Seed germination strategies of five perennial weeds

Summary The germination responses of seeds of Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Taraxacum officinale Weber, sensu lato, and Tussilago farfara L. to light, nitrate, alternating temperatures, chilling, light quality, and water availability were studied in laboratory tests, using fresh seed and seed stored for 6 months at 27°C and buried in the soil. A factorial experiment with light, nitrate, alternating temperatures, and seed age as factors found that all four affected germination except in T. farfara. All three external factors were stimulatory, especially in combinations. Fresh seed of A. vulgaris and C. arvense showed a light x alternating temperature synergism, responded to chilling, and after-ripened in cold dry storage. That of T. farfara had no dormancy and rapid germination, and germinated well on substrates with a water content too low for the other species. Seed of A. millefolium and A. vulgaris had good survival in both experimental storage conditions, while that of C. arvense and T. officinale did not, and that of T. farfara did not survive. Longevity in both conditions was associated with depth of initial dormancy. The two conditions caused different changes in dormancy in both A. vulgaris and A. millefolium. The germination behaviour, and the size, morphology and dispersal of the seeds of the species are discussed as strategies adapted to intermittently available situations for seedling establishment.     

Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous plants in Kel village,Neelum Valley,Azad Kashmir,Pakistan

Background

This explorative study was undertaken for the first time in Kel village located in the Upper Neelum Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The purpose was to document the indigenous knowledge of the native people used in the preparation of herbal medicines.

Methods

To get the data on traditional uses of medicinal plants, 20 informants were interviewed. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, i.e., use value (UV), relative frequencies of citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (Fic), fidelity level (FL), data matrix ranking (DMR), preference ranking (PR), and jaccard index (JI), were calculated for the recorded medicinal plants.

Results

A total of 50 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families used in 13 disease categories were documented. Leaves were the frequently used plant parts, and decoction was the commonly used method for herbal medicine. Plants with high use value were Berberis lycium (2.05), Impatiens glandulifera (1.95), Artemisia scoparia (1.75), Ageratum conozoides (1.75), and Achillea millefolium (1.7). The highest RFC value was calculated for Berberis lycium (0.75), Cynoglossum lanceolatum (0.65), and Impatiens glandulifera and Achillea millefolium (0.60 each). The maximum informant consensus factor was for urinary system, cardiac diseases, baldness, and abortion and miscarriage (1.00). Berberis lyceum (95%) used in jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid, fever, and tuberculosis disorders. Plants with maximum fidelity level (FL) were Berberis lycium (95%) followed by Dioscorea bulbifera, Impatiens glandulifera, and Artemisia vulgaris (90%). Olea ferruginea was the most multipurpose plant and exports (21.2%) was the leading threat in the area. The pearson correlation coefficient (0.500) showed a positive correlation between the use value and relative frequency of citation.

Conclusion

The present study provides useful information about traditional uses of medicinal plants used by local communities in different ailments. The plants with the highest use values could be employed in pharmacological research and biotechnological approaches in order to achieve adequate revenue. Some of the plants in the study area are facing high threats of becoming rare, and conservation initiatives are needed to conserve them for sustainable management in the region.

     

Selected chromosome counts of the Czechoslovak flora I

Chromosome numbers of the following nine taxa of the Czechoslovak flora are given:Atriplex rosea L.,Cardamine resedifolia L.,Groenlandia densa (L.)Fourr.,Isoëtes lacustris L.,Lysimachia nemorum L.,Parnassia palustris L.,Phelipanche caesia (Rchb.) Soják,Rumex patientia L. subsp.patientia andSymphytum officinale L. s. str. A new chromosome number of 2n=80 is reported forRumex patientia L. subsp.patientia. Chromosome numbers of another five taxa are first reported from Czechoslovakia. Each of the ascertained chromosome counts is discussed with respect to hitherto known reports.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce the differences in competitiveness between dominant and subordinate plant species

