黑脉蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

通过野外观察、室内饲养、野外调查等方法研究黑脉蛱蝶Hestina assimilis(L.)的生物学特性以及生境状况。该蝶幼虫以榆科朴属(Celtis spp.)植物为食,在南京地区1年发生3代,10月下旬以4龄或5龄幼虫在寄主植物的落叶中越冬,翌年4月初越冬幼虫眠起活动。越冬代成虫5月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第1代7月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第2代9月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期。幼虫共5龄,在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为4～5d,幼虫期为28～42d,蛹期为7～8d。     

柠条重要害虫白斑新灰蝶的生物学特性

【目的】明确白斑新灰蝶Neolycaena tengstroemi(Erschoff,1874)的生物学特性。【方法】结合野外调查和室内饲养的方法,观察记录白斑新灰蝶的生长发育过程及行为特性。【结果】在宁夏地区,该蝶1年1代,以卵越冬,3月下旬至5月中旬都可见到幼虫;老熟幼虫在柠条根基周围的枯枝落叶层下化蛹,蛹期平均为15 d;5月下旬始见成虫,6月上旬到7月初仍可见到成虫活动;6月上旬开始产卵,卵期为295 d。【结论】白斑新灰蝶幼虫取食寄主叶芽和花器,是危害柠条锦鸡儿的重要害虫。     

中华麝凤蝶生物学特性研究

以野外观察、实验地饲养等方法, 详细记述了中华麝凤蝶 Byasa confusa (Rothschild)各虫态的形态特征、生活史和习性等生物学特性。在南京地区该蝶1 年发生2 代, 幼虫5 龄, 以绵毛马兜铃Aristolochia mollissima 为食, 卵期8-10 d, 幼虫期23-29 d。老熟幼虫在枝条上化蛹。该蝶以蛹滞育越冬。第一代成虫发生高峰期为4 月中旬至5月中旬; 第二代成虫发生高峰期在7 月下旬到9 月上旬, 存在世代重叠现象。     

陕西秦岭蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004～2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensis Chou et Ran的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末～6月上句为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬～8月中句为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35～60d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4～8d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35～180粒,卵期5～9d;幼虫蝴型,共4龄。历期38～50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8—18d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

灰钝额斑螟的生物学特性

灰钝额斑螟Bazaria turensis Ragonot是柴达木盆地白刺(Nitraria sp.)灌丛的主要害虫,为了有效控制该害虫对白刺的危害,采用室内饲养和田间定点观察,对灰钝额斑螟进行了生物学特性观察。结果表明灰钝额斑螟在柴达木盆地1年发生1代,有卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4种虫态,通过头壳宽确定了幼虫为5个虫龄,以滞育蛹越冬。翌年5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬为羽化高峰期,6月中旬孵化,6月下旬为孵化盛期,8月上旬开始结茧化蛹,8月中旬结茧化蛹高峰期,随后蛹进入滞育越冬。6月下旬初龄幼虫发生盛期是该害虫防治的最佳时期。     

千屈菜一种新害虫——肾毒蛾

肾毒蛾Cifuna locuples Walker是2007年在武汉发现危害千屈菜(Lythrumsalicaria L.)的一种新害虫,幼虫能取食千屈菜叶片和花朵。室外观察和室内饲养结果表明,肾毒蛾在武汉市1年发生3代,以低龄幼虫越冬,次年3～4月开始为害。5月初越冬代成虫出现,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化,8月中旬第2代成虫羽化。成虫羽化1d后即可分多次产卵于叶背,卵粒数十几到两百多粒。幼虫有5龄,初孵幼虫群集为害,2龄以后分散取食,4～5龄取食量大。幼虫在叶背吐丝结稀疏的薄茧化蛹。     

