草苁蓉中氨基酸和营养元素含量的测定

采用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪和岛津AA-6300原子吸收分光光度仪,测定了草苁蓉中的氨基酸与营养元素的质量分数。结果表明,草苁蓉氨基酸总量为6.55%,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的36.18%。营养元素钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、锰、铜质量分数分别为20.436 mg.g-1、2.275 mg.g-1、0.820 mg.g-1、0.994 mg.g-1、0.236 mg.g-1、0.036 mg.g-1、0.034 mg.g-1、0.016 mg.g-1。     

不同基源崖桑皮及桑白皮总黄酮含量测定

目的:对多基源崖桑皮及桑白皮中总黄酮含量进行测定,为完善崖桑皮和桑白皮的质量控制标准提供参考.方法:采用分光光度法,以桑辛素为标准对照品,对58份不同基源的崖桑皮及桑白皮样品、对照药材中总黄酮的含量进行测定.结果:崖桑皮中总黄酮的含量为9.731～54.706 mg·g-1,平均含量为33.329 mg·g-1.其中,...     

雅安4种常见水果维生素C含量的测定与比较

采用紫外分光光度法对雅安常见水果草莓、桔子、猕猴桃和苹果的维生素C含量进行测定和比较。配制维生素C标准溶液,在243nm的紫外波长下绘制标准曲线。根据维生素C标准溶液的线性方程计算上述4种水果的维生素C含量。结果表明,雅安市常见水果中维生素C的含量依次为草莓37.1mg·100g-1,桔子52.6mg·100g-1,猕猴桃95.5mg·100g-1,苹果4.9mg·100g-1。4种水果样品的维生素C含量多少依次为:猕猴桃>桔子>草莓>苹果,为人们合理地获取维生素C提供理论依据。     

林芝地区松茸营养成分分析及松茸多糖的提取分离

以林芝地区5个样点采集的野生鲜松茸子实体为材料,对水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗多糖、氨基酸、灰分、VC及矿质元素的含量、有效成分进行测定,并以正交法确定了松茸多糖提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:各组分的平均质量分数分别为89.45%、12.02%、7.74%、7.84%、9.53%、8.67%、5.76%、0.5046 mg.g-1;矿质元素中K、P含量较高,平均24.063mg.g-1、5.278 mg.g-1,Zn含量高于其它常见食用菌子实体,平均0.5648 mg.g-1,Ca的含量偏低,平均0.4356 mg.g-1;同时含有甾体等有效成分。松茸多糖提取主次因素和最优工艺为乙醇体积分数85%、料水比为1:10、温度80℃、时间4 h,在此条件下粗多糖得率为8.98%。     

不同产地野生猪苓多糖与麦角甾醇的含量分析

目的:比较不同产地猪苓菌核及子实体中猪苓多糖与麦角甾醇的含量,为分离优质菌株提供科学依据。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法及高效液相色谱法测定不同产地猪苓中猪苓多糖及麦角甾醇的含量。结果:不同产地和来源的猪苓中猪苓多糖与麦角甾醇的含量存在一定差异,其中子实体中两者的含量远高于菌核中的含量,盂县产猪苓子实体多糖含量最高,为60.694 6 mg·g-1,是菌核含量的28.2倍,沁源麦角甾醇含量最高,为4.187 0 mg·g-1,是菌核含量的2.1倍;菌核中猪苓多糖的含量范围2.151 7 mg·g-1~8.887 2 mg·g-1,陕西留坝最高,麦角甾醇的含量范围0.825 9 mg·g-1~2.023 2 mg·g-1,山西沁源最高。结论:产地、部位不同,有效成分含量不同,实验结果可为猪苓药材质量控制及优种选育研究奠定基础。     

江西黄毛楤木氨基酸及微量元素的测定分析

用氨基酸分析仪、原子吸收分光光度计,对江西黄毛楤木中的营养成份进行分析研究。分别测定黄毛楤木根皮中氨基酸及微量元素含量。结果显示黄毛楤木根皮中含有16种氨基酸,总量为4.57mg·g-1,人体必需的8种氨基酸齐全,质量分数为1.71mg·g-1,占氨基酸总量的37.33％;含有多种人体必需的微量元素和宏量元素,尤其是zn,cu,K,Mg含量较其它种楤木要高。江西黄毛楤木富含氨基酸、微量元素,营养成分丰富,作为一种营养、保健、医药资源大有开发利用价值。     