In grassland communities, plants can be classified as dominants or subordinates according to their relative abundances, but the factors controlling such distributions remain unclear. Here, we test whether the presence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices affects the competitiveness of two dominant (Taraxacum officinale and Agrostis capillaris) and two subordinate species (Prunella vulgaris and Achillea millefolium). Plants were grown in pots in the presence or absence of the fungus, in monoculture and in mixtures of both species groups with two and four species. In the absence of G. intraradices, dominants were clearly more competitive than subordinates. In inoculated pots, the fungus acted towards the parasitic end of the mutualism–parasitism continuum and had an overall negative effect on the growth of the plant species. However, the negative effects of the AM fungus were more pronounced on dominant species reducing the differences in competitiveness between dominant and subordinate species. The effects of G. intraradices varied with species composition highlighting the importance of plant community to mediate the effects of AM fungi. Dominant species were negatively affected from the AM fungus in mixtures, while subordinates grew identically with and without the fungus. Therefore, our findings predict that the plant dominance hierarchy may flatten out when dominant species are more reduced than subordinate species in an unfavourable AM fungal relationship (parasitism).     

Copper and zinc concentrations of medicinal herbs and soil surrounding ponds on agricultural land

This study measured copper and zinc concentrations in medicinal herbs and soil sampled from three agricultural fields with ponds from mid-June till the end of July 2014. Six herb species were tested: Potentilla anserina L., Mentha arvensis, Achillea millefolium L., Comarum palustre L., Lysimachia vulgaris L., and Lycopus europaeus L. Two of the ponds were in the borough of Jab?onna Lacka and one in the borough of Sabnie. The fields around each pond were divided into transects with three concentric soil moisture sections, each with different soil water contents. Soil and plant samples were taken from each transect to determine the concentrations of copper and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Despite the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the fields, copper and zinc had not polluted the soil or the plants growing in the soil depressions. Out of the six plants tested, only C. palustre had an increased concentration of zinc. Different farming methods used on the fields affected the concentrations of copper and zinc in the soil of the different depressions. The highest concentrations of these metals were found in the soil of the periodically wet sections.     

The Interaction between Root Herbivory and Competitive Ability of Native and Invasive-Range Populations of Brassica nigra

The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that escape from intense herbivore damage may enable invasive plants to evolve higher competitive ability in the invasive range. Below-ground root herbivory can have a strong impact on plant performance, and invasive plants often compete with multiple species simultaneously, but experimental approaches in which EICA predictions are tested with root herbivores and in a community setting are rare. Here, we used Brassica nigra plants from eight invasive- and seven native-range populations to test whether the invasive-range plants have evolved increased competitive ability when competing with Achillea millefolium and with a community (both with and without A. millefolium). Further, we tested whether competitive interactions depend on root herbivory on B. nigra by the specialist Delia radicum. Without the community, competition with A. millefolium reduced biomass of invasive- but not of native-range B. nigra. With the community, invasive-range B. nigra suffered less than native-range B. nigra. Although the overall effect of root herbivory was not significant, it reduced the negative effect of the presence of the community. The community produced significantly less biomass when competing with B. nigra, irrespective of the range of origin, and independent of the presence of A. millefolium. Taken together, these results offer no clear support for the EICA hypothesis. While native-range B. nigra plants appear to be better in dealing with a single competitor, the invasive-range plants appear to be better in dealing with a more realistic multi-species community. Possibly, this ability of tolerating multiple competitors simultaneously has contributed to the invasion success of B. nigra in North America.     

Xylem sap calcium concentrations do not explain liming-induced inhibition of legume gas exchange

Background and aims

Liming is considered normal agricultural practise for remediating soil acidity and improving crop productivity; however recommended lime applications can reduce yield. We tested the hypothesis that elevated xylem sap Ca²⁺ limited gas exchange of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Pisum sativum L. plants that exhibited reduced shoot biomass and leaf area when limed.

Methods

We used Scholander and whole-plant pressure chamber techniques to collect root and leaf xylem sap, a calcium-specific ion-selective electrode to measure xylem sap Ca²⁺, infra-red gas analysis to measure gas exchange of limed and unlimed (control) plants, and a detached leaf transpiration bioassay to determine stomatal sensitivity to Ca²⁺.

Results

Liming reduced shoot biomass, leaf area and leaf gas exchange in both species. Root xylem sap Ca²⁺ concentration was only increased in P. vulgaris and not in P. sativum. Detached leaves of both species required 5 mM Ca²⁺ supplied to via the transpiration stream to induce stomatal closure, however, maximum in vivo xylem sap Ca²⁺ concentrations of limed plants was only 1.7 mM and thus not high enough to influence stomata.

