江西上犹2009、2010年南方水稻黑条矮缩病的毒源地分析

通过灯下诱虫情况调查、毒源地分析、轨迹模拟、ArcGIS技术以及天气学背景分析,阐释了2009、2010年江西省上犹县发现的南方水稻黑条矮缩病(SRBSDV)的供毒源地情况,以及白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)携毒的传递路径。结果显示:(1)通过对白背飞虱迁入上犹的虫源地与经鉴定的南方水稻黑条矮缩病发病区域的叠加分析,明确了传入上犹的毒源地分布于广东、广西、海南3省区境内。(2)西南低空急流及偏南气流是白背飞虱将我国南方的病毒远距离传送到上犹县境内的动力源。(3)白背飞虱随下沉气流和降雨在上犹境内的集中降落是SRBSDV在当地暴发的触发条件。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒介体昆虫白背飞虱的传毒特性

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)为传播南方水稻黑条矮缩病病毒(SRBSDV)的媒介昆虫,阐明其传毒特性将有助于了解南方水稻黑条矮缩病的发生流行规律和建立相应的防治方法。本研究通过RT-PCR技术测定了白背飞虱的传毒参数。结果表明,白背飞虱初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫的最短获毒时间分别是11、6、3、2和2min,最长获毒时间分别是19、12、9、8和8min。在26℃时,SRBSDV在不同虫态(初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫)的白背飞虱体内的循回期分别是7～11、5～8、3～7、4～8和3～6d。5龄若虫、长翅型和短翅型成虫在三叶一心稻苗的最短接毒时间为4、5和6min,最长接毒时间为8、10和11min;它们在分蘖初期稻苗上的最短接毒时间分别是5、7和7min,最长接毒时间分别是10、12和12min。白背飞虱获毒后可终身传毒,但不能经白背飞虱卵传毒,单虫最多传毒株数为87株,平均传毒48.3±0.8株。可见,该虫具有较强的获毒能力和传毒能力,秧苗易感染SRBSDV。因此,在防治上应尽量清除田间SRBSDV毒源植物,减少白背飞虱获毒的机会,在秧田期和移栽初期应重点防治飞虱。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒快速检测

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)引起的新水稻矮缩病近年在越南北部和我国南方各省爆发,准确快速地检测病毒是病害预测的关键。本文针对该病毒的S10序列设计了一对新的引物S10F/S10R,利用一步法RT-PCR,对2010年5~8月间湖南省下属各县送来的疑似感染该病毒引起的水稻矮缩病样本进行了检测,结果显示,新引物能有效地区分阳性样品和非阳性样品。同时对PCR产物进行了序列测定,结果表明序列均与已发表的南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒序列(登录号:EU523360和EU784840)达约99%的同源性。还在此基础上构建了系统发育树,发现SRBSDV湖南、广东和海南分离物病毒位于一个相对独立的分支。研究发现相对以往的巢式RT-PCR,本文采用的新引物及一步法RT-PCR能快速检测南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒,简化了操作步骤,缩短了检测时间,适合在SRBSDV检测和病害预测中应用。     

稻飞虱暴发与南方水稻黑条矮缩病流行的宏观规律和微观机制

2009年以来,稻飞虱(白背飞虱和灰飞虱)的区域性暴发和它们传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病(SRBSDV)的大面积流行给我国水稻生产造成极大的威胁,而对这种新的毁灭性病毒病却知之甚少。为此,亟需解决稻飞虱区域性迁飞规律、虫毒互作、毒源寻踪等科学问题,通过多学科交叉和宏微观结合及多尺度多途径的综合研究,探索稻飞虱发生与SRBSDV流行的互作机制(虫病地方性消长关系、两者在微观水平上的互作等),明确稻飞虱远距离传毒的行为与生理生化及分子机制(迁飞与病原摄带及传毒的关系),阐释各稻区飞虱与病毒的源库关联机制,揭示稻飞虱与SRBSDV区域性灾变的触发因子与调控机制,为保障国家粮食安全提供科学依据。     

