人朊蛋白不同N-糖基化修饰突变体的构建及其在哺乳动物细胞中表达

构建并表达人朊蛋白N-糖基化修饰位点突变的真核表达载体,有助于进一步研究朊蛋白N-糖基化修饰的生物学功能。定点突变野生型人朊蛋白基因PRNP,将获得的突变体亚克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1中,并在人宫颈癌细胞株HeLa中瞬时表达各种朊蛋白糖基化修饰位点突变体,利用免疫印迹和糖苷酶消化等糖蛋白分析方法鉴定表达产物的糖基化形式。经Western blot鉴定,野生型和突变型朊蛋白表达产物出现不同形式的泳动特征,分别出现特异性糖基化修饰的多个条带,单糖基化修饰的两条条带和无糖基化修饰的一条条带。经PNGase F糖苷酶消化,野生型和糖基化单点突变型表达产物均能被糖苷酶消化,其分子量下移,去糖基化突变型表达产物的分子条带位置不变。通过突变野生型人朊蛋白基因PRNP的N-糖基化修饰位点,获得单糖基化修饰和去N-糖基化修饰的6种人朊蛋白突变体,并能够在HeLa细胞株中瞬时表达单糖基化修饰和去N-糖基化修饰朊蛋白,为进一步研究朊蛋白的相关功能建立良好基础。     

真菌N-糖基化系统在异源表达中的研究进展

在近20年来,越来越多的真菌被开发成异源蛋白表达宿主,用来生产各种药用蛋白和酶类。随着对真菌异源表达系统的研究,人们也渐渐意识到真菌N-糖基化系统与高等动物的N-糖基化系统有着明显的区别,这也成为真菌生产高等动物源性糖蛋白的一个技术瓶颈。本文综述了真菌在异源表达糖蛋白工程中其N-糖基化系统的研究进展。包括N-糖基的检测技术和改造策略,并重点介绍了真菌N-糖基化系统与高等动物的N-糖基化系统的差异,以期为日后真菌N-糖基化系统动物源化甚至人源化改造提供参考。     

尿嘧啶N糖基化酶的功能和表达调控

尿嘧啶N-糖基化酶(uracil-N-glycosylase,UNG)是存在于多种生物体内的一种重要的DNA修复酶,可以在细胞内识别并切除DNA中错配的尿嘧啶,防止基因突变的出现,对保护基因组的完整性具有重要意义。UNG最主要的功能是参与碱基切除修复。此外,UNG在抗体类别转换重组、HIV-1病毒防御过程中也具有重要作用。UNG在细胞内通过与Ugene、PPM1D和Ndk等分子相互作用发挥其功能。UNG的表达受细胞周期及CpxA/CpxR系统的调控。深入了解UNG发挥功能的分子机制,将为寻找治疗肿瘤和艾滋病的新靶点提供线索。本文从UNG的功能、相互作用分子及表达调控等方面进行综述,并讨论进一步研究的意义与方向。     

新霉素抗性基因在家蚕中的插入和表达

构建含新霉素抗性基因（ｎｅｏｍｙｃｉｎｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｇｅｎｅ,ｎｅｏＲ）的重组质粒ｐＦＮ,经ＨｉｎｄＩＩ酶切后,用基因枪将ＤＮＡ片段导入家蚕早期受精卵中（Ｇ０代）。孵化的Ｇ１、Ｇ２代蚁蚕均经含新霉素的人工饲料添食２４ｈ后,筛选出新霉素抗性的个体（能正常生长发育的）改为桑叶饲养。于Ｇ２代的５龄第二天从后部丝腺抽提总ＤＮＡ,再以ｎｅｏＲ的ｃＤＮＡ为探针进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交检测。结果表明ｎｅｏＲ基因已转入家蚕ＤＮＡ中,获得了含ｎｅｏＲ的转基因蚕。     

在转基因烟草中表达番茄反义ACC合酶基因及其对芽再生的影响

利用从番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)果实中分离到的ACC合酶cDNA,反向置于CaMV 35S启动子的控制之下,并转入烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)。PCR扩增证明此反义基因已整合到烟草的基因组上。Northern杂交及逆转录PCR分析表明,这种异源反义基因能在转基因烟草组织中表达,并抑制了烟草内源乙烯的合成,对乙烯合成的抑制在芽再生过程中更为明显,同时这也导致了转基因烟草在组织培养过程中芽再生能力的增强。这些结果从基因水平证明,乙烯在芽形成过程中具有重要的调控功能。     

长双歧杆菌α-唾液酸苷酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及酶学性质

[背景]唾液酸苷酶是一类水解唾液酸糖复合物末端唾液酸残基的糖苷水解酶,广泛存在于动物和微生物中,具有重要的生物学功能.[目的]克隆一个长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)唾液酸苷酶基因(blsia42)并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达,探讨该重组酶的酶学性质.[方法]从长双歧...     