Conclusion

We conclude that an alternative xylem-borne antitranspirant other than Ca²⁺ decreases gas exchange of limed plants.     

Alleviation of salt stress of symbiotic Galega officinalis L. (goat's rue) by co-inoculation of Rhizobium with root-colonizing Pseudomonas

Background and aims

Salt stress is an increasing problem in agricultural soils in many parts of the world, and salt tolerant cropping systems are in great demand. We investigated the effect of co-inoculation of Galega officinalis with Rhizobium galegae and two plant growth promoting Pseudomonas species on plant growth, nodulation, and N content under salt stress.

Methods

The effect of inoculation with R. galegae sv. officinalis HAMBI 1141 alone and in combination with the root-colonizing Pseudomonas extremorientalis TSAU20 or Pseudomonas trivialis 3Re27 on the growth of G. officinalis exposed to salt stress (50 and 75 mM NaCl) was studied under gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions.

Results

The growth of goat’s rue was reduced at 50 and 75 mM NaCl both in the gnotobiotic sand system and in low-fertilized potting soil in the greenhouse. Co-inoculation of unstressed and salt-stressed goat’s rue with R. galegae HAMBI 1141 and either P. extremorientalis TSAU20 or P. trivialis 3Re27 significantly improved root and shoot growth and increased nodulation of plant roots in both growth systems compared with plants inoculated with R. galegae alone. The nitrogen content of co-inoculated plant roots was significantly increased at 75 mM NaCl in potting soil. Co-inoculation of G. officinalis with either of the two plant growth promoting (PGPR) Pseudomonas strains also improved root tip-colonization by R. galegae cells.

Conclusions

The co-inoculation of goat’s rue with Rhizobium and PGPR Pseudomonas strains alleviated salt stress of plants grown in NaCl-amended gnotobiotic sand systems and in potting soil in the greenhouse.     

Some properties of pea enation mosaic virus isolated from field pea and broad bean plants in Bohemia

Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) was isolated from disea sed field pea (Pisum sativum L.ssp. arvense A.Gr.) and broad bean (Faba vulgaris Moench) plants grown as filed crops at Bohumilice in Bohemia. The virus proved to be pathogenic for the following plant species:Pisum sativum L. cv. Raman,Faba vulgaris Moench,Lens culinaris Med.,Vicia sativa L.,Lathyrus odoratus L.,Glycine soja L.,Phaseolus vulgaris L.,Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste andReyn,Nicotiana clevelandi Gray,Trifolium incarnatum L. The dilution end point of the isolate was higher in pea plants (10^?4) than in broad bean plants (10^?2). The thermal inactivation point was 65–68° and the longevityin vitro between 10 and 14 days. According to the host range, symptoms on pea plants and physical properties the virus isolate studied resembles some isolates described in the U.S.A. and represents a PEMV strain different from those reported so far in Czechoslovakia.     

Soil chemical properties and dieback of Quercus robur in Atlantic wet forests after a weather extreme

Background and aims

Burkholderia phymatum strain GR01 is a recently reported common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) symbiont isolated from nodules of plants grown in semi-arid soils in Morocco. The osmotolerance of B. phymatum GR01N under free-living and in symbiotic association with P. vulgaris was investigated in this study.

Methods

The osmotolerance of B. phymatum GR01N was checked by growing cells in the presence of varying concentrations of NaCl or sucrose, and the cellular solutes were analyzed in cell extracts by ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nodule occupancy was checked in P. vulgaris grown in the presence of 25, 35 or 50 mM NaCl and inoculated with a mixture of B. phymatum GR01N and R. tropici CIAT899R cells. The effect of salt stress on nodule biomass, plant dry weight, plant nitrogen content and leghaemoglobin content of nodules was also analyzed in plants inoculated with either B. phymatum GR01N or R. tropici CIAT899R and grown in the presence of 25 or 35 mM NaCl.

