基于光敏蛋白的猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能的模拟

已知光敏蛋白菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有类似于视觉系统感受野的对光微分响应。利用这个特性,本文组装了一对人工视皮层条型简单细胞感受野,并测定了其朝向选择特性及ＯＮ－区闪光融合频率响应特性。在此基础上,用这一对人工感受野组成了猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能模拟系统,并模拟了猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能。     

基于光敏蛋白的猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能的模拟

已知光敏蛋白菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有类似于视觉系统感受野的对光微分响应。利用这个特性,本文组装了一对人工视皮层条型简单细胞感受野,并测定了其朝向选择特性及ＯＮ－区闪光融合频率响应特性。在此基础上,用这一对人工感受野组成了猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能模拟系统,并模拟了猫视皮层细胞双眼汇聚功能。     

用菌紫质Langmuir—Blodgett膜模拟视网膜神经节细胞感受野的DOG滤波等特性

用菌紫质膜以一维形式模拟了视网膜神经节细胞的ＯＮ－中心型感受野。实验表明菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有ＯＮ型和ＯＦＦ型微分响应特性,对运动狭缝,所模拟的人工视网膜感受野的周边区和中心区都具有类高斯函数形式的滤波特性,整个人工视网膜感受野具有与高等动物视网膜相似的ＤＯＧ滤波运算功能。     

以菌紫质LB膜为基础的两种视觉感受野的某些特性的模拟

发展视觉模拟的新技术和新材料一直为人们所期待。本文用菌紫质ＬＢ膜模拟动物视皮层简单细胞的ＯＮ－中心条型感受野,又用此膜以一维形式模拟了视网膜ＯＮ－中心型神经节Ｘ型细胞感受野。在观察了它们的感受野地图后,用前一种感受野模拟了取向调谐曲线和长度调谐曲线,用后一种感受野模拟了“零位置”和马赫效应。所有的模拟结果与电生理实验的有关结果符合较好。说明以菌紫质为材料的视觉功能和特性模拟前景良好。     

PVA固定化的生黑醋菌生产L-山梨糖的研究

生黑醋菌可以将D-山梨醇转化为L-山梨塘,用微生物将D-山梨醇氧化为L-山梨糖是维生素C生产的一个重要部分,目前工业上用的都是游离菌批式生产工艺。由于固定化活细胞作为生物催化剂具有生产的连续性和稳定性．操作简便．产物易于分离纯化等优点^[1],已有不少实验室研究甩固定化微生物细胞将D-山梨醇转化为L-山梨糖^[1-6],国内也有用海藻酸固定化生黑醋菌Acetobacteriummelanogenum的报道^[2,3]。用海藻酸钙^[1-3]、聚丙烯酰胺^[4]、铝处理的海藻酸钙^[5]、水合聚丙烯酰胺与海藻酸钙混合固定化的微生物细胞^[6]转化D-山梨醇成为L-山梨糖,都有因机械强度差,而不适合在搅拌式发酵罐中生产的弱点。聚乙烯醇制备的固定化微生物细胞具有机械强度好、类似于橡皮的弹性、成低等特性^[7]。因此,我们选择聚乙烯醇作为固定化生黑醋菌的材料。     

高产花色苷玫瑰茄细胞系的筛选

花色苷在植物中呈现粉红、红、紫红、紫等颜色,可以用作食品、药品及化妆品的着色剂,亦有药用价值。作为食品添加剂,颜色较合成色素自然,且安全无毒性。早在１９８７年,Ｍｉｚukami^[1]就建议用植物细胞培养物生产花色苷类代替合成色素。所有的植物培养细胞都是异源性的。各细胞之间产花色苷的能力相差很大^[2].因为产花色苷的细胞系带有颜色标记,所以容易识别并通过肉眼选择即可获得高产花色苷的细胞系。筛选的方法很多,如平板饲喂法^[3]、小细胞团法^[4]、细胞块法^[5]、肉眼观察直接挑选法及细胞分栋器法^[6]等。高产系花色苷的含量可增加几倍到几十倍,而且产量稳定。本文采用平板法及小细胞团法筛选高产花色苷的玫瑰茄(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)细胞系。     

真菌-氧化氮还原酶细胞色素P-450nor 2 cDNA序列的测定

在真菌的反硝化作用中,一种细胞色素P-450起着一氧化氮还原酶的作用,被称为细胞色素P-450nor^[1]。最近的研究发现：真菌细胞色素P-450nor有三种类型。除了缣孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)P+450nor(即F．P-450nor)外。还有两种存在于柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon tonkinense)．即C. P-450norl和2^[2]。 F．P-450nox和C．P-450norl能以NADH为直接的电子供体,使NO还原生成N₂O。C. P-450nor2不仅能直接利用NADH。而且能直接利用NADPH．还原NO生成N₂O。F. P-450nor基因已被克隆和测序^[3-4]。本文测定了C．P-450nor2的eDNA编码区全序列,3’非编码区部分序列和5’引导序列。     

