基于吸虫塔（Suction Trap）的蚜虫测报预警网络的构建

吸虫塔（suction trap）是用来监测麦类蚜虫和大豆蚜Aphis glycines迁飞种群动态的大型植保测报设备,在欧洲和北美洲已经呈网络安装分布,为蚜虫的预警和防控提供重要依据。作者借鉴欧美吸虫塔的工作原理和设计,设计并生产了符合我国地域特征的吸虫塔设备,在东北、华北、华中、华东、西北等地布点安装了21台,用于监控我国麦类蚜虫和大豆蚜的迁飞动态,初步形成覆盖我国小麦主产区和大豆主产区的吸虫塔网络系统。此吸虫塔总高8.8m,由底部轴流风机运转产生的负压在塔顶部形成吸力,将迁飞经附近的小型昆虫吸入塔管,最后落入下部的样品收集瓶中,以此获得其迁飞的动态数据。吸虫塔网络的构建和完善,不仅为麦类蚜虫和大豆蚜的监控提供支撑,同时也为其它小型迁飞性昆虫监测、种群动态、生物多样性、生物信息学等研究提供数据。     

小麦与蔬菜蚜虫新型防控技术研究进展

近几年通过国内外科研协作,小麦及蔬菜蚜虫基础及防控技术研究有了长足进展:在害虫行为调控技术方面,通过蚜虫报警激素反-β-法尼烯[(E)-β-Farnesene,EBF]等挥发物缓释对蚜虫及其天敌种群调查,明确了田间应用剂量及持效期、释放点间距、释放器放置高度,以及EBF与化学农药协调应用对蚜虫控制及对天敌的引诱效果及其作用机理,发展了防控小麦、蔬菜蚜虫的"推-拉"技术;在利用作物多样性布局对害虫生态调控技术方面,研究明确小麦与多种作物间、套及混种对蚜虫具有良好控制作用及其最佳作物布局模式,并揭示其降低蚜虫密度、保护天敌及提高土地利用当量等增产效果;筛选了植物源杀虫活性成分,发现博落回提取物中血根碱及植物凝集素对麦蚜具有强杀虫活性,开发获得了一种博落回提取物(Macleaya cordata extract,简称MCE)与烟碱复配配方,杀蚜虫效果达98.9%;通过技术集成研究与示范,在河南、河北与山东推广应用;并采用可量化评价体系,获得当地农民及农技推广部门的反馈意见,对区域集成技术进行调整。研究结果对改变目前过度依赖化学农药防治小麦、蔬菜病虫害的现状,减少农药使用和残留、促进农民增收等小麦、蔬菜病虫害绿色防控技术的开发推广及食品安全具有重要意义。     

贵州玉米田害虫绿色灯光防控技术研究

为探明贵州玉米田昆虫群落结构和杀虫灯对害虫的防治效果,选取贵州玉米田3个具有代表性的点分别安装诱虫灯,进行诱集调查,并对近灯区（距离灯20 m以内）、远灯区（距离灯20~150 m）和对照区的昆虫种群消长情况进行田间调查。结果表明,贵州玉米田昆虫共有11目66科132种,主要为同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、双翅目和半翅目类昆虫;灯诱共获得89个种类,其中害虫占64.77%,益虫占15.91%,中性昆虫占19.32%。田间调查结果显示,近灯区物种丰富度最高,对照区次之,远灯区最低;近灯区玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、黏虫Mythimna seperata (Walker)、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus和条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium (Kirkaldy)等趋光性昆虫的种群数量长期高于其他区域。综上所述,风吸式诱虫灯对玉米田害虫有较好的防治效果,为玉米田害虫的绿色防控提供了参考。     

水稻害虫绿色防控技术应用研究现状及展望

发展绿色防控技术是当前现代农业发展的必然要求,对保障我国粮食安全、生态安全等方面起着十分重要的作用.本文从农业和生态调控、理化诱控、生物防治、精准施药等4个方面回顾和梳理了我国水稻害虫绿色防控技术应用研究的发展和现状,并对未来的发展提出了建议和展望.本综述可为水稻害虫绿色防控技术的研究和应用提供参考.     

