不同地区转Bt基因抗虫水稻稻谷对赤拟谷盗生长发育的影响

为了明确来自湖北武穴、孝感、随州3个不同地区的转cry1Ab/cry1Ac、cry2A、cry1C基因明恢63(分别命名为TT51、T2A-1和T1C-19)对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneumHerbst生长发育的影响,在室内以不同的转Bt基因稻谷继代饲养赤拟谷盗6代,结果表明:各处理赤拟谷盗的卵期3～4d,卵孵化率85%～100%,幼虫期22～27d,化蛹率85%～97%,蛹期6～7d,百蛹重0.25～0.31g,性比0.8～1.4,羽化率82%～97%,产卵前期5～7d。不同抗虫转基因水稻对赤拟谷盗各发育历期及生命表参数没有显著的影响,同一转基因事件,没有因为种植地区的不同造成对赤拟谷盗生长发育的差异。3种Bt蛋白在继代饲养的赤拟谷盗幼虫体内检测均呈阳性反应,但积累量很小,继代饲养后,没有发现在赤拟谷盗体内明显的累积。     

转 Bt 基因水稻对三化螟自然种群的影响

为了了解水稻重要害虫三化螟 Scirpophaga incertulas（Walker）对转 Bt 基因水稻产生抗性的潜在风险,本文利用自然种群生命表,研究了第 3 代三化螟在转Bt基因杂交稻汕优 63 及非转 Bt 基因杂交稻汕优 63 上的种群参数。结果表明：在 Bt 稻上1～2 龄幼虫的存活率为 4.03%,极显著低于非转基因 SY63（55.76%）;Bt 稻上幼虫为害率为1.75%,极显著低 于非转基因 SY63（5.98%）;Bt 稻上存活的幼虫发育历期明显长于非转 Bt SY63。     

转Bt基因稻谷对小鼠生理与生殖的影响

目的:通过对小鼠饲以Bt转基因稻谷,观察Bt转基因稻谷对小鼠的生理与生殖能力的影响,为评价Bt转基因稻谷的安全性提供科学依据.方法:将雌、雄昆明小鼠48只分开饲养,各按体重随机分为转基因稻谷组和非转基因稻谷组,饲以对应的稻谷进行90天喂养试验,检测相关生理与生殖指标.结果:与非转基因稻谷组相比,饲以Bt转基因稻谷组小鼠...     

转Bt基因水稻对白符跳虫取食选择行为的影响

【目的】为探讨转基因Bt水稻种植对土壤动物的潜在生态风险性。【方法】本研究将3种转Bt基因水稻及其非转基因亲本水稻叶片残体饲养白符跳虫Folsomia candida,通过观察其粪便的数量与分布以分析白符跳虫对Bt水稻的取食选择行为。【结果】研究结果表明,Bt蛋白(Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac)不会影响白符跳虫的取食选择;而Bt基因插入后导致的水稻成分的变化可能影响了白符跳虫对水稻残体的偏好性。结果可为评估转Bt水稻对土壤生态系统影响提供参考价值,为转Bt水稻安全性评价提供科学的依据。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对亚洲玉米螟抗性的研究

对转Bt抗虫棉苏抗103与GK—22对玉米螟抗性的研究结果显示：(1)用苏抗103嫩叶、簧,花、蕾饲曩第三代玉米螟幼虫,最终幼虫校正死亡率分别达100％、95．83％、83．33％与100％。校正化蛹下降率分别达100％、92．31％、50．07％与100％,校正幼虫成蛾减退率分别达100％、90．92％、0％与100％。(2)人工饲料中加入5个不同浓度苏抗103嫩叶饲喂第二代幼虫,除0．4％浓度,幼虫校正死亡率与成蛹下降率均为100％,0．4％浓度的幼虫期延长20．68％,蛹重下降18．24％,蛹期延长19．79％。(3)人工饲料中加入5个浓度的苏抗103或GK22嫩叶分别饲喂第三代幼虫,苏抗103上幼虫校正死亡率较第二代有所下降,分别为3．04％、-16．68％、28．2％、33．33和75％。GK22上幼虫校正死亡率分别为3．13％、26．89％、45．69％、70．816％和68．09％。其幼虫校正死亡率及幼虫期、蛹期、成虫校正减退率均有随浓度增加而上升的趋势。较亲本棚,对蛹重、雌成虫寿命、单雌产卵量、卵孵化率也有一定程度的影响。上述研究结果表明,苏抗103与GK22影响棉田玉米螟幼虫与蛹的存活与生命力,进而影响其成虫繁殖力而表现出良好抗性。     