Results

Burkholderia phymatum strain GR01N showed increased tolerance to osmotic stress under free-living conditions as compared to the reference strain R. tropici CIAT899R. Strain GR01N accumulated trehalose, mannitol and alanine in response to saline stress, suggesting their role in the observed osmoloterance. Under conditions of saline stress, P. vulgaris plants nodulated by B. phymatum GR01N showed increased plant dry weight and nitrogen fixation, when compared to those inoculated with R. tropici CIAT899R. Nodule competition assays revealed that B. phymatum GR01N had higher levels of nodule occupancy than R. tropici CIAT899R in P. vulgaris plants grown under saline conditions.

Conclusions

Burkholderia phymatum strain GR01N displays a remarkable osmotolerance under free-living and symbiotic conditions.     

Yarrow (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Achillea millefolium</Emphasis> L.): A Neglected Panacea? A Review of Ethnobotany,Bioactivity, and Biomedical Research<Superscript>1</Superscript>

Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.): A Neglected Panacea? A Review of Ethnobotany, Bioactivity, and Biomedical Research. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world, primarily for wounds, digestive problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions, and secondarily, among other uses, for liver disease and as a mild sedative. Preclinical studies indicate that it may have anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anxiolytic, and perhaps antipathogenic activities. Animal studies have also shown that yarrow is generally safe and well tolerated. The claim that yarrow has been shown to be specifically contraindicated during pregnancy is based on a single low-quality rat study the results of which were incorrectly interpreted. The combination of human use data from multiple cultures, independently reporting similar activities for yarrow, and the discovery of potentially relevant bioactivities by in vitro and animal studies represent meaningful evidence of the plant’s efficacy. We therefore argue that human clinical trials should be funded and conducted.     

Isolation of the protoplasts fromAsteraceae by means of xylonase

The enzyme xylonase was used to isolate the protoplasts from the leaves ofCalendula officinalis L.,Gazania splendens Moore,Tithonia rotundifolia Blake,Zinnia elegans Jacq- and from the petals ofDahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. The recovery of spherical undamaged protoplasts differed. The same method did not lead to the isolation of the protoplasts from callus cultures derived fromCalendula, Gazania andTithonia leaves respectively.     

Mosquito repelling activity of compounds occurring inAchillea millefolium L. (asteraceae)

An ethanol extract ofAchillea millefolium L. showed repelling properties against the mosquito,Aedes aegypti L. Prepared fractions from the extract contained several active compounds which were characterized by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Of 35 compounds tested, the most active were the nitrogen containing compound stachydrine, the carboxylic acids, caffeic, chlorogenic, and salicylic acids, and the phenolic compound pyrocatechol. These substances are earlier reported to occur inA. millefolium with the exception of pyrocatechol. Some further substances with lower activity were characterized for the first time inA. millefolium, i.e., adenine, ferulic and mandelic acid, and the methyl esters of capryliclinolenic- and undecylenic acid.     

Neural correlates of behavioural olfactory sensitivity changes seasonally in European starlings

Background

Possibly due to the small size of the olfactory bulb (OB) as compared to rodents, it was generally believed that songbirds lack a well-developed sense of smell. This belief was recently revised by several studies showing that various bird species, including passerines, use olfaction in many respects of life. During courtship and nest building, male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) incorporate aromatic herbs that are rich in volatile compounds (e.g., milfoil, Achillea millefolium) into the nests and they use olfactory cues to identify these plants. Interestingly, European starlings show seasonal differences in their ability to respond to odour cues: odour sensitivity peaks during nest-building in the spring, but is almost non-existent during the non-breeding season.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This study used repeated in vivo Manganese-enhanced MRI to quantify for the first time possible seasonal changes in the anatomy and activity of the OB in starling brains. We demonstrated that the OB of the starling exhibits a functional seasonal plasticity of certain plant odour specificity and that the OB is only able to detect milfoil odour during the breeding season. Volumetric analysis showed that this seasonal change in activity is not linked to a change in OB volume. By subsequently experimentally elevating testosterone (T) in half of the males during the non-breeding season we showed that the OB volume was increased compared to controls.

Conclusions/Significance

By investigating the neural substrate of seasonal olfactory sensitivity changes we show that the starlings'' OB loses its ability during the non-breeding season to detect a natural odour of a plant preferred as green nest material by male starlings. We found that testosterone, applied during the non-breeding season, does not restore the discriminatory ability of the OB but has an influence on its size.     