固定化技术研究的新进展

固定化生物催化剂的研究近一、二十年来发展非常迅速。它已由原来的单一固定化酶、固定化微生物细咆发展到动植物细胞、组织器官、微生物孢子^[1]、细胞与酶^[2]、好氧微生物与厌氧微生物^[3]的混合固定化等,其应用研究巳涉及发酵、食品、化工、分析、医疗、生化、环境净化等各个领域^[4],展示了广阔的发展前景。     

利用 ORF438 启动子在链霉菌中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白

链霉菌中表达了透明颤菌血红蛋白（VHb）,表明VHb对放线紫素的产生和菌体的生长有促进作用^[2].pIJ702质粒上带有与次生代谢有关的酪氨酸酶基因（mel）^[3],mel由ORF438启动子（P_ORF438）带动转录^[4].本文尝试利用P_ORF4328表达vgb.     

黑麦胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚胎形成过程中内源IAA和Zt变化的初步研究

体细胞胚胎发生已经成为许多植物细胞全能性得以实现的主要途径,黑麦也不例外。许多报道就外源生长素物质（2,4-D、Dicamba^[1]、CPA^[2]、Picloram^[3]）、细胞分裂素类（6-BA^[4]）以及ABA^[5.6]等激素物质对体细胞胚胎发生的促进作用作了较为详细的论述。但是,阐明体细胞胚胎发生的内在原因,对这一技术的完善将具有更为实质性的意义。本试验正是基于这一思路,对黑麦体细胞胚胎发生过程中内源IAA和Zt的变化进行了初步研究。     

以菌紫质膜人工感受野为基础的图象边缘检测系统

本文应用菌紫质沉淀膜在一维上模拟了动物ＧＣ感受野。以该人工感受野为基础,构建了一个边缘检测系统,并成功地对图像的边缘进行了检测。本文所获得的结果将为人工视觉、图像技术和分子电子器件的发展提供新的启示。     

用菌紫质Langmuir—Blodgett膜模拟视网膜神经节细胞感受野的DOG滤波等特性

用菌紫质ＬＢ（Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ—Ｂｌｏｄｇｅｔｔ）膜以一维形式模拟了视网膜神经节细胞的ＯＮ－中心型感受野。实验表明菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有ＯＮ型和ＯＦＦ型微分响应特性。对运动狭缝,所模拟的人工视网膜感受野的周边区和中心区都具有类高斯函数形式的滤波特性,整个人工视网膜感受野具有与高等动物视网膜相似的ＤＯＧ（ＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＧａｕｓｓｉａｎｓ）滤波运算功能。     

Invariance of visual operations at the level of receptive fields

The brain is able to maintain a stable perception although the visual stimuli vary substantially on the retina due to geometric transformations and lighting variations in the environment. This paper presents a theory for achieving basic invariance properties already at the level of receptive fields. Specifically, the presented framework comprises (i) local scaling transformations caused by objects of different size and at different distances to the observer, (ii) locally linearized image deformations caused by variations in the viewing direction in relation to the object, (iii) locally linearized relative motions between the object and the observer and (iv) local multiplicative intensity transformations caused by illumination variations. The receptive field model can be derived by necessity from symmetry properties of the environment and leads to predictions about receptive field profiles in good agreement with receptive field profiles measured by cell recordings in mammalian vision. Indeed, the receptive field profiles in the retina, LGN and V1 are close to ideal to what is motivated by the idealized requirements. By complementing receptive field measurements with selection mechanisms over the parameters in the receptive field families, it is shown how true invariance of receptive field responses can be obtained under scaling transformations, affine transformations and Galilean transformations. Thereby, the framework provides a mathematically well-founded and biologically plausible model for how basic invariance properties can be achieved already at the level of receptive fields and support invariant recognition of objects and events under variations in viewpoint, retinal size, object motion and illumination. The theory can explain the different shapes of receptive field profiles found in biological vision, which are tuned to different sizes and orientations in the image domain as well as to different image velocities in space-time, from a requirement that the visual system should be invariant to the natural types of image transformations that occur in its environment.     

Population receptive field dynamics in human visual cortex

Seminal work in the early nineties revealed that the visual receptive field of neurons in cat primary visual cortex can change in location and size when artificial scotomas are applied. Recent work now suggests that these single neuron receptive field dynamics also pertain to the neuronal population receptive field (pRF) that can be measured in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To examine this further, we estimated the pRF in twelve healthy participants while masking the central portion of the visual field. We found that the pRF changes in location and size for two differently sized artificial scotomas, and that these pRF dynamics are most likely due to a combination of the neuronal receptive field position and size scatter as well as modulatory feedback signals from extrastriate visual areas.     

Integration of local features into global shapes: monkey and human FMRI studies

The integration of local image features into global shapes was investigated in monkeys and humans using fMRI. An adaptation paradigm was used, in which stimulus selectivity was deduced by changes in the course of adaptation of a pattern of randomly oriented elements. Accordingly, we observed stronger activity when orientation changes in the adapting stimulus resulted in a collinear contour than a different random pattern. This selectivity to collinear contours was observed not only in higher visual areas that are implicated in shape processing, but also in early visual areas where selectivity depended on the receptive field size. These findings suggest that unified shape perception in both monkeys and humans involves multiple visual areas that may integrate local elements to global shapes at different spatial scales.     