转Bt基因水稻对土壤微生态系统的潜在影响

随着转基因作物商品化应用的增多,对其进行生态风险性评价尤为重要.国内外对转基因作物中外源基因向野生亲缘物种漂移的可能性、昆虫对抗虫转基因作物的耐受性以及转基因作物对生物多样性的潜在影响等问题进行了广泛的研究.文中从Bt杀虫结晶蛋白在土壤中的残留特性、Bt杀虫晶体蛋白对土壤微生物可培养类群和土壤酶活性的影响等方面对转Bt基因抗虫水稻的潜在生态风险性进行了简要综述,以期为同类研究提供有益的信息.     

转Bt基因棉花对刺吸式口器害虫种群的影响

综述了转Bt基因棉花对棉田刺吸式口器害虫的影响,并从棉田生态、棉花生理和昆虫生理等方面分析了转Bt基因棉田刺吸式口器害虫种群上升的原因.     

转Bt基因作物对蚯蚓影响研究进展

转苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白(Bt)基因作物的商品化种植可能对土壤生态系统产生不利影响是近10年来颇有争议的问题.转Bt基因作物可通过多种方式向土壤中释放苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白即Bt蛋白,从而引起土壤生物和生态系统基本功能的变化;蚯蚓可加快动植物残体的降解,促进有机质的分解和矿化,与其他土壤生物相比,蚯蚓对某些污染物更敏感.本文从研究中用到的蚯蚓种类、采用的实验方式、研究的科学问题等方面综述了转Bt基因作物对土壤动物蚯蚓影响的研究进展,并对转Bt基因作物对土壤动物蚯蚓影响研究的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物的影响提供参考,进而为全面评价转Bt基因作物对土壤生态系统的影响提供依据.     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米的研究

对转Bt基因抗虫玉米的研究概况、转化方法、转化体的鉴定方法、遗传评价以及其存在的问题进行了综述.     

转Bt基因棉对棉大卷叶螟种群动态的影响

2年的研究发现,棉大卷叶螟SyleptaderogataFabricius的种群数量在不同棉花品种田均呈现上升趋势,但转基因抗虫棉“国抗2 2”的为害程度及百株虫量均小于亲本对照棉“泗棉3号”,其差异达显著或极显著水平;该虫的室内饲养结果表明,2个棉花品种均有利于棉大卷叶螟的增殖,但“国抗2 2”对棉大卷叶螟的抗性明显优于“泗棉3号”,且对棉大卷叶螟成虫存在一定的产卵排斥效应。     

Bt水稻对田间非靶标害虫种群动态的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63(以下简称汕优63/Bt)为材料,亲本汕优63(以下简称汕优63/CK)为对照,在田间自然感虫条件下研究汕优63/Bt对稻田几种非靶标害虫种群消长动态的影响。结果表明,汕优63/Bt上稻苞虫Pelopidas mathias(Fabricius)和稻眉眼蝶Mycalesis gotamaMoore幼虫数量都显著低于对照品种,但汕优63/Bt对稻苞虫的毒性强于稻眉眼蝶。汕优63/Bt上稻飞虱(白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath)和褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens(Stal))混合种群数量通常与对照品种基本一致,在少数调查时间显著高于对照品种。相反,除少数调查时间与对照品种没有显著差异外,稻叶蝉(黑尾叶蝉Nephotettixcincticeps(Uhler)和二点黑尾叶蝉N.viriscens(Distant))混合种群数量通常显著高于对照品种。稻飞虱和叶蝉成为汕优63/Bt上的主要害虫。     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对非靶标昆虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响