浙江和河北发生的一种水稻、小麦、玉米矮缩病是水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的

以浙江省的水稻黑条矮缩病和河北省的玉米粗缩病的病毒分离物为材料,对我国南北方两种病毒分离物进行了比较研究。两种病毒分离物的粒子大小形态相似,且在血清学上密切相关;二者的介体、寄主相同,并引起相同的症状,提纯两种病毒分离物的基因组片段凝胶电泳显示它们相应的基因组片段之间大小极相似。根据水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black strecaked dwarf virus),RBSDV的S7和S8设计引物,利用PR－PCR技术,在两种病毒分离物中均可特异扩增到预期大小的片段,序列测定比较分析表明：它们的同源性达97．0％－98．9％,与日本RBSDV的同源性（92．2％－95．5％）高于与意大利MRDV的同源性（76．6％－88．4％）。从而认为我国南方的水稻黑条矮缩病和北方和玉米粗缩病都是同一种病毒－RBSDV引起的,也就是说我国北方的玉米粗缩病病原实际上是水稻黑条矮缩病毒,而不玉米粗缩病毒。     

水稻黑条矮缩病抗性遗传研究进展

水稻黑条矮缩病(RBSDVD,rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease)是以灰飞虱为主要传毒介体,由水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV,rice black-streaked dwarf virus)引起的一种水稻病毒性病害.介体灰飞虱一经染毒,终身带毒,但不能通过虫卵传毒.近十几年水稻...     

浙江和河北发生的一种水稻、小麦、玉米矮缩病是水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的

以浙江省的水稻黑条矮缩病和河北省的玉米粗缩病的病毒分离物为材料,对我国南北方两种病毒分离物进行了比较研究.两种病毒分离物的粒子大小形态相似,且在血清学上密切相关;二者的介体、寄主相同,并引起相同的症状.提纯两种病毒分离物的基因组片段凝胶电泳显示它们相应的基因组片段之间大小极其相似.根据水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black streaked dwarf     

水稻南方黑条矮缩病毒湖南鼎城株系S10片段的基因组序列分析

运用RT-PCR技术克隆了水稻南方黑条矮缩病毒(southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)湖南鼎城株系的基因组S10片段(SRBSDV-HuNDCS10),并对其全序列进行了测定和生物信息学分析。结果显示,SRBSDV-HuNDC S10片段全长为1797bp(登录号:JQ337964),含有1个ORF,编码557个氨基酸残基的衣壳蛋白,推测分子量约62.6kD,推测等电点为7.62,与已报道的广东、海南和云南分离物病毒的S10作比较,它们的核苷酸相似性分别为99.7%、99.0%和98.4%,氨基酸相似性分别为100.0%、99.5%和99.3%。对SRBSDV-HuNDCS10及部分Fijiviruses病毒对应片段在5’URT与3’URT存在的保守序列和互补序列进行了归纳,对其ORF编码的氨基酸序列进行了motif查找,得到该属(Fijiviruses)氨基酸序列的10个保守区段。此外,进行了糖基化位点、磷酸化位点及B细胞抗原表位预测,发现了3个可能的N端豆蔻酰基化位点,可能与病毒的侵染机制有关。     

水稻黑条矮缩病传毒昆虫的防治实践与研究

水稻黑条矮缩病 (RBSDV)是由传毒媒介灰飞虱Laodelphaxstriatellus (Fall n)传播所致 ,治虫防病是目前防治水稻黑条矮缩病的重要手段。生产实践证明 ,防治该病应以控制灰飞虱种群数量增长为首选目标 ,把带毒灰飞虱尽可能地扑灭在迁移到水稻秧苗进行传毒侵染之前。因此掌握防治适期 ,选用高效低毒农药 ,切断初次侵染来源 ,才能达到控制该病发生的目的。     

抗南方水稻黑条矮缩病水稻光温敏核不育系的筛选和鉴定

对东乡野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)3个生态群落株系及协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻的BC1F6株系进行了南方水稻黑条矮缩病抗性鉴定,筛选出抗性较好的种质资源。利用筛选到的协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻抗性株系,与光温敏核不育系C47S杂交转育,鉴定筛选到6份抗性较好的光温敏核不育系,为选育抗南方水稻黑条矮缩病的两系杂交稻组合奠定了材料基础;同时研究发现,来源于东乡野生稻的对南方水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性可能由数量性状基因控制。     

