青链霉菌 TK54原生质体 ,经硫链丝菌素抗性 ( Th R)筛选 ,获得重组菌株 TK54/p IJ40 83- GI1 .酶活力测定和 SDS- PAGE分析表明 ,GIG1 38P基因在变铅青链霉菌中得到高效表达 ,GI1粗酶液比活力为 1 5U/mg,GI1表达量约占菌体可溶性蛋白的 2 5% .同时也研究了重组质粒的遗传稳定性 .重组菌株在无选择压力条件下经液体连续传代培养 ,GI1比活力和 GI1表达量在 2 0 0 h传代时间中呈平缓下降趋势     

Cloning of a pleiotropic gene that positively controls biosynthesis of A-factor, actinorhodin, and prodigiosin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces lividans.

A-factor (2S-isocapryloyl-3S-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone), an autoregulating factor originally found in Streptomyces griseus, is involved in streptomycin biosynthesis and cell differentiation in this organism. A-factor production is widely distributed among actinomycetes, including Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces lividans. A chromosomal pleiotropic regulatory gene of S. coelicolor A3(2) controlling biosynthesis of A-factor and red pigments was cloned with a spontaneous A-factor-deficient strain of S. lividans HH21 and plasmid pIJ41 as a host-vector system. The restriction endonuclease KpnI-digested chromosomal fragments were ligated into the plasmid vector and introduced by transformation into the protoplasts of strain HH21. Three red transformants thus selected were found to produce A-factor and to carry a plasmid with the same molecular weight, and a 6.4-megadalton fragment was inserted in the KpnI site of pIJ41. By restriction endonuclease mapping and subcloning, a restriction fragment (1.2 megadaltons, approximately 2,000 base pairs) bearing the gene which causes concomitant production of A-factor and red pigments was determined. The red pigments were identified by thin-layer chromatography and spectroscopy to be actinorhodin and prodigiosin, both of which are the antibiotics produced by S. coelicolor A3(2). The cloned fragment was introduced into the A-factor-negative mutants (afs) of S. coelicolor A3(2) by using pIJ702 as the vector, where it complemented one of these mutations, afsB, characterized by simultaneous loss of A-factor and red pigment production. We conclude that the cloned gene pleiotropically and positively controls the biosynthesis of A-factor, actinorhodin, and prodigiosin.     

Transfer of conjugative plasmids and mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between Streptomyces strains on agar and in soil.

The conjugative plasmid pIJ101 and its conjugative nondeletion derivatives pIJ303 and pIJ211 were tested for their transferability between strains of Streptomyces on laboratory media and in the soil environment. Their roles in the mobilization of the cloning vector plasmid pIJ702, a nonconjugative deletion derivative of pIJ101, were also examined. Biparental and triparental crosses were performed on agar slants and in sterile soil between the plasmid donor Streptomyces lividans and several recipient Streptomyces strains previously isolated from soil. Conjugative plasmids were transferred to seven recipients in slant crosses and to three recipients in soil. Plasmids isolated from recipients showed restriction fragment patterns identical to that of the original plasmid in S. lividans. Plasmid pIJ303 was transferred less frequently in soil than on slants, and the frequency of transfer was higher at 30 degrees C than at the other temperatures examined. Transconjugant Streptomyces strains differed in their ability to maintain pIJ303. The nonconjugative plasmid pIJ702 was mobilized on agar slants into S. coelicolor 2708, which already contains a self-transmissible plasmid. Plasmid pIJ702 was also mobilized into S. flavovirens, Streptomyces sp. strain 87A, and S. parvulus on slants and in sterile soil after triparental crosses with two donors, one containing pIJ702 and the other containing either pIJ101 or pIJ211. The presence of a conjugative plasmid donor was required for the transfer of pIJ702 to S. parvulus 1234, S. flavovirens 28, and Streptomyces sp. strain 87A. Plasmid pIJ702 was always transferred in its normal, autonomous form. Chromosomal recombination also occurred in transconjugants after the transfer of pIJ702. This is the first report of gene transfer between Streptomyces strains in soil.     