猪生长激素基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达及产物的N-糖基化分析

利用含有强启动子P_AOX1 和α-MF信号肽序列的巴斯德毕赤酵母载体质粒pPICZαA构建出含PST基因的重组质粒pPICZαA pST。通过电击将经SacⅠ酶切后线性化的pPICZαA pST质粒转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母X 33菌中 ,并筛选Mut+ 表型的重组菌。表达产物的SDS PAGE和Westernblot结果表明 ,分泌于胞外的PST蛋白分子量比天然PST分子量稍大 ,而胞内的PST蛋白分子量与天然PST大小相同。将经SacⅠ酶切后线性化的pPICZαA pST再次转化重组酵母细胞X 33 pPICZαA pST(Mut⁺) ,所得表达产物的SDS PAGE和Westernblot结果显示 ,PST基因的表达水平明显提高 ,且表达产生的蛋白均可发生正确的抗原 抗体结合反应 ,表达量达 95 6mg L。将发酵液上清进行N 糖基化分析 ,显示rPST无N 糖基化加工修饰     

肝癌中CMP-乙酰神经氨酸:GM_3(α2→8)唾液酸转移酶(GD_3合成酶)的研究及纯化的初步报告

本实验室曾报道在所检测的不同种族来源与不同致癌剂所诱发的肝细胞肝癌中均有神经节苷脂GD_3组份的明显增高,本文就这一现象的机制进行了探讨。实验结果表明在人肝癌手术标本、人肝癌细胞株SMMC,3′-甲基奶油黄(3′Me-DAB)和二乙基亚硝胺(DENA)所诱发的大鼠肝癌以及大鼠肝癌株BERH-2中GD_3合成酶的活性均有不程度的增高,同对GD_3前体的合成酶(GM_3合成酶)的活性也有所增高。这就提示肝癌中GD_3增高的原因之一在于GD_3合成酶的活性增高与前体供应充足的结果。另外,本文还对GD_3合成酶的提纯做了初步尝试。主要采用Tritonx-100抽提和CDP-hydrazide Sepharose 4B亲合层析的方法从二乙基亚硝胺诱发的大鼠肝癌中提纯了GD_3合成酶。提纯倍数为12500倍,产率0.4％。提纯的GD_3合成酶在醋酸纤维膜上经等电聚焦电泳鉴定示单一条带,其pI值为5.25左右。关于糖脂唾液酸转移酶的纯化工作目前还未见报道。     

N-糖酰胺酶F在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及其脱糖基化作用研究

从脑膜炎脓杆菌（Flavobacterium meningosepticum）基因组中通过PCR扩增了N-糖酰胺酶F（PNGase F）基因,经酶切后与表达载体pET28a连接,获得的重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。重组大肠杆菌经诱导表达和纯化提取后,获取大量高纯度N-糖酰胺酶F,其纯度达90%以上。试验证明,经纯化的重组N-糖酰胺酶F可以切除核糖核酸酶B、转铁蛋白和人IgG等糖蛋白上的N-糖链,具有脱糖基化作用。     

核糖核酸酶抑制蛋白变体RIv在大肠杆菌和家蚕细胞中的表达

人源的核糖核酸酶抑制蛋白 (ribonucleaseinhibitor,RI)是一种富含亮氨酸和半胱氨酸残基的酸性蛋白质 ,分子量为 5 0kD。从人胚胎肝cDNA文库中克隆到一个核糖核酸酶抑制蛋白RI基因的变体 (ribonucleaseinhibitorvari ant,RIv)。序列分析表明 ,与RI相比较 ,RIv序列中仅有Arg359Ala和Leu36 5Pro两个氨基酸突变 ,而核苷酸同源性较低 ,为 78%。将RIv克隆于pET2 8a( ) ,并转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3) ,IPTG诱导表达 ,利用 6×His亲和层析柱纯化得到了His RIv重组蛋白。将RIv克隆于转移载体pBacPAK8,利用家蚕核型多角体病毒 (BmNPV)表达系统表达得到重组RIv。体外活性测定实验表明 ,重组RIv具有抑制牛胰RNaseA酶解 2 8S和 18SrRNA的作用。     