沙蛤中牛磺酸的制备研究

以沙蛤提取液中牛磺酸含量为指标,考察乙醇回流法、水煮法和预处理方法,并采用单因素和正交实验法优化工艺条件,确定了沙蛤中提取牛磺酸的最佳工艺。结果:提取牛磺酸的最佳工艺条件为:超声波破碎15 m in,60℃下80%乙醇回流40 m in,该条件下所得牛磺酸质量分数达6.41 mg.g-1原料。结论:超声波破碎与乙醇回流方法相结合,利于牛磺酸溶出,其含量提高26.9%。     

河蚬汤中氨基酸组分的分析

利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定了传统保肝食品--河蚬汤中的总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量.结果表明,河蚬汤中含有17种常见(色氨酸在酸解时遭破坏)氨基酸,还有鸟氨酸和牛磺酸两种非蛋白质组成氨基酸,总含量为297.4 mg·g-1.其中鸟氨酸含量最高,占总氨基酸的12.4%,且87%的鸟氨酸以结合态形式存在.河蚬汤中游离氨基酸含量...     

栀子花氨基酸成分的分析测定

目的:研究栀子花中氨基酸成分的种类及含量,为栀子花的开发利用提供科学依据.方法:将栀子花粉末用盐酸恒温水解处理,水解液用氨基酸自动分析仪测定.结果:栀子花含有17种氨基酸,其中7种人体必需氨基酸的质量分数达26.7mg·g-1,占总量的36.6％.结论:栀子花中氨基酸质量分数达7.3％,是一种很有开发价值的药食两用植物...     

薄层色谱-分光光度法测定樟芝菌粉中的总三萜含量

采用薄层色谱(TLC)-分光光度法测定樟芝菌粉中的总三萜含量.结果表明,适宜的展开剂组成为氯仿:甲醇＝9:1.该方法排除了樟芝菌粉中含有的脂肪等物质对测定总三萜含量的干扰,其准确度明显高于直接分光光度法和重量法,同时该方法具有较好的精密度,准确度及稳定性.     

牛磺酸对虎纹蛙非特异性免疫及血清氧化还原状态的影响

为探讨牛磺酸在无尾两栖类免疫调节和抗氧化能力方面的功能和作用,通过灌胃方式研究了不同浓度牛磺酸对虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus rugulosus)脾巨噬细胞呼吸爆发、外周血吞噬活力、胃溶菌酶活力以及血清丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果表明:连续7 d的牛磺酸灌胃可显著提高脾巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发强度和外周血细胞的吞噬活力并呈现出明显的剂量效应。当灌胃浓度达到0.8 g/L时两者均达到峰值,但高于0.8 g/L时则表现出条件毒性。胃溶菌酶活力在各浓度下无明显变化。此外,血清MDA含量随牛磺酸浓度的升高而降低,GSH含量在一定的浓度范围内呈现出明显的剂量效应,在1 g/L时达到峰值。研究结果证明牛磺酸可以明显提高虎纹蛙的非特异性免疫功能和机体氧化防御能力,但摄入过量则表现出条件毒性。基于上述指标的评估,虎纹蛙对牛磺酸的适宜需求量按体重计算约为16~20 mg/kg。     

Taurine and β-alanine intraperitoneal injection in lactating mice modifies the growth and behavior of offspring

Taurine, one of the sulfur-containing amino acids, has several functions in vivo. It has been reported that taurine acts on γ-aminobutyric acid receptors as an agonist and to promote inhibitory neurotransmission. Milk, especially colostrum, contains taurine and it is known that milk taurine is essential for the normal development of offspring. β-Alanine is transported via a taurine transporter and a protein-assisted amino acid transporter, the same ones that transport taurine. The present study aimed to investigate whether the growth and behavior of offspring could be altered by modification of the taurine concentration in milk. Pregnant ICR mice were separated into 3 groups: 1) a control group, 2) a taurine group, and 3) a β-alanine group. During the lactation periods, dams were administered, respectively, with 0.9% saline (10?ml/kg, i.p.), taurine dissolved in 0.9% saline (43 mg/10?ml/kg, i.p.), or β-alanine dissolved in 0.9% saline (31 mg/10?ml/kg, i.p.). Interestingly, the taurine concentration in milk was significantly decreased by the administration of β-alanine, but not altered by the taurine treatment. The body weight of offspring was significantly lower in the β-alanine group. β-Alanine treatment caused a significant decline in taurine concentration in the brains of offspring, and it was negatively correlated with total distance traveled in the open field test at postnatal day 15. Thus, decreased taurine concentration in the brain induced hyperactivity in offspring. These results suggested that milk taurine may have important role of regulating the growth and behavior of offspring.     

