国槐尺蠖性信息素的生物学研究

国槐尺蠖(semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey)的性信息素腺体位置通过触角电位、扫描电镜和组织学三种研究技术进行了检查。触角电位证明性信息素腺体位于产卵器。扫描电镜确定在雌蛾腹部第Ⅷ和Ⅸ—Ⅹ节之间的节间膜背面有一囊状结构。触角电位进一步证明这一囊状结构为性信息素腺体。腺体横切显示性信息素腺体细胞特征为核大,细胞体呈柱状,细胞质内有小空泡。触角电位证明雌蛾在暗周期(20:00,21:00和22:00)产生的性信息素比在光周期(8:00、9:00和10:00)多。风洞试验显示雄蛾在暗周期(21:00)比在光周期(9:00)对性信息素提取物的行为反应强烈。田间试验证明性信息素腺体提取物具有诱蛾活性。上述结果为国槐尺蠖性信息素的化学分离和鉴定提供了基础。     

国槐尺蠖性信息素的生物学研究

国槐尺蠖(semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey)的性信息素腺体位置通过触角电位、扫描电镜和组织学三种研究技术进行了检查.触角电位证明性信息素腺体位于产卵器.扫描电镜确定在雌蛾腹部第Ⅷ和Ⅸ—Ⅹ节之间的节间膜背面有一囊状结构.触角电位进一步证明这一囊状结构为性信息素腺体.腺体横切显示性信息素腺体细胞特征为核大,细胞体呈柱状,细胞质内有小空泡.触角电位证明雌蛾在暗周期(20:00,21:00和22:00)产生的性信息素比在光周期(8:00、9:00和10:00)多.风洞试验显示雄蛾在暗周期(21:00)比在光周期(9:00)对性信息素提取物的行为反应强烈.田间试验证明性信息素腺体提取物具有诱蛾活性.上述结果为国槐尺蠖性信息素的化学分离和鉴定提供了基础.     

粘虫性信息素分泌腺的超微结构

对粘虫Ｍｙｔｈｉｍｎａ ｓｅｐａｒａｔａ雌蛾性信息素分泌腺的位置及结构进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜。透射电镜的观察，结果表明：粘虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹部末端第８－９节节间膜腹面。求偶时，伸出节间膜，为一白色的囊泡。腺体表面分布着饱满的锥状体。羽化后５天未交尾雌蛾，腺体细胞呈单层排列，中央细胞为柱状，细胞核为椭圆形。细胞与细胞间有明显的胞连接，细胞基底膜基褶较高，质膜上，分布着微绒毛，并与内表皮连接，内表皮之上含有多层几丁质，外角质层染色较深。细胞质中含有空泡，线粒体、脂质粒、糖原及粗面内质网。了解粘虫性信息素分泌腺的位置形态结构，对了解性信息素合成和释放的时辰节律，改进性信息素的提取、分离、鉴定是有意义的。     

小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺的位置及组织学

对小木蠹蛾Holcocerus insularis雌蛾性信息素分泌腺提取物的触角电位(EAG)、毛细管气相色谱 (GC) 的测定以及对腺体位置和形态结构的扫描电镜、透视电镜观察。结果表明,小木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺是一个由节间膜特化而成的上皮结构,位于腹部末端8～9节之间,为一个可外翻的腹褶,表面分布着饱满的锥形体。羽化后2天未交尾的雌蛾腺体细胞呈单层排列,腹面中央由密集的柱形细胞组成,向两侧延伸至背部,细胞由柱形逐渐变为扁平形,细胞核为椭圆形。细胞基底膜基褶较多,质膜上分布着微绒毛,并与内表皮连接,内表皮上有多层几丁质,细胞质中含有空泡、线粒体、脂质粒及光面内质网。     

榆木蠹蛾性信息素通讯系统的超微结构观察

为了解榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius （Walker）雌蛾性信息素分泌腺（性信息素释放系统）位置、 表面形态和超微结构及雄蛾触角感受器（性信息素接收系统）的种类、 形态、 分布及功能, 利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对榆木蠹蛾雌蛾性信息素分泌腺和雄蛾的触角进行观察。结果表明： 榆木蠹蛾雌蛾性信息素分泌腺位于腹尖末端第8～9节节间膜上的背面中央区域, 腺体表面分布着许多饱满的锥状突起, 2日龄处女雌蛾腺体细胞间有明显的胞连接, 细胞基底膜基褶较多, 质膜上分布着微绒毛, 并与内表皮连接, 内表皮上含有多层几丁质, 胞质中含有脂质粒、 大量空泡、 光面内质网、 粗面内质网及线粒体; 雄蛾触角鞭节上有5种感受器, 为毛形感器、 刺形感器、 锥形感器、 腔锥形感器和曲毛形感器, 其中毛形感器数量最多, 曲毛形感器最少。柄节和梗节被大量鳞片覆盖, 未观察到感器。榆木蠹蛾性信息素通讯系统的研究为榆木蠹蛾性信息素的生物合成、 性信息素的提取、 鉴定及成虫生殖交配生物学行为提供了依据。     