Identification of the nuclear export signals that regulate the intracellular localization of the mouse CMP-sialic acid synthetase

The CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS) catalyzes the activation of sialic acid (Sia) to CMP-Sia which is a donor substrate of sialyltransferases. The vertebrate CSSs are usually localized in nucleus due to the nuclear localization signal (NLS) on the molecule. In this study, we first point out that a small, but significant population of the mouse CMP-sialic acid synthetase (mCSS) is also present in cytoplasm, though mostly in nucleus. As a mechanism for the localization in cytoplasm, we first identified two nuclear export signals (NESs) in mCSS, based on the localization studies of the potential NES-deleted mCSS mutants as well as the potential NES-tagged eGFP proteins. These two NESs are conserved among mammalian and fish CSSs, but not present in the bacterial or insect CSS. These results suggest that the intracellular localization of vertebrate CSSs is regulated by not only the NLS, but also the NES sequences.     

Comparison of transformation efficiency of piggyBac transposon among three different silkworm Bombyx mori Strains

The transformation rate of three different strains of silkworm Bombyx mori was comparedafter the introduction of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-encoding genes into the silkwormeggs by microinjection of a mixture of piggyBac vector and helper plasmid containing a transposase-encodingsequence.Although there were no significant differences among the three strains in the percentages offertile moths in microinjected eggs (P=0.1258),the percentages of G_0 transformed moths in fertile mothsand injected eggs were both significantly different (P=0.01368 and P=0.02398, respectively).Thetransformation rate of the Nistari strain (Indian strain) was significantly higher than that of the other twostrains,Golden-yellow-cocoon (Vietnamese strain) and Jiaqiu (Chinese strain),which had similar rate. Theseresults indicate that the transformation efficiency of the piggyBac-based system might vary with silkwormstrains with different genetic backgrounds.The presence of endogenous piggyBac-like elements might bean important factor influencing the transformation efficiency of introduced piggyBac-derived vectors,andthe diverse amount and activation in different silkworm strains might account for the significant differences.     

Glutamine synthetase activity during embryonic and larval development of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. and role of a JH analogue

Abstract. Silkworm eggs of diapause nature were chilled or treated with hydrochloric acid. Glutamine synthetase activity in such treated eggs was present soon after the treatment, whereas in non-diapause eggs it was not detectable until 24 h after the start of development. During larval life, the glutamine synthetase was found to be absent in midgut tissue. Topical application of a JH analogue resulted in extened larval duration and it reduced glutamine synthetase activity initially, but in the latter part of development the activity was higher.     

Expression of human CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase and CMP-sialic acid transporter in tobacco suspension-cultured cell

Plant cells have no beta1,4-galactosylated and sialylated glycan, which plays important roles in biological functions in animal cells. Previously, we generated transgenic tobacco BY2 suspension-cultured cells that produced human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase [N.Q. Palacpac, S. Yoshida, H. Sakai, Y. Kimura, K. Fujiyama, T. Yoshida, T. Seki, Stable expression of human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase in plant cells modifies N-linked glycosylation pattern, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 4692-4697]. In this study, we introduced two critical genes encoding human CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase and CMP-sialic acid transporter into tobacco suspension-cultured cell to pave a route for sialic biosynthetic pathway. The recombinant human proteins showed their biological activities. These results show that the plant cell can be a useful bioreactor for the production of mammalian glycoproteins.     