Transfer of conjugative plasmids and mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between Streptomyces strains on agar and in soil

The conjugative plasmid pIJ101 and its conjugative nondeletion derivatives pIJ303 and pIJ211 were tested for their transferability between strains of Streptomyces on laboratory media and in the soil environment. Their roles in the mobilization of the cloning vector plasmid pIJ702, a nonconjugative deletion derivative of pIJ101, were also examined. Biparental and triparental crosses were performed on agar slants and in sterile soil between the plasmid donor Streptomyces lividans and several recipient Streptomyces strains previously isolated from soil. Conjugative plasmids were transferred to seven recipients in slant crosses and to three recipients in soil. Plasmids isolated from recipients showed restriction fragment patterns identical to that of the original plasmid in S. lividans. Plasmid pIJ303 was transferred less frequently in soil than on slants, and the frequency of transfer was higher at 30 degrees C than at the other temperatures examined. Transconjugant Streptomyces strains differed in their ability to maintain pIJ303. The nonconjugative plasmid pIJ702 was mobilized on agar slants into S. coelicolor 2708, which already contains a self-transmissible plasmid. Plasmid pIJ702 was also mobilized into S. flavovirens, Streptomyces sp. strain 87A, and S. parvulus on slants and in sterile soil after triparental crosses with two donors, one containing pIJ702 and the other containing either pIJ101 or pIJ211. The presence of a conjugative plasmid donor was required for the transfer of pIJ702 to S. parvulus 1234, S. flavovirens 28, and Streptomyces sp. strain 87A. Plasmid pIJ702 was always transferred in its normal, autonomous form. Chromosomal recombination also occurred in transconjugants after the transfer of pIJ702. This is the first report of gene transfer between Streptomyces strains in soil.     

Structure and function ofsawB, a gene involved in differentiation ofStreptomyces ansochromogenes

A partial DNA library of Streptomyces ansochromogenes 7100 was constructed by using plasmid plJ702 as vector and white mutant W19 as recipient. About 3 000 clones were obtained, two of which gave rise to the grey phenotype as wild type 7100. The plasmids were isolated from two transformants. The result indicated that the 5.2 kb and 5.8 kb DNA fragments were inserted into plJ702. The resulting recombinant plasmids were designated as pNL-1 and pNL-2 respectively. The 1.25 kb Pstl l-Apa l DNA fragment from pNL-1 was recognized as its complementarity to W19 strain. The nucleotide sequence of the 3.0 kb Pst I DNA fragment including 1.25 kb was determined and analyzed. The result indicated that this DNA fragment contains one complete open reading frame (ORF1) which encodes a protein with 295 amino acid residues, and this gene was designated as sawB. The deduced protein has 81% amino acid identities in comparison with that encoded by whiH in Streptomyces coelicolor. The function of sawB gene was studied by usi     

在链霉菌中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白需要异源启动子

构建了质粒pIJ4083Mpro、pIJ4083\|pro\,pWLD8和pFW3。在浅青紫链霉菌TK24中,启动子探针质粒pIJ4083上的邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因(xylE)不能被透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(vgb)的启动子带动转录,表明vgb启动子在链霉菌中无作用。TK24中,pWLD8和pFW3均能表达透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb),pWLD8上可能是由Plac带动vgb的表达;pFW3上vgb基因去掉了非必要部分,克隆在PCR扩增得到的glnA启动子下游,两者连成嵌合基因。     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化相关基因——saw1的结构和功能

用双脱氧链终止法进行了分化基因——saw1的双链测序.结果表明在1500bp的DNA片段中有一个完整的开读框架(ORF),其编码区是在419bp至1252bp处.其产物与已知的天蓝色链霉菌whiG的氨基酸序列有89%的同源性.当把1500bp的saw1DNA片段插入到链霉菌表达质粒载体pIJ702后,构建的重组质粒转化天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成缺陷突变株C71,可使C71形成孢子和灰色色素.用基因破坏的策略进一步研究了该基因的生物学功能,结果表明saw1在圈卷产色链霉菌气生菌丝到孢子形成的发育转变中有重要作用,是分化中控制孢子发育起始的一个重要基因.     

Cloning of the galactokinase gene (galK) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces lividans 66 strains were shown to be sensitive to the galactose analogue 2-deoxy-D-galactose. Spontaneous resistant mutants were isolated that were Gal- and lacked the enzyme galactokinase. The galK gene (structural gene for galactokinase) from S. coelicolor was cloned into S. lividans using the low copy number vector pIJ922. The resulting plasmid (pMT650), which contained a 14 kb insert, complemented gal mutations in both species. The presence of the galK gene on a 2.8 kb EcoRI fragment was confirmed by expressing it in Escherichia coli where it complemented a well characterized galK mutation.