福建省白背飞虱前期迁入虫源分析

近年来, 福建省白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)危害严重, 尤其2007年, 全省早稻白背飞虱特大发生, 迁入峰不但比常年偏早, 且虫量异常偏多。本文利用由美国国家大气与海洋局与澳大利亚国家气象局共同开发研制的大气质点轨迹分析平台模型HYSPLIT, 和气象图形分析显示软件GrADS对2007-2010年4-5月福建省白背飞虱早期主要迁入峰次进行了轨迹模拟, 并对2007年5月份的主要迁入过程进行了天气学背景分析。结果显示： (1) 福建省白背飞虱早期迁入虫源主要来自广东、海南省, 台湾省、 菲律宾仅在个别年份提供少量虫源, 非主要虫源地; (2) 低空急流与持续降水的配合是导致2007年白背飞虱集中降落的直接原因。2007年5月稻飞虱迁入同期, 福建850 hPa上空低空急流频繁, 5月份西太平洋副高比往年偏西、 偏强, 且北跳推迟, 使得华南地面准静止锋形成, 雨季延长; （3）2007年广东、 海南3月底至4月初的1代成虫迁入种群较多造成的田间2代白背飞虱虫源基数的增加是造成2007年福建白背飞虱迁入量增加的最根本原因。福建白背飞虱的主迁入虫量取决于两广早期田间虫源基数的多寡, 在副高偏强、 雨水较多年份, 提前对两广、 海南地区田间稻飞虱发生情况进行了解将有助于福建稻飞虱的预防与治理。     

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus hijacks SNARE complex of its insect vector for its effective transmission to rice

Vesicular trafficking is an important dynamic process that facilitates intracellular transport of biological macromolecules and their release into the extracellular environment. However, little is known about whether or how plant viruses utilize intracellular vesicles to their advantage. Here, we report that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) enters intracellular vesicles in epithelial cells of its insect vector by engaging VAMP7 and Vti1a proteins in the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. The major outer capsid protein P10 of SRBSDV was shown to interact with VAMP7 and Vti1a of the white-backed planthopper and promote the fusion of vesicles into a large vesicle, which finally fused with the plasma membrane to release virions from midgut epithelial cells. Downregulation of the expression of either VAMP7 or Vti1a did not affect viral entry and accumulation in the gut, but significantly reduced viral accumulation in the haemolymph. It also did not affect virus acquisition, but significantly reduced the virus transmission efficiency to rice. Our data reveal a critical mechanism by which a plant reovirus hijacks the vesicle transport system to overcome the midgut escape barrier in vector insects and provide new insights into the role of the SNARE complex in viral transmission and the potential for developing novel strategies of viral disease control.     

Molecular characterization of segments S7 to S10 of a southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolate from maize in northern China

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a novel Fijivirus prevalent in rice in southern and central China, and northern Vietnam. Its genome has 10 segments of double-stranded RNA named S1 to S10 according to their size. An isolate of SRBSDV, JNi4, was obtained from naturally infected maize plants from Ji’ning, Shandong province, in the 2008 maize season. Segments S7 to S10 of JNi4 share nucleotide identities of 72.6%–73.1%, 72.3%–73%, 73.9%–74.5% and 77.3%–79%, respectively, with corresponding segments of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolates, and identities of 99.7%, 99.1%–99.7%, 98.9%–99.5%, and 98.6%–99.2% with those of SRBSDV isolates HN and GD. JNi4 forms a separate branch with GD and HN in the phylogenetic trees constructed with genomic sequences of S7 to S10. These results confirm the proposed taxonomic status of SRBSDV as a distinct species of the genus Fijivirus and indicate that JNi4 is an isolate of SRBSDV. Shandong is so far the northernmost region where SRBSDV is found in China.     

A migration analysis of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) using hourly catches and a three-dimensional simulation model

Abstract

• 1 Migrations of Sogatella furcifera captured in Japan in the 2003 season were analysed using hourly catches and a simulation model.
• 2 The catch data showed several clear migration peaks, with average durations of 4 h. The peaks were separated from each other by approximately 12 h, corresponding to the observed fact that planthoppers take off at dusk or dawn.
• 3 The simulation model comprised two components: a numerical weather forecast submodel, MM5, and a particle dispersion submodel, GEARN. The simulation model used three‐dimensional meteorological data and calculated the relative aerial density of migrating planthoppers to allow analysis of the timing and area of migrations in Japan.
• 4 The simulation model, together with the hourly catches, enabled an estimation of migration source regions.
• 5 Possible migration sources during our hourly observation period were located in the coastal area of Fujian province in China, as well as Taiwan.