通过室内饲养实验及水稻氨基酸和碳、氮含量测定,比较研究了转cry1Ab水稻克螟稻 (KMD1和KMD2)与其亲本秀水11对非靶标害虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响。 结果表明,以克螟稻为食可对白背飞虱的产卵期和每雌产卵量产生一定影响。 以KMD2为食的白背飞虱的产卵期为7.6天,每雌产卵量为95.0粒,均显著低于以母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱的12.7天和167.5粒。但是,以KMD1为食的白背飞虱仅产卵期（8.6天）显著变短, 其每雌产卵量与以其母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱无显著差异。稻苗氨基酸含量分析结果表明KMD2引起白背飞虱种群生殖力显著下降可能与其游离氨基酸的总量和丙氨酸含量的显著下降以及谷氨酸含量的显著上升有关。因此,转cry1Ab水稻可对白背飞虱种群增长产生影响,但其影响因转cry1Ab水稻品种而异。     

转Bt基因水稻表达的毒蛋白Cry1Ab在害虫及其捕食者体内的积累动态

在室内对转基因水稻KMD1中的Cry1Ab毒蛋白经食物链在几种主要害虫及其捕食性天敌体内的积累进行了研究。结果表明： 无论是水稻孕穗期还是成熟期,二化螟Chilo suppressalis连续取食KMD1或取食KMD1.36 h后移至对照品种秀水11上取食不同时间后,幼虫体内的Cry1Ab含量均随取食时间延长逐渐下降。稻眼蝶 Mycalesis gotama幼虫连续取食KMD1或在KMD1上取食两天后移至秀水11上继续取食不同时间,体内的Cry1Ab含量也都随取食时间延长而下降,但下降速度较二化螟更快。取食KMD1的二化螟和稻眼蝶幼虫的粪便中均检测到较高浓度的Cry1Ab,对照组中均无Cry1Ab。取食KMD1的二化螟幼虫血淋巴中检测到Cry1Ab,含量为3.5 ng/g。取食KMD1的褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens、稻蚜Sitobion avenae以及饲喂取食过KMD1的二化螟或稻眼蝶幼虫的拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus体内都含有一定浓度的Cry1Ab,其中,拟水狼蛛体内的CrylAb含量以饲喂取食KMD1稻眼蝶幼虫的含量最高,约为饲喂取食KMD1二化螟幼虫的60倍。这些结果表明Cry1Ab可以沿水稻害虫天敌食物链传递。     

Efficacy of an esfenvalerate plus methoprene aerosol for the control of eggs and fifth instars of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract  Aerosol insecticides may provide an alternative to fumigants for control of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), the Indianmeal moth, a major insect pest of stored processed food. In this study, eggs and larvae (5th instars) of P . interpunctella were exposed to aerosol applications of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate and insect growth regulator methoprene, alone and in combination, in open and obstructed positions inside small sheds. When larvae were exposed to methoprene alone, adult emergence from those exposed larvae was 7.1%± 1.5%. In contrast, adult emergence was 92.5%± 3.5% when larvae were exposed to esfenvalerate alone. When eggs were exposed to methoprene, adult emergence of those exposed eggs was approximately 75%; however, when eggs were exposed to esfenvalerate, adult emergence was approximately 35%. In the combination treatment of methoprene plus esfenvalerate at their respective label rates, adult emergence following larval exposure was 0.91%± 0.61% compared to 16.3%± 9.6% when eggs were exposed. Based on our results, methoprene alone is highly effective in reducing adult emergence after larval exposure. However, it is not as effective on eggs as esfenvalerate. A combination treatment of esfenvalerate plus methoprene could be used to control eggs and the wandering-phase larval stages of P . interpunctella . An economic risk analysis also supports a strategy of combining methoprene and esfenvalerate.     

Effects of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Bt spray on Spodoptera littoralis