新入侵害虫葡萄花翅小卷蛾的生物学特性

【目的】掌握新入侵我国的进境植物检疫性害虫葡萄花翅小卷蛾在吐鲁番市的生物学特性及种群周年发生规律,为其综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】在田间以性引诱剂定点监测、野外网室笼罩饲养以及室内人工饲养相结合的方法,观察葡萄花翅小卷蛾生活习性及其种群发生规律。【结果】该虫在我国新疆吐鲁番市1 a发生5代,以蛹在葡萄藤皮下越冬。越冬蛹翌年3月底—4月初（葡萄开墩）开始羽化,4月上旬为羽化高峰期（清明节前后）,中旬为羽化末期。越冬代成虫将卵产于花芽上,4月中旬第1代幼虫开始孵化;第1代成虫于5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬羽化结束;第2代成虫于6月下旬开始出现,7月上旬为羽化高峰期;第3代成虫于7月底开始羽化,8月上旬为羽化高峰期;第4代成虫于8月底开始羽化,9月上旬为羽化高峰期;越冬代幼虫10月上旬开始化蛹越冬,大部分幼虫更趋向于在老树的藤皮下化蛹。成虫的飞行、取食、交配、产卵等行为多发生在黄昏。越冬代成虫将卵产于葡萄花序萼片以及花蕾上;第1~3代成虫将卵产于葡萄果实表面,第4代成虫将卵产于葡萄二次开的花絮上,卵单产,单雌产卵量为20~40粒左右。第1代幼虫取食葡萄花絮,第2~4代幼虫危害葡萄果实,并有自相残杀的习性,糖醋液（红糖：醋：酒：水=6：3：1：10）对成虫有一定的诱杀效果。【结论】该虫在吐鲁番1 a发生5代,各世代划分明显,越冬代发生数量最大,无世代重叠现象,随温度升高各世代和虫态的发育历期缩短,幼虫在葡萄整个生长季节均造成危害,第3、4代幼虫危害成熟果实,引起果实大量腐烂并造成严重经济损失。     

猫蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

记述猫蛱蝶Timelaea maculate(Bremer et Gray)各虫态的形态特征、生活史、生活习性以及生境状况。在南京地区该蝶1年发生3代,第1代成虫出现在7月到8月中旬,第2代成虫于9月下旬到10月上旬出现,以3龄幼虫越冬,越冬代翌年5月下旬羽化。在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为5~6d,幼虫共5龄,幼虫期为17~29d,蛹期约为5~6d。寄主植物包括朴树(Celtis sinensis)等榆科朴属植物。成虫主要的访花蜜源植物有:野蔷薇(Rosamultiflora varpraegeri),茅莓(Rubus parvifolius),山莓(Rubus corchorifolius)等。在进行生境调查的基础上,提出相关建议以确保南京地区猫蛱蝶的长期生存。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

Observations on the biology and experiments on control of the mangold fly (Pegomyta betae Curtis) on sugar beet

The fly ( Pegomyia betae Curtis) was studied in its ecological and phenological aspects in central Nottinghamshire, and experiments on the lines of Continental workers, using sodium fluoride and molasses spray, were carried out.
It is shown that some pupae from the second generation- fail to emerge in the late summer but emerge in the spring of the following year, rather earlier than the pupae resulting from the third generation. The flies resulting from this early emergence are less fertile than those appearing later.
Methods of control discussed include cultural, biological and chemical means. Delayed drilling (not before mid-May) helps to avoid the attack of the first generation. A rapid increase in number of parasites was observed and resulted in the annihilation of a large population of the fly. Treatment with molasses/sodium fluoride bait spray gave promise of control.     

Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive cycle in the scincid lizard Trachylepis vittata (Olivier, 1804) in Lebanon (Reptilia: Scincidae)

Sexual dimorphism and the female reproductive cycle were studied in a population of the viviparous lizard Trachylepis vittata at 2000 m a.s.l. on Mount Sannine, Lebanon. Females have larger body sizes than males and males have relatively larger heads than females. Females reach maturity at 56 mm snout-vent length. They spend at least six months in hibernation, from October to March. Adult females emerge from hibernation in April. Fertilization occurs mid-May and gestation lasts for 8-10 weeks. All females collected on the same date had embryos at the same embryonic developmental stage. Females produced 1-4 embryos. There is a significant positive relationship between female body size and number of embryos. Parturition lasts for two weeks and new-borns achieve adult size within about ten months.     