三化螟性信息素的研究Ⅰ.求偶行为

目前已被鉴定出化学结构的螟蛾科性信息素近20余种,而有关三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)的性信息素研究,仅Ahmad(1977)报道了三化螟雌蛾性信息素腺体位于第8和第9节节间膜处,尚未见其它报道。 国内外曾有许多研究组对三化螟性信息素进行研究,但均未获得具引诱活性的粗提物。本项研究旨在弥补这方面的不足,将分题发表。     

红铃虫雌蛾求偶行为的观察

<正> Jefferson等(1971)已经报道红铃虫Pectino-phora gossypiebla(Saund.)雌蛾释放性信息素时呈现一种“求偶”姿态。雌蛾求偶时,腹部第8—9节的节间腹上方有一囊状物突出,此囊状物即是红铃虫信息素的分泌腺体。本文描述了红铃虫雌蛾求偶行为的过程,观察雌蛾求偶行为的时辰节律以及羽化天数、交配和寄主植物(棉叶)对雌蛾求偶行为的影响。     

杨小舟蛾雌蛾性信息素活性成分的鉴定

【目的】鉴定杨小舟蛾Micromelalopha sieversi雌蛾性信息素活性成分的结构信息。【方法】采用正己烷浸提的方法提取杨小舟蛾性成熟处女雌蛾性腺中的活性成分;利用气相色谱-触角电位联用(GC-EAD)技术对其活性成分进行定位;性腺提取物与4-甲基-1,2,4-三唑啉-3,5-二酮(MTAD)进行微量化学反应,获得衍生物;利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分别对性腺提取物及MTAD衍生物进行质谱特征离子分析。【结果】GC-EAD结果显示,杨小舟蛾雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中的一种成分有较好的反应;GC-MS分析结果表明,能引起雄蛾触角电生理反应的成分为十八碳的不饱和醛;MTAD衍生物的GC-MS结果显示,该活性成分的两个双键分别位于碳链的13和15位。【结论】本研究鉴定出杨小舟蛾雌蛾性信息素活性成分的平面结构为13,15-十八碳二烯醛,但双键的立体构型有待合成标准化合物进一步鉴定。本研究为杨小舟蛾性信息素备选化合物的筛选提供了方向,为信息素的结构确证奠定了基础。     

桃蛀螟性外激素腺体的部位及其超微形态结构

鳞翅目昆虫性外激素通常是几种化学物质以一定的比例构成的混和物。为了进一步进行桃蛀螟Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guen(?)e性外激素微量组份的分析,首先要确定性外激素分泌腺体的部位。 一般状态下,桃蛀螟雌蛾的尾部(7—8节间膜、8节、8—9节间膜、9—10节。)缩于第7腹节内;召唤雄蛾时腹背部弯曲,伸出尾尖(Konno等,1980)。Konno等(1982)通过对桃蛀螟雌蛾尾部的提取,鉴定出该虫性外激素主要组份为反-10-十六烯醛(E-10-16:Ald)。由此可见,其分泌腺体大致位于尾郎,但具体位置和形态结构未见报道。     

竹织叶野螟成虫求偶行为及其雌蛾性信息素分泌腺超微结构

【目的】蛾类昆虫性信息素的合成和释放与求偶行为的发生是一致的,其合成和释放的器官是性信息素腺体。为深入了解竹织叶野螟性信息素的分泌生理,开展了竹织叶野螟求偶行为及其性信息素腺体超微结构的研究。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度26±2℃、相对湿度80%±10％的室内条件下,观察研究了竹织叶野螟的求偶行为;依据求偶规律研究结果,选取最活跃日龄雌蛾,在暗期求偶高峰时间段,充分挤压其腹部末端,然后于第8节处横向切下,将切下的腹末标本处理后,借助显微镜和扫描电镜观察性信息素腺体的表面特征及超微结构。【结果】竹织叶野螟雌雄蛾求偶均具一定的程序性,且求偶行为只发生在暗期,暗期前5 h内雌蛾求偶率较低,6 h后求偶率明显升高,并在暗期7-8 h达到求偶高峰;求偶率与雌蛾日龄有密切关系,3日龄雌蛾求偶率最高,持续时间也最长。竹织叶野螟性信息素分泌腺位于腹部第8-9节节间膜上,是一完整的环状结构,显微镜下观察其分泌腺为一乳白色囊状体,扫描电镜下其腹面囊状体迂回褶皱多,大体分为3个褶皱区,除第1褶皱区外,其余褶皱区表面密布乳突、凹陷沟和刺状物,且刺状物顶端有孔;背面囊状体皱褶少,其表面形态与第2和第3褶皱区相似。【结论】研究结果有助于了解竹织叶野螟性信息素合成和释放的时辰节律,也为该虫性信息素的准确提取和鉴定、性信息素的生物合成及利用提供了科学依据。     

The pheromonal gland of Lymantria dispar: Morphology and evidence for its innervation