Achillicin,the first proazulene from Achillea millefolium

Achillicin, the major proazulene (prochamazulene) of Achillea millefolium L. ssp. collina Becker has been isolated and identified as 8-acetoxyartabsin. It is the first proazulene reported for the genus Achillea and has not been found previously in plants.     

Short-term impacts of soil freeze-thaw cycles on roots and root-associated fungi of Holcus lanatus and Calluna vulgaris

Background and aims

Soil freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) regimes are altered by climate change and known to influence nutrient cycling and plant growth. Here, we explore mechanistic explanations for the changing plant performance of the grass Holcus lanatus and the dwarf shrub Calluna vulgaris.

Methods

144 plant-soil mesocosms were subjected to different FTC-regimes in a climate chamber. Root injury, fungal activity and fungal composition (ITS-sequencing) were quantified.

Results

The applied FTC-scenarios increased root injury by 23% on average while no strong differences between scenarios was found. Root damage was greater in C. vulgaris than in H. lanatus. Fungal activity increased due to the FTC-manipulation and was higher in the C. vulgaris samples, although activity was generally low. No significant shift in the fungal community composition was found immediately after the applied FTCs. A saprobic (Aureobasidium pullulans) and a potentially mycorrhizal fungus (Sebacinales) showed opposing responses to the FTC-manipulation in the different host plants, while a potential phytopathogen (Callophora) decreased in frequency.

Conclusions

Increased fungal activity within these samples is suggested to be related to an increased dominance of saprobic taxa, but not to a shift in qualitative community composition. Single pathogenic species entering the plants through the observed root injuries subsequent to FTC treatments however, may alter plant performance. While these results suggest the importance of root injury for the response of vegetation to FTCs, fungal activity and pathogenic infection need to be further studied under field conditions over longer time periods.     

The acceptability of meadow plants to the slug Deroceras reticulatum and implications for grassland restoration

Background and Aims

Despite the selective pressure slugs may exert on seedling recruitment there is a lack of information in this context within grassland restoration studies. Selective grazing is influenced by interspecific differences in acceptability. As part of a larger study of how slug–seedling interactions may influence upland hay meadow restoration, an assessment of relative acceptability is made for seedlings of meadow plants to the slug, Deroceras reticulatum.

Methods

Slug feeding damage to seedling monocultures of 23 meadow species and Brassica napus was assessed in microcosms over 14 d. The severity and rate of damage incurred by each plant species was analysed with a generalized additive mixed model. Plant species were then ranked for their relative acceptability.

Key Results

Interspecific variation in relative acceptability suggested seedlings of meadow species form a hierarchy of acceptability to D. reticulatum. The four most acceptable species were Achillea millefolium and the grasses Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis and Festuca rubra. Trifolium pratense was acceptable to D. reticulatum and was the second highest ranking forb species. The most unacceptable species were mainly forbs associated with the target grassland, and included Geranium sylvaticum, Rumex acetosa, Leontodon hispidus and the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum. A strong positive correlation was found for mean cumulative feeding damage and cumulative seedling mortality at day 14.

Conclusions

Highly unacceptable species to D. reticulatum are unlikely to be selectively grazed by slugs during the seedling recruitment phase, and were predominantly target restoration species. Seedlings of highly acceptable species may be less likely to survive slug herbivory and contribute to seedling recruitment at restoration sites. Selective slug herbivory, influenced by acceptability, may influence community-level processes if seedling recruitment and establishment of key functional species, such as T. pratense is reduced.     

Plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Proteus vulgaris JBLS202 stimulates the seedling growth of Chinese cabbage through indole emission

Backgrounds and aims

The functional role of volatile indole in interaction between rhizobacteria and plant remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the volatile indole emitted by rhizobacterial strain Proteus vulgaris JBLS202 in plant growth promoting activity.

Methods

P. vulgaris strain JBLS202 was used to study the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on growth stimulation of Chinese cabbage (cabbage) at seedling stage. SPME-GC/MS analysis employed to identify headspace VOCs emitted from the rhizobacterium. Synthetic indole was assayed at various concentrations for the growth stimulation of cabbage and the emission of indole from the bacterized cabbage seeds was identified.