Various studies have been conducted to assess the damage caused by secondary lepidopteran pests to transgenic Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab. However, to date little is known on the effects of transgenic maize on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous herbivore which is considered a pest in Mediterranean maize growing areas. Here we present results on the effects of Bt maize (Bt‐11) and Bt spray (Dipel) on the various life stage parameters of this herbivore. We further assess the expression of Cry1Ab in different leaves and leaf parts in maize at a given plant growth stage, and determine whether the feeding damage of 3rd instar S. littoralis is influenced by Bt toxin expression. Contrary to previous literature reporting that S. littoralis is not sensitive to Bt Cry1Ab toxin, our results show that insects fed on either transgenic or Bt sprayed plants were negatively affected. Young S. littoralis larvae (1st and 2nd instars) were found to be the most sensitive to the Bt toxin. This was represented by a higher mortality and a slower developmental time of larvae maintained on transgenic or sprayed plants when compared to insects maintained on control plants. Moreover, Bt maize had a stronger and prolonged detrimental effect on insects when compared to Bt spray in maize. This was revealed by the fact that insects maintained on transgenic plants from 3rd instar to pupation took longer to reach adult emergence compared to insects that were maintained on sprayed plants. This was likely due to the continuous exposure of insects to the toxin when kept on transgenic maize. ELISA results showed a variation in the amount of Bt toxin among different leaf sections in transgenic maize at a given plant growth stage. These differences in Bt toxin were primarily found in the youngest leaf of growing plants. Although the lowest amounts of Bt toxin were detected in the growing leaf section of young leaves, this difference did not appear to influence the feeding behavior of 3rd instar S. littoralis.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Indian meal moth,Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), is a serious and widespread pest of stored food commodities worldwide. Studies on the population genetics and breeding structure of P. interpunctella are lacking. Understanding the breeding structure of this pest has implications for its management. Fifteen microsatellite loci were isolated, cloned and characterized using an enrichment method. Forty individuals from six subpopulations were tested for polymorphism. Nine loci were found to be polymorphic. The number of alleles varied from three to six per locus.     

Inheritance and expression of the cry1Ab gene in Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic rice

The inheritance and expression patterns of the cry1Ab gene were studied in the progenies derived from different Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic japonica rice lines under field conditions. Both Mendelian and distorted segregation ratios were observed in some selfed and crossed F₂ populations. Crosses between japonica intra-subspecies had no significant effect on the segregation ratios of the cry1Ab gene, but crossing between japonica and indica inter-subspecies led to distorted segregation of the cry1Ab gene in the F₂ population. Field-release experiments indicated that the cry1Ab gene was stably transmitted in an intact manner via successive sexual generations, and the concentration of the Cry1Ab protein was kept quantitatively stable up to the R₆ generation. The cry1Ab gene, driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter, displayed certain kinds of spatial and temporal expression patterns under field conditions. The content of the Cry1Ab protein varied in different tissues of the main stems, the primary tillers and the secondary tillers. Higher levels of the Cry1Ab protein were found in the stems, leaves and leaf sheaths than in the roots, while the lowest level was detected in grains at the maturation stage. The content of the Cry1Ab protein in the leaves peaked at the booting stage and was lowest at the heading stage. Furthermore, the Cry1Ab content of cry1Ab expression in different tissues of transgenic rice varied individually with temperature. Received: 17 April 2001 / Accepted: 7 May 2001     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜生命表参数及种群动态的影响

为研究新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉对棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover生命表参数及种群动态的影响。2010—2011年以常规棉中棉所49为对照,对新型转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉在室内进行了生物测定和田间进行了系统的调查。结果表明,和常规棉相比,转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花上棉蚜的净增值率降低81.69%,差异达显著水平;内禀增长率和周限增长率分别降低65.00%和13.01%,但差异不显著;平均世代周期和种群加倍时间分别增加5.54%和154.19%,后者差异达显著水平。和常规棉相比,2010年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜、伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低10.79%、37.18%和17.49%,差异均未达显著水平;2011年转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉花百株苗蚜的数量增加2.03%,伏蚜和秋蚜的数量分别降低37.41%和64.03%,差异均未达显著水平。     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻对稻田节肢动物群落影响

将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系划分为5个功能团,即植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其它类,从功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数及群落相异性等方面,经两年四点的调查就2个转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻（Bt水稻）品系TT9.3和TT9.4对稻田节肢动物群落的影响作了较系统评价。植食类、寄生类和腐食类功能团内某些优势科的优势度在Bt水稻田与对照（IR72）田之间有时呈显著或极显著差异,如Bt水稻田中茧蜂或姬蜂科的优势度有时明显低于对照。但是,在大多情况下Bt水稻田与对照田之间功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数（物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数）及其时间动态基本无明显差异;Bt水稻田与对照田间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落和整个节肢动物群落的相异性大多较低。可见,Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落基本无明显的负面影响。