The morphological features of the glandular epithelium that secretes pheromone in the polyphagous pest gypsy moth Lymantria dispar are described by light and electron microscopy. The monolayered gland cells are covered by the folded cuticle of the intersegmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments showing neither sites of discontinuity nor distinct openings on its external surface. The cells bear a large, often irregularly shaped nucleus, and contain granules of variable amount and electron‐density. These granules are mostly located in the basal compartment of the cytoplasm, in a labyrinthine zone laying on a basement membrane. The apical membrane of the gland cells bear microvilli and cell–cell contact is established by different junctional structures. Nerve fibers enwrapped in glia are found beneath the basement membrane, in close contact with the secretory cells. This latter finding represents the first evidence of the innervation of the pheromonal gland in L. dispar. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Structural organization of the sex pheromone gland in Helicoverpa zea in relation to pheromone production and release

Morphological location of the sex pheromone producing area in the ovipositor of the female corn earworm Helicoverpa zea, was correlated with gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted pheromone. Histological studies showed that the pheromone gland occupied an almost complete ring of specialized columnar cells between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments. Ultrastructure of the pheromone gland cells revealed distinct features such as microvilli, pockets of granular material, intercellular canals with abundant desmosomes. Apparent changes in some of these features are associated with phases of pheromone production and non-production. Examination of the tissue with low temperature scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of excreted droplets at the tips of cuticular hairs in the glandular area during the period of pheromone production.     

Sex pheromone gland of the female European corn borer moth,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera,Pyralidae): ultrastructural and biochemical evidences

The sex pheromone gland of the female European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis was studied using light and electron microscopy. The pheromone gland is formed by hypertrophied epidermal cells at the mid-dorsal region of the intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments 8 and 9/10. Active glandular cells contain extensive apical membrane foldings, a single nucleus, many free ribosomes, numerous mitochondria, microtubules and lipid droplets. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is scanty. In young moths, the glandular cells are smaller in size, the microvilli at the apical membrane are poorly developed and the cytoplasm contains fewer mitochondria, microtubules, and no lipid droplets. The surrounding unmodified epidermal cells are small cuboidal or squamous cells. These cells have ill-defined apical membrane foldings and do not contain lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and the overlying cuticle. Fatty acids analyses revealed the presence of the sex pheromone components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and their immediate precursors, methyl (E)-11- and methyl (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, only in the dorsal portion of the cylindrical intersegmental membrane. Results of the present study show that the sex pheromone gland of O. nubilalis is restricted to the dorsal aspect of the intersegmental membrane between segments 8-9/10 and is not a ring-gland.     

Ultrastructural changes associated with pheromone production in the sex pheromone gland of Diatraea saccharalis

An ultrastructural study of the sex pheromone gland of female adult sugarcane borers suggests that pheromone is not produced during the first 2 hr after emergence but reaches a peak 48 hr after emergence. The sex pheromone gland is composed of two cell types and a number of structural changes observed to occur in the cells of the sex pheromone gland prior to pheromone production are described.     

Morphology of female sex pheromone gland in the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lep., Gracillariidae)

Abstract: The internal and external morphology of the female sex pheromone gland in Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, an European pest on Aesculus hippocastanum L., has been investigated by histological and electron microscopic techniques. The gland consists of a single layer of modified epidermal cells in the dorsal part of the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments and laterally extends to the posterior apophyses. The epithelium contains large columnar- and cone-shaped cells with basally situated nuclei. The cuticle, which covers the glandular region, has a wrapped appearance and is divided into a hyalin and thickened endocuticle and a thin outer epicuticle: it considerably expands when the gland is protruded and provides a sufficiently large surface for evaporation of the pheromone. The cuticle does not show any orifices of pore channels. In the retracted position, the gland is folded within the body cavity of the seventh and eighth abdominal segments but is exposed to the environment by extension of the abdominal tip along with female calling. In virgin females, pheromone glands are well developed at least within the first days after eclosion; if copulation occurs, glandular epithelia degenerate soon. According to the current classification, the glandular type of C. ohridella most easily is consistent with eversible dorsal scent folds that are widely distributed amongst diverse taxa of Lepidoptera. However, this is the first report on the morphology of pheromone glands in the Gracillariidae.     

Ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female German cockroach, Blattella germanica

A volatile sex pheromone is produced in an adult female-specific gland located on the anterior of the last abdominal tergite of the female German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In this area, the cuticle forms deep depressions in which a large number of cuticular orifices are located. The cuticular orifices are connected to secretory cells via cuticular ducts surrounded by duct cells. The pheromone gland exhibits a clear developmental maturation in relation to sexual maturation of the female. The secretory cells of a newly formed gland in the imaginal female are small and contain few secretory vesicles. The amount of extractable pheromone in the gland is low on day-0 but it increases with age and peaks on day-6. The secretory cells in a mature day-6 gland are characterized by a large number of electron-lucid secretory vesicles. abundant RER and SER, a large nucleus and a long, convoluted end apparatus which is lined with numerous microvilli. The contents of the secretory vesicles are exocytosed into extracellular reservoirs at the base of microvilli and then transported to the cuticular surface through the long ducts. The supportive function of the duct cell in the glandular organization and developmental regulation of the gland are discussed.