Results

P. vulgaris JBLS202 promoted the growth of cabbage via volatiles in a dose-dependent manner. VOC emission assay by SPME-GC/MS revealed that indole was a major headspace volatile compound emitted from the rhizobacterium. Moreover, the growth of cabbage was promoted significantly in the presence of 0.63 μg of synthetic indole. The vigor index and fresh weight of the seedlings were increased by 39.9 % and 32.6 %, respectively when the seeds of cabbage were bacterized with P. vulgaris JBLS202 cells (1?×?10⁷?CFU/ml). The emission of indole from the bacterized seeds was demonstrated by SPME-GC/MS.

Conclusions

Results indicated that either synthetic or biological/bacterial indole could increase the growth of cabbage significantly. Though the molecular biological role of indole in plant growth promotion remains to be investigated, this is the first report on detailed interaction between bacterial indole and plants.     

A comparison of native and invasive populations of three clonal plant species in Germany and New Zealand

Aim Our aim was to test for changes in growth patterns of three clonally growing plant species (Achillea millefolium, Hieracium pilosella and Hypericum perforatum) between native and invaded regions. We addressed the hypotheses that with differing important life‐history traits, invasive populations perform better than native populations, and that this expected better performance is linked to weakened trade‐offs between individual growth and sexual and clonal reproduction. Location Germany and New Zealand. Methods We conducted field surveys for the three above‐mentioned species in both native German and invasive New Zealand populations, and collected data at both population and individual levels. Results At the population level, the proportion of flowering plants, population size and population density were all higher in invasive populations. Similarly, at the individual level, the number of stolons per plant, stolon–biomass ratio and population crowdedness (local plant density in a specified area around a target plant) were significantly higher in New Zealand. Plant height did not differ between countries, and plant biomass was lower in New Zealand than in Germany for Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum. These two species showed significant trade‐offs between individual growth and sexual and clonal reproduction. Achillea millefolium exhibited a weakened trade‐off in its invaded range, where the same proportion of flowering plants was sustained at much higher levels of population crowdedness than in its native range. Main conclusions The apparent invasion success of the three study species is generally due to better overall performance in their respective invaded ranges. In respect of both Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum, this is driven primarily by increased vegetative reproduction. In contrast, Hieracium pilosella seems to benefit more from increased sexual reproduction in its invaded range. Shifts in trade‐offs as a general trend seem to be of minor importance.     

Chromosome counts and chromosome morphology of some selected species

In the years 1976–1981 we studied chromosome counts and karyotypic formulae of the following 29 species of plants from 41 localities (of these 6 from Bohemia, 32 from Moravia, 3 from Slovakia):Batrachium baudotii (Godron) F. W. Schultz,Chenopodium rubrum L.,C. polyspermum L.,C. murale L.,C. ficifolium Sm.,C. opulifolium Schrader ex DC. inLam. et DC.,C. strictum Roth [subsp.strictum, subsp.glaucophyllum (Aellen)Aellen inJust etAellen, subsp.striatiforme Uotila],Arenaria grandiflora L.,Illecebrum verticillatum L.,Spergula morisonii Boreau inDuchartre,Spergularia marginata (DC. inLam. et DC.)Kittel S. marina (L.)Griseb.,S. rubra (L.) J. etC. Presl,Silene conica L.,Sisymbrium loeselii L.,S. volgense Bieb. exE. Fourn.,S. orientale L. [subsp. orientale, subsp.macroloma (A. Pomel)Dvo?ák],S. officinale (L.)Scop.,Descurainia sophia (L.)Webb exPrantl inEngler etPrantl,Nasturtium officinale R. Br. inAiton,Barbarea arcuata (Opiz inPresl J. et C.)Reichenb.,Lunaria annua L.,Soldanella montana Willd.,S. carpatica Vierh. inUrban etGraebner,Lotus tenuis Waldst. etKit. exWilld.,L. uliginosus Schkuhr,Trigonella monspeliaca L.,Geranium sibiricum L.,Lactuca tatarica (L.)C. A. Meyer.