Visual cortical unit responses to photic stimulation of different zones of the receptive fields in cats

In acute experiments on unanesthetized curarized cats the intensity functions, response thresholds, inhibition thresholds, and differential sensitivity of 96 neurons in the primary visual projection cortex were investigated by extracellular recording of unit activity during central and peripheral stimulation of their receptive fields. In darkness the neurons had wide threshold and above-threshold reliefs (3–30°). The threshold reliefs of the receptive fields of some cells were found to be V-shaped, whereas others were marked by alternation of zones of increased and reduced excitability. Sensitivity of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs of the receptive field as a rule was greatest in the center. Inhibitory inputs of different cortical neurons were much more standard and less sensitive to light, and they were mainly activated within the intermediate (mesoptic) range of brightnesses. During light adaptation the threshold contour of the receptive field narrows sharply, mainly because of the fall in sensitivity of its peripheral inputs. Compared with the lateral geniculate body and retina, the relative number of low-threshold elements, sensitivity in the system of inhibitory elements, and differential brightness sensitivity are greater in the cortex. The mechanisms of formation of receptive fields of cortical neurons and their modification during changes in the level of adaptation, and also the role of excitatory and inhibitory inputs of the cell in these effects are discussed.Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 227–235, May–June, 1979.     

A computational theory of visual receptive fields

A receptive field constitutes a region in the visual field where a visual cell or a visual operator responds to visual stimuli. This paper presents a theory for what types of receptive field profiles can be regarded as natural for an idealized vision system, given a set of structural requirements on the first stages of visual processing that reflect symmetry properties of the surrounding world. These symmetry properties include (i) covariance properties under scale changes, affine image deformations, and Galilean transformations of space–time as occur for real-world image data as well as specific requirements of (ii) temporal causality implying that the future cannot be accessed and (iii) a time-recursive updating mechanism of a limited temporal buffer of the past as is necessary for a genuine real-time system. Fundamental structural requirements are also imposed to ensure (iv) mutual consistency and a proper handling of internal representations at different spatial and temporal scales. It is shown how a set of families of idealized receptive field profiles can be derived by necessity regarding spatial, spatio-chromatic, and spatio-temporal receptive fields in terms of Gaussian kernels, Gaussian derivatives, or closely related operators. Such image filters have been successfully used as a basis for expressing a large number of visual operations in computer vision, regarding feature detection, feature classification, motion estimation, object recognition, spatio-temporal recognition, and shape estimation. Hence, the associated so-called scale-space theory constitutes a both theoretically well-founded and general framework for expressing visual operations. There are very close similarities between receptive field profiles predicted from this scale-space theory and receptive field profiles found by cell recordings in biological vision. Among the family of receptive field profiles derived by necessity from the assumptions, idealized models with very good qualitative agreement are obtained for (i) spatial on-center/off-surround and off-center/on-surround receptive fields in the fovea and the LGN, (ii) simple cells with spatial directional preference in V1, (iii) spatio-chromatic double-opponent neurons in V1, (iv) space–time separable spatio-temporal receptive fields in the LGN and V1, and (v) non-separable space–time tilted receptive fields in V1, all within the same unified theory. In addition, the paper presents a more general framework for relating and interpreting these receptive fields conceptually and possibly predicting new receptive field profiles as well as for pre-wiring covariance under scaling, affine, and Galilean transformations into the representations of visual stimuli. This paper describes the basic structure of the necessity results concerning receptive field profiles regarding the mathematical foundation of the theory and outlines how the proposed theory could be used in further studies and modelling of biological vision. It is also shown how receptive field responses can be interpreted physically, as the superposition of relative variations of surface structure and illumination variations, given a logarithmic brightness scale, and how receptive field measurements will be invariant under multiplicative illumination variations and exposure control mechanisms.     

同心圆感受野去抑制特性的数学模拟

以感受野外周区内各亚区之间的抑制性相互作用为基础,提出了一个能描述视网膜神经节细胞传输特性的数学模型,此模型能很好地解释传统感受野外大范围去抑制区产生的机制。当用来处理亮度对比边缘时,它既能很好地增强边缘对比,又可有效地提升被传统感受野中心／外周拮抗机制所滤除了的区域亮度对比和亮度梯度信息。本文也用不同空间频率的光栅和真实图像检验了模型的空间频率传递特性,并与其它模型进行了比较。     

Evidence for sodium specificity of the receptors in the fourth cerebral ventricle affecting sodium excretion in the cat.

Perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, made hypertonic by the addition of 0.89 M sucrose, resulted in no change in the rate of renal sodium excretion. These data lead us to conclude that the putative receptive field in the area of the fourth ventricle which is capable of affecting urinary sodium excretion contains elements that are sodium-specific