海水中苯扎溴铵除藻剂的紫外可见分光光度法测定

Benzalkonium bromide is a high-efficiency algaecide. Its concentration in seawater was measured by the method of spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the deposition appeared if the concentration of benzalkonium bromide in seawater was more than 50mg- L- 1 and affected the detection of benzalkonium bromide. But, there was a good linear relationship between concentration and absorbanee when the concentration was lower than 50mg-L-1 (R2= 0. 9996). Therefore, spectrophotometer could be used to detect benzalkonium bromide in seawater.     

Rapid analysis of taurine in energy drinks using amino acid analyzer and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as basis for toxicological evaluation

Summary. So-called energy drinks with very high amounts of taurine (up to 4000 mg/l are usually granted by certificates of exemption) are increasingly offered on the market. To control the currently valid maximum limits of taurine in energy drinks, a simple and rapid analytical method is required to use it routinely in food monitoring. In this article, we describe a fast and efficient analytical method (FTIR-spectroscopy) that is able to reliably characterize and quantify taurine in energy drinks. The determination of taurine in energy drinks by FTIR was compared with amino acid analyzer (ion chromatography with ninhydrin-postcolumn derivatization). During analysis of 80 energy drinks, a median concentration of 3180 mg/l was found in alcohol-free products, 314 mg/l in energy drinks with spirits, 151 mg/l in beer-containing drinks and 305 mg/l in beverages with wine. Risk analysis of these products is difficult due to the lack of valid toxicological information about taurine and its interferences with other ingredients of energy drinks (for example caffeine and alcohol). So far, the high taurine concentrations of energy drinks in comparison to the rest of the diet are scientifically doubtful, as the advertised physiological effects and the value of supplemented taurine are unproven.     

Dose-Dependent, K+-Stimulated Efflux of Endogenous Taurine from Primary Astrocyte Cultures Is Ca2+-Dependent

The K+-stimulated efflux of endogenous taurine from primary rat cerebellar astrocyte cultures prepared from 7-9-day-old rats was studied at 16-18 days in vitro using HPLC analysis. Taurine efflux was dose-dependent at K+ concentrations between 10 mM and 80 mM, with an EC50 of approximately 50 mM. Maximum stimulation of efflux above basal levels ranged from 56% at 10 mM K+ (204 pmol/min/mg protein) to 470% at 80 mM K+ (960 pmol/min/mg protein). Removal of Ca2+ from the buffer and the addition of either 1 mM EGTA or 10 mM Mg2+ abolished K+-stimulated efflux. Taurine efflux peaked and fell in parallel with the K+ concentration, but with an approximate lag of 3-5 min. The time course and amount of preloaded [3H]taurine released did not differ significantly from that seen for endogenous efflux. Basal taurine efflux varied inversely with the extracellular concentration of Ca2+ over the concentration range 0-5.0 mM. The observed Ca2+ dependence is consistent with a role for Ca2+ in the regulation of taurine release. Furthermore, taurine release from astrocytes in response to elevated K+ may reflect a neuromodulatory role for this amino acid in the CNS.     

Kinetics of taurine depletion and repletion in plasma, serum, whole blood and skeletal muscle in cats

The relationship between taurine concentrations of plasma, whole blood, serum and skeletal muscle during taurine depletion and repletion was investigated in cats, to identify the most useful indicators of taurine status. Sixteen cats were fed a purified diet containing either 0 or 0.15 g/kg taurine for 5 months. Treatments were then reversed and the taurine concentration was measured during repletion and depletion phases. Plasma taurine exhibited the fastest rate (slow component) of depletion (t 1/2 = 4.8 wk), followed by serum (5.3 wk), whole blood (6.2 wk), and skeletal muscle (11.2 wk). Whole blood taurine was the first to replete at a rate of 0.74 wk to 1/2 maximal repletion, followed by serum (2.1 wk), skeletal muscle (3.5 wk), and plasma (3.5 wk). Whole blood more closely reflected skeletal muscle taurine concentrations than plasma during depletion, while plasma taurine concentrations appear to be the most valuable predictor of skeletal muscle taurine concentrations during repletion. This study suggests that the best clinical method to evaluate the taurine status of the cat is the determination and interpretation of both plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations.     