基于根际生物屏障构建的烟草青枯病绿色防控技术的应用研究

青枯病防控一直是烟草农业发展中亟需破解的难题,探究并构建绿色、持续、高效的烟草青枯病防治技术体系具有重要的生产实践价值.本研究选择四川省宜宾市筠连县蒿坝镇烟草青枯病连年重发区,集成以基于根际生物屏障构建的烟草青枯病绿色防控技术体系,采用土壤保育、拮抗菌剂基质拌菌、有机肥拌菌、营养抗性诱导技术,系统评价技术体系应用后对烟草生长发育、土壤元素、微生物菌群变化以及经济效益的影响.结果表明,技术体系应用后显著促进了烤烟生长发育,与对照区相比,打顶后处理区烟株株高、叶片数、茎围、最大叶长、最大叶宽提升了9.8%, 19.53%, 16.56%, 14.86%和29.65%;显著提高了烤烟对土壤元素的利用,处理区碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾相比对照区减少了76.58 mg/kg, 80.89 mg/kg, 506.25 mg/kg,交换性钙、镁、 pH值分别增加了1 600 mg/kg, 176.50mg/kg与0.4个单位;优化了土壤微生物菌群,与对照区相比,示范区内烟草根际细菌中有益菌属Bacillus,Sphingomonas,Bryobacter,Bradyrhizobium,Flavobact...     

甘蔗螟虫绿色防控技术集成与应用

根据甘蔗螟虫发生与危害特点,协调应用各单项绿色防控技术。在甘蔗生长前期施用高效低毒杀虫剂,中期及中后期实施以性诱剂和赤眼蜂协调应用为主的防治螟虫关键技术,并加强田间管理。在广东遂溪县、翁源县和广西扶绥县两省区三地技术集成应用示范,结果表明:螟害防控效果明显,并取得了良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

检验危急值预警防控系统的设立与运行

阐述医院检验危急值预警防控系统的设立及运行模式,通过科学遴选预警项目、构建信息化平台、建立临床反馈机制等措施,优化系统流程设计。分析评价预警防控系统的运行效果,指出系统紧贴临床实际,缩短检验结果的周转时间,有效降低医疗风险,对提高医疗质量和管理水平起到重要的促进作用。     

益阳市油茶林主要病虫害及其综合防控技术

油茶是湖南重点发展的助推脱贫攻坚和实施乡村振兴的支柱产业之一.但是,油茶林病虫害发生严重,制约着益阳市赫山区油茶产业的发展.本研究通过实地调查,详细介绍了赫山区油茶林的主要病虫害,提出了油茶的病虫害防治应通过坚持以营林技术控制为基础,大力提倡生物防治,协调配合物理防治,再辅以化学防治的一系列综合绿色防控措施.研究结果旨在为确保油茶高产优质提供理论参考.     

中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控研究进展

中国—东盟自贸区的建设和运行,促进了东盟农产品特别是热带水果向中国的输入,随之极大地提高了东盟农业有害生物入侵中国的风险。如何保障东盟农产品输入中国同时又能有效阻断农业有害生物的入侵是亟需解决的重大难题。为此,2011年中华人民共和国科学技术部批准设立了国家国际科技合作重大专项"中国—东盟重大农业外来有害生物预警与防控平台",华南、云南地区及越南、泰国、菲律宾、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨东盟6个国家的专家学者组建了联合攻关团队,建立了中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控技术支撑平台,对东盟农业有害生物的基础数据库、风险评估、快速鉴定、口岸监测、检疫处理和应急防控等关键技术开展系统研究,创建了以"境外监测与指导防控、口岸检验与检疫处理和境内应急防控"为核心的防控东盟农业有害生物入侵的技术体系,并在中国—东盟自贸区内示范应用。     

灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖绿色防控技术研究进展

灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖作为鳞翅目两个近缘种,是茶园最重要的两种害虫。目前化学农药仍是茶园防治尺蠖的重要手段,容易导致“3R”问题,不利于茶园的可持续发展。本文从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学生态防治和化学防治五个方面就灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖的绿色防控进行了综述。强调加强茶园田间管理和尺蠖监测预警,合理布局茶树品种,强化保护利用茶园本土天敌,科学高效地协调使用核型多角体病毒、性诱、灯诱等技术,从而实现对灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖的绿色防控技术集成应用,减少其对茶树的危害,为茶园优质安全生产提供强有力的保障。     

Effects of temperature on aphid phenology

Daily samples between 1964 and 1991 from suction traps throughout Great Britain were used to study the migration phenologies of five aphid species: Brachycaudus helichrysi, Elatobium abietinum, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae and Sitobion avenae, and their relationship with temperature. Regression relationships have been established between characteristics of aphid phenology and temperature, latitude and longitude for each species. There were differences between species in the period for which temperature was most strongly associated with aphid phenology. The study indicates that temperature, especially winter temperature, is the dominant factor affecting aphid phenology, for all five species. A 1 °C increase in average winter temperature advanced the migration phenology by 4–19 days depending on species. Effects of temperature on the aphid phenology are similar between holocyclic and anholocyclic species, unlike the effects of temperature on date of first flight record which have been previously shown to be important only in anholocyclic species.     

吸虫塔诱捕的昆虫种类及对麦蚜的监测效果研究

在河南省原阳县河南省农科院试验基地安装了吸虫塔(suction trap),2009-2010连续2年在该地区进行了昆虫诱捕及麦蚜监测,并对诱捕到的麦蚜数量动态,以及吸虫塔和黄色粘板监测的比较进行了分析。结果显示:该吸虫塔对多种小型昆虫有很好的诱捕效果,在2009年和2010年分别诱捕到了8目39科58种和8目37科61种的小型昆虫,数量较多的主要集中在双翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等。该吸虫塔对麦蚜起到了很好的监测效果,2009年麦蚜始见期比2010年早,2009年麦蚜的优势种为禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.),2010年是荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi(Takahashi),2009年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的较早,禾谷缢管蚜分别在5月1日,5月13日,5月19日到达高峰,5月19日以后数量急剧减少;2010年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的相对较晚,荻草谷网蚜在5月3日、5月7日、5月19日和5月31日出现4个高峰,5月31日以后蚜量才骤减。对白天不同时段诱捕的蚜量分析可知,麦蚜在早晨和傍晚飞翔活动相对较强。吸虫塔与黄色粘板监测的相关性分析表明,吸虫塔诱集麦蚜的数量动态与黄板诱集的数量动态趋势基本一致,吸虫塔诱蚜量与黄板蚜量具有较好的相关性,但吸虫塔诱集麦蚜出现高峰期早于黄色粘板。     

Relative consumption of three aphid species by the lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris, and effects on its development and survival

Relative consumption of three aphid species, Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae), by larvae of the lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), was determined in the laboratory, together with effects on lacewing development and survival. Percentages of survival of C. rufilabris from first instar to adult eclosion were significantly different among lacewing larvae fed different aphid species. When larvae were fed A. gossypii and M. persicae, all larvae developed to adulthood. All larvae died prematurely when they were fed L. erysimi. Developmental duration of C. rufilabris larvae was significantly shorter when larvae were fed A. gossypii (18.0 d) than when larvae were fed M. persicae (19.2 d). The number of fourth instar aphids consumed during development by C. rufilabris larvae differed significantly among individuals fed different aphid species. Chrysoperla rufilabris consumed an average of 168 M. persicae, followed by 141.6 A. gossypii, and only 26.6 L. erysimi. The percentage of these total number of aphids consumed by each larval stadium of C. rufilabris varied significantly among aphid species. The percentage of A. gossypii consumed by each larval stadium was similar to that for M. persicae, 12.1 and 11.4% by the first instar, 15.7 and 13.1% by the second instar, and 72.2 and 75.5% by the third instar, respectively; whereas in the case of L. erysimi, 23.3% of the total number of aphids were consumed by the first instar, 30.1% by the second instar, and 46.6% by the third instar.     