     

白背飞虱体内金属元素的含量动态及模拟分析

摘要: 为明确金属元素在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)体内的分布及其含量动态, 将白背飞虱长翅成虫在实验室中用超纯水分别饲养0, 24, 48, 96 h后测量其体重变化; 并用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测各个处理虫体内12种金属元素(Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ca, Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb)的含量。以白背飞虱整个体重(W)、 有机体组织重量(O)、 体内可排泄内容物重量(E)及可排泄内容物排出体外的速率(r)为参数, 构建其体重变化的修正指数模型W_t=O+E(1-r)^t。基于白背飞虱体内金属元素总含量(WC_t)为有机体组织内含量(OC)和可排泄内容物中含量(EC)按两者百分率(OP_t和EP_t)加权之和, 即WC_t=OC·OP_t+EC·EP_t, 分别估计白背飞虱体内组织和可排泄内容物中金属元素含量。模拟分析结果表明： Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn和Ca这5种元素在白背飞虱组织内的含量显著高于其可排泄内容物中的含量(P<0.05), 表明这些金属元素可被昆虫有机体组织吸收、 积累, 并稳定地存在于昆虫的有机体组织之中。Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb这7种元素在白背飞虱有机体组织内的含量与其可排泄内容物中的含量接近, 其在有机体组织中和可排泄内容物中的分布差异不显著(P>0.05), 以相对平衡状态存在于白背飞虱有机体组织和可排泄内容物中。该分析方法可能为其他小型和微型昆虫体内金属元素的分布、 积累、 排泄的研究提供借鉴。     

A new trajectory analysis method for migratory planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), using an advanced weather forecast model

Abstract 1 A new method of backward trajectory analysis for planthopper migration is presented. The method consists of two components: an advanced weather forecast model, MM5, for weather simulation, and a migration model for trajectory calculation. The weather forecast model simulates wind fields in which trajectories are calculated by the migration model. 2 It is assumed that planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens, are transported at wind speeds and in wind directions. The method is evaluated using a migration event observed at Chikugo in Japan on 25 June 1969, which was recorded in hourly catch data. 3 The results indicate that the takeoff responsible for the migration occurred at 21 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 23 June along the coastal region of Fujian province in China. This is the first time that the source region of this event has been accurately identified. Determinations of the migrating duration and height are also consistent with observations. 4 Although the landing process is not considered in the model, it is shown that the method is able to simulate the migration and accurately estimate various parameters. This study also shows the importance of high‐quality weather simulation.     

Studies on the probing stimulants for the white-backed planthopper,Sogatella furcifera (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in rice plant (Oryza sativa L.)

To elucidate the probing stimulants in rice plants for the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, bioassay-guided separations were conducted, which led to the isolation of four active compounds. Using NMR and LC-MS spectra, their structures were determined as isoorientin 2″-O-(6?-(E)-feruloyl)glucoside, isoorientin 2″-O-(6?-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucoside, tricin 5-O-glucoside, and isoscoparin 2″-O-(6?-(E)-feruloyl)glucoside.     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对非靶标昆虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响

通过室内饲养实验及水稻氨基酸和碳、氮含量测定,比较研究了转cry1Ab水稻克螟稻 (KMD1和KMD2)与其亲本秀水11对非靶标害虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响。 结果表明,以克螟稻为食可对白背飞虱的产卵期和每雌产卵量产生一定影响。 以KMD2为食的白背飞虱的产卵期为7.6天,每雌产卵量为95.0粒,均显著低于以母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱的12.7天和167.5粒。但是,以KMD1为食的白背飞虱仅产卵期（8.6天）显著变短, 其每雌产卵量与以其母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱无显著差异。稻苗氨基酸含量分析结果表明KMD2引起白背飞虱种群生殖力显著下降可能与其游离氨基酸的总量和丙氨酸含量的显著下降以及谷氨酸含量的显著上升有关。因此,转cry1Ab水稻可对白背飞虱种群增长产生影响,但其影响因转cry1Ab水稻品种而异。