Concentrations of Free Sugars in Sheep Rumen Fluids

A convenient method was proposed for the estimation of glucosamine content in koji. In this method, the time of acid hydrolysis of the mold sample was markedly shortened modifying the previously reported method as follows; the mold sample was immersed in 60% of sulfuric acid for 24 hr at 25°C, and then the mixture was diluted with water to make the concentration of sulforis acid 1 n and autoclaved under the pressure at 1 kg/cm² for 1 hr. The liberated glucosamine was assayed by Blix’s method. The glucosamine contents of mycelia obtained from the submerged and surface cultures were increased about 2 times of initial stages in prolonged incubation. The significant differences of the glucosamine contents in various kojis were seen depending on the raw materials used; the values were 18~26mg/g in wheat bran koji and 6~16 mg/g in rice and defatted soybean meal koji.     

Cystathionine Accumulation in Various Regions of Brain of DL-Propargylglycine-Treated Rats

The contents of cystathionine and taurine, as well as cystathionine beta-synthase activity in various regions of the brains of normal and DL-propargylglycine-treated rats, were measured. The content of cystathionine in each region of brain increased gradually from 0.5 mg to 20 mg/200 g body weight in relation to the dose of DL-propargylglycine. Cystathionine was found to be unevenly distributed in brains of both normal and DL-propargylglycine-treated rats. On the other hand, the activity of cystathionine beta-synthase was evenly distributed in various regions of normal rat brain, and was unaltered following treatment of rats with DL-propargylglycine. The concentration of taurine was similarly unaffected by DL-propargylglycine injection.     

Treatment of YAC128 mice and their wild-type littermates with cystamine does not lead to its accumulation in plasma or brain: implications for the treatment of Huntington disease

Cystamine is beneficial to Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice. To elucidate the mechanism, cystamine metabolites were determined in brain and plasma of cystamine-treated mice. A major route for cystamine metabolism is thought to be: cystamine --> cysteamine --> hypotaurine --> taurine. Here we describe an HPLC system with coulometric detection that can rapidly measure underivatized cystamine, cysteamine and hypotaurine, as well as cysteine and glutathione in the same deproteinized tissue sample. A method is also described for the coulometric estimation of taurine as its isoindole-sulfonate derivative. Using this new methodology we showed that cystamine and cysteamine are undetectable (< or = 0.2 nmol/100 mg protein) in the brains of 3-month-old HD transgenic (YAC128) mice (or their wild-type littermates) treated daily for 2 weeks with cystamine (225 mg/kg) in their drinking water. No significant changes were observed in brain glutathione and taurine but significant increases were observed in brain cysteine. Cystamine and cysteamine were not detected in the plasma of YAC128 mice treated daily with cystamine between the ages of 4 and 12 or 7 and 12 months. These findings suggest that cystamine is not directly involved in mitigating HD but that increased brain cysteine or uncharacterized sulfur metabolites may be responsible.     

Effects of Taurine on Nitric Oxide and 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels in Spleen During Endotoxemia

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free sulfur-containing β-amino acid which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxificant properties. In the present study, the role of endotoxemia on peroxynitrite formation via 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) detection, and the possible antioxidant effect of taurine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated guinea pigs were aimed. 40 adult male guinea pigs were divided into four groups; control, endotoxemia, taurine and taurine+endotoxemia. Animals were administered taurine (300 mg/kg), LPS (4 mg/kg) or taurine plus LPS intraperitoneally. After 6 h of incubation, when highest blood levels of taurine and endotoxin were attained, the animals were sacrificed and spleen samples were collected. The amounts of 3-nitrotyrosine and taurine were measured by HPLC, and reactive nitrogen oxide species (NOx) which are stable end products of nitric oxide was measured spectrophotometrically in spleen tissues. LPS administration significantly decreased the concentration of taurine whilst increased levels of 3-NT and NOx compared with control group. It was determined that taurine treatment decreased the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and NOx in taurine+endotoxemia group. The group in which taurine was administered alone, contradiction to well-known antioxidant effect, taurine caused elevated concentration of 3-NT and NOx. This data suggest that taurine protects spleen against oxidative damage in endotoxemic conditions. However, the effect of taurine is different when it is administered alone. In conclusion, taurine may act as an antioxidant during endotoxemia, and as a prooxidant in healthy subjects at this dose.