基于MSPA分析方法的市域尺度绿色网络体系构建路径优化研究——以招远市为例

市域绿色空间是市域尺度内连接城市生态系统与自然生态系统的纽带,是维护市域整体生态系统稳定的基本保障。现阶段以中心城区为核心的城市绿地系统空间规划忽视了城市化过程中自然与城市之间发生的动态变化,忽视了市域绿色空间对城乡人居环境质量的决定作用。构建良好的市域尺度绿色空间体系,能够实现市域层面的生态环境稳定,协调城市化发展与自然资源保护之间的矛盾,对城市可持续发展有着积极意义。以招远市域绿色空间为研究对象,借助形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)方法,利用其研究尺度兼容性强、景观要素生态内涵明确、所得成果便于量化评估等优势特性,首先对招远市域绿色空间中的重要景观要素核心区、桥接区进行识别,并提取具有生态拓补潜力的景观要素孤岛作为未来绿色空间优化潜力节点的空间落点;其次选用可能联通性(PC)、斑块重要度等指数量化景观要素对绿色空间的重要度并进行评价分级;然后将核心区和潜力节点作为生态源,通过不同景观要素对物种流通的阻力构建消费阻力面,以最小路径方法得出场地内的潜力生态廊道;再次,通过通量分析定性不同生态斑块在生态过程中的功能角色,并借助核密度分析对潜力生态网络的发展趋势进行测度;最终以发展趋势较弱区域中对整体生态网络联通具有较高贡献度,并在生态过程中扮演踏脚石的一二级潜力节点斑块作为未来生态发展中的重要关键点进行生态质量提升,得出招远市域绿色空间发展结构,并提出科学的空间优化指引和发展建议。本研究可以为高度破碎化地区的绿色空间构建提供一定的理论依据,对我国城市化发展中其他地区的市域绿色空间构建也具有一定的参考和示范意义。     

Embryogenesis and the production of males by apterous viviparae of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae in relation to photoperiod

Apterous viviparae of a holocyclic strain of Myzus persicae were given various numbers of prenatal and postnatal exposures to male-inducing, long-night scotophases (15 hr darkness per diem). The sex of the embryos in various positions within their ovarioles was determined from chromosome preparations and correlated with the sequence with which female and male larvae were deposited. An abnormal follicle was found frequently between the female and male embryos in the ovarioles of aphids raised under long nights.Apterous viviparae exposed to long nights from birth or earlier usually produced several females and then switched over to exclusive male production. The more prenatal exposures to long nights given to the aphids, the fewer females were deposited by them and the earlier they started to produce males. When apterae were continuously exposed to long nights from 2 days or more before their birth, some, and occasionally all, their ovarioles were solely androparous. In general, male-producing apterae deposited considerably fewer larvae (female as well as male) than apterae that produced females exclusively. The 1–2 day pause in larviposition that typically occurs between the deposition of the female and male larvae was attributed to a slower rate of development of the male embryos. The results are discussed in relation to the hormonal changes that may be induced by the photoperiodic treatments.     

4种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确桃蚜、萝卜蚜、胡萝卜微管蚜、瓜蚜对异色瓢虫种群扩繁的适宜性,在实验室条件下,以4种蚜为食料构建异色瓢虫两性生命表,研究不同蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明: 取食不同蚜虫,异色瓢虫未成熟期由长到短依次为萝卜蚜(18.18 d)、瓜蚜(17.48 d)、胡萝卜微管蚜(16.23 d)、桃蚜(15.77 d);成虫前期存活率由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(88.3%)、桃蚜(86.7%)、萝卜蚜(55.0%)、瓜蚜(55.0%);成虫繁殖力由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(1750.5粒)、桃蚜(1441.5粒)、瓜蚜(1006.3粒)、萝卜蚜(965.2粒);成虫寿命由长到短依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(78.8 d)、桃蚜(63.1 d)、瓜蚜(54.3 d)、萝卜蚜(48.4 d);异色瓢虫种群内禀增长率r_m由高到低依次为桃蚜(0.19)、胡萝卜微管蚜(0.18)、萝卜蚜(0.14)、棉蚜(0.14);净增值率R₀由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(895.83)、桃蚜(600.62)、萝卜蚜(273.47)、棉蚜(268.33)。4种蚜虫中,胡萝卜微管蚜和桃蚜更有利于异色瓢虫种群扩繁。     

