一亚热带蜚蠊(Periplaneta japanna)两地理种群间相异的光周期反应模式

为弄清光周期对一种亚热带蜚蠊(Periplaneta japanna)若虫发育的控制机理,检测了光周期对冲绳(26°N)和八丈岛(33°N)两个地理种群若虫发育的影响。结果表明,光周期显著影响两地理种群的若虫发育,然而,冲绳和八丈岛种群间显示不同的光周期反应模式。冲绳种群在长日条件下(LD16∶8h)若虫发育显著快于中间日长(LD14∶10h)和短日条件下(LD12∶12h)的若虫发育,孵化后60d或120d将若虫自LD16∶8h向LD12∶12h转移,若虫发育受到抑制,而自LD12∶12h向LD16∶8h转移,则促进若虫发育。八丈岛种群的若虫在短日条件下发育最快,其次是中间日长,长日条件下若虫发育最慢,孵化后60d或120d将若虫自LD16∶8h向LD12∶12h转移抑制若虫发育,反方向转移的若虫快速发育。两地理种群间不同的光周期反应模式可以认为是趋异进化的结果。     

变化光周期对丽斗蟋(Velarifictonus ornatus)若虫发育的影响

为弄清湖南株洲丽斗蟋若虫的季节适应策略,研究了恒定及变化光周期对其若虫发育的调控.结果表明,丽斗蟋若虫发育明显受变化光周期的影响.25℃温度条件下,3个光周期条件下的若虫发育都较慢,羽化也极不整齐,长日条件(LD 16:8h)、中间日照条件(LD 14:10h)和短日条件(LD 12:12h)的若虫发育历期(mean±SD)分别为(206.2±44.0)d、(236.6±93.3)d和(230.3±47.4)d,若虫从开始羽化到供试个体全部完成羽化所需时间分别为216、301和156d,经历短日条件的若虫转移至长日条件后能够促进其快速发育,羽化也很整齐,反方向转移则会抑制若虫发育,且羽化也不整齐.30℃温度条件下,恒定长日条件下的若虫发育明显快于短日条件,变化光周期对若虫发育的调控与25℃相类似.变化光周期对若虫发育的影响与光周期的变化方向及低龄若虫感受的光周期类型有关.丽斗蟋若虫复杂的光周期反应模式的生态意义在于调节其生活史与季节同步.     

变化光周期对丽斗蟋(Velarifictonus ornatus)若虫发育的影响

为弄清湖南株洲丽斗蟋若虫的季节适应策略,研究了恒定及变化光周期对其若虫发育的调控。结果表明,丽斗蟋若虫发育明显受变化光周期的影响。25℃温度条件下,3个光周期条件下的若虫发育都较慢,羽化也极不整齐,长日条件(LD 16∶8h)、中间日照条件(LD 14∶10h)和短日条件(LD 12∶12h)的若虫发育历期(mean ± SD)分别为(206.2± 44.0)d、(236.6±93.3)d和(230.3±47.4)d,若虫从开始羽化到供试个体全部完成羽化所需时间分别为216、301和156d,经历短日条件的若虫转移至长日条件后能够促进其快速发育,羽化也很整齐,反方向转移则会抑制若虫发育,且羽化也不整齐。30℃温度条件下,恒定长日条件下的若虫发育明显快于短日条件,变化光周期对若虫发育的调控与25℃相类似。变化光周期对若虫发育的影响与光周期的变化方向及低龄若虫感受的光周期类型有关。丽斗蟋若虫复杂的光周期反应模式的生态意义在于调节其生活史与季节同步。     

光周期对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的影响

在实验室条件下对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的光周期反应和不同日龄幼虫对滞育诱导光周期的敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:梨小食心虫属于典型的短日照滞育型,在20℃条件下,当光周期为8L ∶ 16D,10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,梨小食心虫的滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.75L ∶ 10.25D;在24℃条件下,当光周期为10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.68L ∶ 10.32D。在幼虫期,分别给不同日龄幼虫以12L ∶ 12D和16L ∶ 8D光照处理后,在不同发育时间内幼虫对滞育诱导光周期反应均显示出一定程度的敏感性,无明显的临界时间点,但仍以第5-8日龄幼虫接受滞育诱导光周期反应更为敏感。     

一亚热带蜚蠊（Periplaneta japanna）两地理种群间相异的光周期反应模式

为弄清光周期对一种亚热带蜚蠊（Periplaneta japanna）若虫发育的控制机理,检测了光周期对冲绳（26°N）和八丈岛（33°N）两个地理种群若虫发育的影响。结果表明,光周期显著影响两地理种群的若虫发育,然而,冲绳和八丈岛种群间显示不同的光周期反应模式。冲绳种群在长日条件下（LD 16∶8h）若虫发育显著快于中间日长（LD 14∶10h）和短日条件下（LD 12∶12h）的若虫发育,孵化后60d 或120d 将若虫自LD 16∶8h向LD 12∶12h转移,若虫发育受到抑制,而自LD 12∶12h向LD 16∶8h转移,则促进若虫发育。八丈岛种群的若虫在短日条件下发育最快,其次是中间日长,长日条件下若虫发育最慢,孵化后60d 或120d 将若虫自LD 16∶8h向LD 12∶12h转移抑制若虫发育,反方向转移的若虫快速发育。两地理种群间不同的光周期反应模式可以认为是趋异进化的结果。     