Structure and development of sieve cells in the secondary phloem of Larix decidua Mill. as related to function

Summary Only one or two layers of sieve cells of the previous year's phloem in lateral branches of Larix decidua persist as fully mature cells. Immature sieve cells or cambial derivatives that have not completed differentiation may also over-winter. Periclinal cell divisions of the vascular cambium were first observed by mid-April. During the short period of greatest cambium activity (mid-April to mid-May), the early phloem is laid down. Late phloem is formed over a much longer period, from mid-May to late September. Microautoradiography revealed that only mature sieve cells of the early phloem are involved in translocation of ¹⁴C assimilates in June. The fine structure of actively translocating sieve cells is described. The impact of structure on long-distance transport of assimilates is discussed.     

中国石龙子繁殖季节血浆性类固醇激素水平的变化

本文研究了中国石龙子繁殖季节中性腺变化与血浆性类固醇激素水平波动间的相互关系。结果表明：雌性中国石龙子卵黄生成需要雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)的刺激。体现在卵巢重量于4月底至5月中旬间达峰值,血浆E2水平于3月底至最高值,此后显著回落,并于排卵前再次回升;血浆孕酮(progesterone,P)的生理功能在于输卵管卵的维持、促进胚胎发育和卵壳的形成。从3月中旬至4月底间,血浆P水平在基础值附近波动。5月中旬,随动物的排卵,血浆P水平迅速上升,至该月底达最高值,于产卵后迅速下降;E2随P的上升而下降,两者呈反向变动。雄性血浆睾酮(testosterone,T)水平与生精作用、维持攻击、求偶及交配行为密切相关。血浆T水平于动物出眠后呈现显著的上升趋势,并于4月中旬达峰值。5月中旬后,随睾丸的萎缩,血浆T水平也缓慢下降,至6月底达最低值。     

The biology, ecology, and harmfulness of the flea-beetle Chaetocnema aridula Gill (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in the forest-steppe of the middle Volga Area

In the forest-steppe of Samara Province, Chaetocnema aridula Gill. dominates among all the species of Chaetocnema Steph. found in cereal crops. The species develops mainly on winter wheat, and, to a lesser extent, on spring wheat and barley. In autumn, adult beetles aggregate on millet for pre-hibernation feeding. The highest population density of Ch. aridula was observed in the humid and warm 1997 and the lowest one, in the extremely dry 1998. In late April-the first third of May, adults begin oviposition after wintering. Larvae appear in winter and spring wheat in mid-May and in late May-early June, respectively. Larvae pupate in winter wheat, beginning from mid-June; in spring crops, pupation begins in mid-June. Adults of a new generation emerge between the middle of June and the middle of July. In spring crops, development of Ch. aridula finishes 2–3 weeks later than in winter crops. Larvae penetrate shoots in the upper soil level in the tillering zone. 50–80% of wheat and barley plants are damaged by larvae. In damaged plants, the number of shoots increases by 1.2–5.8 times, and the number of productive shoots decreases to 17–68%. In plants damaged by flea-beetles, harvest losses constitute 62–90% and 5–20% in winter and spring wheat crops, respectively, and the total harvest loss constitutes 0.3–3.9 and 1–15%, respectively.     

Active feeding of downstream migrating juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) revealed in a large Barents Sea river using diet and stable isotope analysis