A sex pheromone‐baited trapping system for management of sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)

A potent male attractant of sweetpotato weevil helps in monitoring and control of sweetpotato weevil in many production areas around the world. At present, it has not been used in Malaysia. Cost of the components of a trapping system is a major constraint in the adoption of male lure‐baited trapping by growers in Malaysia. Seven field trapping experiments were conducted from February 2013 to November 2015 as part of an effort to develop a simple, easy to construct, cost‐effective and efficient sex pheromone‐baited trap acceptable for use by farmers in Malaysia for monitoring and control of sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fabricius). Overall, sweetpotato weevil trap catch was significantly affected by the number of windows in the trap, the killing agent used in the trap and the position of the trap relative to sweetpotato foliage, while trap size and trap colour did not significantly affect trap catch. Trap catch was best in plastic pole traps made from polyethylene terephthalate, with four window opening to facilitate weevil entry, with detergent solution as a killing agent and with the trap positioned from 0 to 40 cm above the crop canopy level. In a comparison study with commercial trap designs, sex pheromone‐baited plastic pole traps caught 60%–78% more weevils than were caught in sex pheromone‐baited delta traps, wing traps or unitraps. Optimization of trap characteristics is important for improving the performance of pheromone‐baited traps for use in population monitoring or mass‐trapping efforts to minimize crop damage by sweetpotato weevil infestation.     

基于格兰杰因果实证的城市绿地与经济发展互动机制研究

城市绿地与经济发展的互动机制是社会-经济-自然复合生态系统和生态文明理论研究的重要内容。利用面板格兰杰因果关系检验和面板数据回归分析方法,对中国城市绿地与经济发展之间存在的因果互动关系开展实证研究。研究结果表明:(1)全国尺度上,城市建成区绿地率与人均GDP互为格兰杰原因,存在"正向循环反馈"的因果互动关系,即城市绿地水平的提高能够推动城市经济发展,而经济发展能够拉动城市绿地建设。城市绿地率与城市人均GDP的因果关系可以概括为"绿磁效应"(GME)和"需求效应"(GDE)。(2)区域尺度上,东部地区人均GDP与城市建成区绿地率存在单向格兰杰因果关系,人均GDP是城市绿地率增长的格兰杰原因,而城市绿地率不是人均GDP的格兰杰原因;(3)西部地区城市绿地率与人均GDP的交互强度最大,即西部"绿地-经济弹性"和"经济-绿地弹性"高于其他地区。东部地区通过扩大城市绿地率来提升经济发展的空间比较小,应着眼于提高城市绿地质量,中、西部地区城市绿地率较小,应在兼顾城市绿地质量的基础上提升城市建成区绿地率。本研究能够为城市绿地与经济发展的关系研究和城市生态规划与经济发展规划提供参考。     

绿色屋顶径流调控研究进展

绿色屋顶在屋顶径流调控方面发挥着重要作用,能够有效减少径流量、延缓产流时间、降低径流峰值和改善径流水质.本文从绿色屋顶的分类及界定、绿色屋顶对径流的调控机制、绿色屋顶对径流量和水质的调控作用及其影响因素等方面阐述了国内外的研究现状,并从绿色屋顶植物的选择、高效绿色屋顶构建模式筛选、绿色屋顶径流调控规律研究、绿色屋顶截流能力的价值评估、绿色屋顶径流污染物的源 汇解析及缓解措施等方面提出了绿色屋顶径流调控的研究趋势,以期为城市绿色屋顶的建设提供理论和方法支持.