光周期和温度对草地螟滞育诱导的影响

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。在室内通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期和温度诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:草地螟是一种典型的长日照发育型种类。光周期、温度及其交互作用均对草地螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期起主导作用, 温度伴随着光周期起作用。对幼虫滞育诱导最有效的光周期是L12∶D12; 随着温度的升高, 临界光周期呈缩短趋势（18℃除外）。18, 22, 26和30℃条件下幼虫滞育的临界日长依次为13.97, 14.48, 13.92 和12.88 h。光敏感实验揭示:21℃时草地螟对光照反应最敏感时期为幼虫孵化后的11～17 d（约5龄幼虫）, 但孵化后7～11 d（约4龄幼虫）的短光照积累对提高滞育率也有重要作用, 可以将滞育率从40.0%提高到90.0%。     

黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导及光温反应

为了探讨黄杨绢野螟Diaphania perspectalis(Walker)越冬滞育特性,在自然条件与室内恒温下对黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导的光周期反应与光敏感龄期进行了研究。结果表明:该虫的光周期反应属于长光照反应型,短光照是引起黄杨绢野螟幼虫滞育的主要因子。幼虫的光周期反应对温度敏感,在恒温25℃和28℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期分别为13h36min和12h50min。在日平均温度为26.7℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13h40min。在恒温25℃条件下的滞育敏感虫龄试验表明,2～3龄幼虫即孵化后4～9d的幼虫对光周期反应最敏感。     

光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导的影响

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)属兼性滞育昆虫, 其滞育特性与种群利用适生境的最大化和季节性活动密切相关。解析季节性因素如光周期和温度对其滞育的诱导作用可为预测种群发生动态提供科学依据。本实验在HPS 500型和HPG-320H型自动控制环境气候箱中, 测定了RH 80%下温度20℃, 27℃和30℃与11个光周期组合对吉林农安（NA）、 河北衡水（HS）、 广东惠州（HZ）和海南海口（HK）等4个地理种群的滞育诱导作用。结果表明： 光周期、 温度及其交互作用均对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期在滞育诱导中起主导作用。在20℃条件下, 其光周期反应曲线属典型的长日照反应型, 临界光周期随种群分布的地理纬度降低而缩短, 4个地理种群NA, HS, HZ和HK的临界日昼长依次为14 h 3 min, 13 h 59 min, 13 h 32 min和13 h 7 min, 最有效的滞育诱导光周期是日昼长12 h。另一方面, 随种群分布纬度升高, 其对光周期诱导滞育的敏感性降低。温度为27℃时, 其光周期反应曲线为短日照 长日照反应型, 各种群有两个临界光周期, 临界日昼长依次为12 h 50 min和13 h 32 min, 11 h 35 min和13 h 8 min, 12 h 58 min和13 h 1 min, 以及11 h 50 min和12 h 26 min, 且最有效的滞育诱导光周期范围的滞育率明显低于20℃。一定温度范围内（20℃～27℃）, 随温度升高, 临界光周期缩短; 温度达到30℃时则滞育显著被抑制, 滞育率仅为4.3%或更低。这些结果说明温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育的光周期诱导具有很强的补偿作用。因此, 在自然界亚洲玉米螟的滞育属具有温度补偿作用的长日照反应型昆虫, 临界光周期随地理纬度北移而增长; 种群滞育的短日照 长日照反应型特性可能是产生局部世代种群的重要内因。     

棉铃虫的滞育诱导特性

研究了温度和光照对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)种群滞育形成的作用。结果表明,温度低于24℃、光照短于12h为诱导滞育的适宜条件。20℃、22℃、24℃和26℃下滞育的临界光周期分别为13h43min、13h8min、12h41min和12h7min.5～6龄为主要滞育敏感虫期。在南京地区,该虫滞育临界光周期为13h左右,出现于9月20日前后;9月上旬温度状况与滞育比例关系密切。     

光周期对中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫及实验种群幼虫耐寒能力的影响

【目的】滞育诱导期进行短光照处理可影响昆虫耐寒性。为明确光周期对中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder)耐寒性的影响, 针对中华通草蛉滞育解除过程及非滞育虫态的耐寒性进行了一系列研究。【方法】测定了中华通草蛉自然越冬成虫的过冷却点（supercooling point, SCP）以及长光周期（15L∶9D）和短光周期（9L∶15D）条件下自然越冬成虫在滞育解除过程中在-12℃下的死亡率, 并测定了室内长、 短两种光周期下实验种群2龄和3龄幼虫的过冷却点（SCP）、 结冰点（freezing point, FP）以及-7℃下的死亡率。【结果】中华通草蛉12月份的自然越冬成虫SCP集中在-10~-14℃之间。SCP低于-12℃的个体占43.70%, 且-12℃处理1 d死亡率为62.00%。-12℃处理1 d条件下的长、 短光周期处理自然越冬成虫, 除处理0 d外, 长光周期处理死亡率均高于短光周期处理的, 且在处理15 （P=0.012）, 20 （P=0.01）和25 d （P=0.001）差异显著。中华通草蛉试验种群相同龄期幼虫在短光周期下的SCP和FP均高于长光周期下, 但差异不显著(P>0.05); 但在-7℃下, 2龄幼虫短光周期下的低温死亡率为67.00%±4.04%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（78.00%±1.33%）（P=0.011）, 3龄幼虫短光周期条件下低温死亡率为24.33%±1.33%, 显著低于长光周期下的低温死亡率（53.00%±3.46%）（P=0.002）。【结论】中华通草蛉为结冰敏感型, 诱导滞育的短光照处理可提高其幼虫期及滞育解除过程中成虫的耐寒能力。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.