The recent, rapid spreading of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in the North Atlantic area has raised concerns about their possible negative impacts on native salmonid species. Potential interactions include competition for food resources during the short freshwater phase of juvenile O. gorbuscha, but little is known about their feeding behavior in the newly occupied North Atlantic rivers. Using stable isotope and stomach content analyses, patterns of freshwater feeding of non-native O. gorbuscha fry were studied in a large Fennoscandian river, the Teno, that discharges to the Barents Sea. Changes in stable isotope values (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ³⁴S) and stomach contents from the period of emergence (April to mid-May) to estuarine entry (late May/June) were examined and provided both temporally integrated and short-term indicators of freshwater feeding dependency. In addition, the occurrence of juvenile O. gorbuscha and changes in their length and weight during their emergence/migration period were investigated. Juvenile O. gorbuscha were at the spawning grounds from April through to mid-May with abundance peaking in mid-May. Fish moved to the estuary by late May and their abundance decreased toward June, and their body size increased concurrently. Stomach analyses indicated no feeding activity in April–early May in the spawning areas, but the stomach fullness indices increased markedly in fish sampled in the estuary in May and June. The most important prey items in stomachs were Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera larvae. Significant changes in all analysed stable isotopes were detected among sample periods, with a peak in mid-May and June showing significantly lower values than other sample periods. A change from the higher values reflective of parental marine feeding to the lower values reflective of freshwater feeding indicated active in-river feeding by juveniles during the study period. The documented active freshwater feeding of non-native juvenile O. gorbuscha suggests potential resource competition with native fluvial fishes, particularly salmonids.     

Increasing the Effectiveness of Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Control in Wet Meadow Restorations

Restoration practices are often based on trial and error or anecdotal information because data from controlled experiments are not available. In wet meadow restorations of the upper Midwest United States, Reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) is controlled with spring burning and spring glyphosate herbicide applications, but the relative effectiveness of either treatment with respect to P. arundinacea growth and life history has not been assessed. We designed a multiyear field experiment to evaluate effects of burning and herbicide application timings on P. arundinacea populations. Burning did not reduce P. arundinacea biomass but reduced the P. arundinacea seed bank, potentially limiting recolonization of P. arundinacea . Glyphosate applications in late August and late September were more effective than in mid-May (due to enhanced glyphosate translocation to rhizomes), such that two mid-May applications reduced P. arundinacea biomass to a level equivalent to that achieved by one late-season application. Phalaris. arundinacea recolonized rapidly from the seed bank and, in plots that received suboptimally timed (mid-May) herbicide, from rhizomes. Establishment of native species was very low, likely due to competition with recolonizing P. arundinacea . Unplanted species (from the seed bank and refugial populations) accounted for the majority of non- P. arundinacea biomass. Recolonization of other species was strongly limited by a threshold level of P. arundinacea biomass. Adequate site preparation (over multiple growing seasons) and aftercare (selective removal of P. arundinacea ) will be the key to facilitating subsequent wet meadow vegetation establishment. This research provides an example of the importance of experimental evidence as the basis to improve the efficiency of restoration practices.     

大关杨树皮的形成与季节变化的关系

大关杨的输导韧皮部限于当年新生的次生韧皮部。４月中旬至５月中旬大量出现,７月底停止发育。其成熟筛分子中具一细胞核,以后才消失。前一个生长季产生的筛管变形,故二个生长季的韧皮部蛤限明显。韧皮纤维出现迟,呈切向束状分布。含晶细胞分布于纤维束两侧。木栓形成层５月中旬开始活动,７月进入发育高峰。     

Reproductive cycle of the steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni)

In laboratory conditions, in a natural photoperiod, testicular redevelopment began in late December. Maximal testis size was attained by the end of February. Testicular regression began in mid-May and was complete by the end of August. Oestrus was first observed in late March and continued throughout April. Females mated for the first time between 30 March and 8 April. Mating generally coincided with peak concentrations of urinary oestrone conjugates and when vaginal lavages contained greater than 90% cornified epithelial cells. Blastocyst implantation occurred by Day 13 and the post-implantation period was 29 days. Gestation ranged from 39 to 43 days and first parturition occurred in mid-May. Concentrations of urinary oestrone conjugates and free progesterone were elevated during the first half of pregnancy, reaching maximum values at mid-pregnancy, and then gradually declined as parturition neared. Litter size of primiparous females averaged 6.8 young/female. Females that were pseudopregnant or lost their litters shortly after birth, and several with weaned kits, exhibited a second oestrus.