家蚕滞育性卵盐酸处理的靶物质

酯酶A4（EA4）是家蚕卵的滞育生物钟蛋白质。从家蚕C108品种产下后48 h的滞育性卵和盐酸活化处理卵分离纯化出EA4酶蛋白,使用合成的EA4活性多肽抑制因子PIN（氨基酸结构：SIFMTKQHSQ DDIIQHPLDY VEQQIHQQKQ KLQKQTLN）,研究了PIN对EA4酶蛋白的作用机制。滞育性卵的EA4酶蛋白和PIN在25℃混合24h后,用矩阵辅助激光解吸离子质谱法,检测到了二者的结合体,该结合体在盐酸处理后消失;盐酸活化处理蚕卵的EA4酶蛋白和合成PIN之间没有出现这种结合体。体外25℃,滞育性蚕卵EA4的ATPase特征性活性峰在6.5 h后出现,而盐酸活化处理蚕卵的EA4在1.5 h后出现活性峰值。盐酸处理可能通过解除PIN对EA4的抑制作用,在短时间内激活EA4酶蛋白,从而活化滞育性蚕卵。     

Solution structure of the antifreeze-like domain of human sialic acid synthase

The structure of the C-terminal antifreeze-like (AFL) domain of human sialic acid synthase was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The structure comprises one alpha- and two single-turn 3(10)-helices and two beta-strands, and is similar to those of the type III antifreeze proteins. Evolutionary trace analyses of the type III antifreeze protein family suggested that the class-specific residues in the human and bacterial AFL domains are important for their substrate binding, while the class-specific residues of the fish antifreeze proteins are gathered on the ice-binding surface.     

Cloning and expression of human sialic acid pathway genes to generate CMP-sialic acids in insect cells

The addition of sialic acid residues to glycoproteins can affect important protein properties including biological activity and in vivo circulatory half-life. For sialylation to occur, the donor sugar nucleotide cytidine monophospho-sialic acid (CMP-SA) must be generated and enzymatically transferred to an acceptor oligosaccharide. However, examination of insect cells grown in serum-free medium revealed negligible native levels of the most common sialic acid nucleotide, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac). To increase substrate levels, the enzymes of the metabolic pathway for CMP-SA synthesis have been engineered into insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. In this study, a human CMP-sialic acid synthase cDNA was identified and found to encode a protein with 94% identity to the murine homologue. The human CMP-sialic acid synthase (Cmp-Sas) is ubiquitously expressed in human cells from multiple tissues. When expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus vector, the encoded protein is functional and localizes to the nucleus as in mammalian cells. In addition, co-expression of Cmp-Sas with the recently cloned sialic acid phosphate synthase with N-acetylmannosamine feeding yields intracellular CMP-Neu5Ac levels 30 times higher than those observed in unsupplemented CHO cells. The absence of any one of these three components abolishes CMP-Neu5Ac production in vivo. However, when N-acetylmannosamine feeding is omitted, the sugar nucleotide form of deaminated Neu5Ac, CMP-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (CMP-KDN), is produced instead, indicating that alternative sialic acid glycoforms may eventually be possible in insect cells. The human CMP-SAS enzyme is also capable of CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Gc) synthesis when provided with the proper substrate. Engineering the CMP-SA metabolic pathway may be beneficial in various cell lines in which CMP-Neu5Ac production limits sialylation of glycoproteins or other glycans.     

Identification of an aldehyde oxidase involved in indole-3-acetic acid synthesis in Bombyx mori silk gland

Auxin is thought to be an important factor in the induction of galls by galling insects. We have previously shown that both galling and nongalling insects synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan (Trp) via two intermediates, indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld). In this study, we isolated an enzyme that catalyzes the last step “IAAld → IAA” from a silk-gland extract of Bombyx mori. The enzyme, designated “BmIAO1”, contains two 2Fe–2S iron–sulfur-cluster-binding domains, an FAD-binding domain, and a molybdopterin-binding domain, which are conserved in aldehyde oxidases. BmIAO1 causes the nonenzymatic conversion of Trp to IAAld and the enzymatic conversion of IAOx to IAA, suggesting that BmIAO1 alone is responsible for IAA production in B. mori. However, a detailed comparison of pure BmIAO1 and the crude silk-gland extract suggested the presence of other enzymes involved in IAA production from Trp.

Abbreviations: BA: benzoic acid; CE: collision energy; CXP: collision cell exit potential; DP: declustering potential; IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; IBI1: IAA biosynthetic inhibitor-1; IAAld: indole-3-acetaldehyde; ICA: indole-3-carboxylic acid; IAOx: indole-3-acetaldoxime; IEtOH: indole-3-ethanol; LC–MS/MS: liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; Trp: tryptophan