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Aims Evaluation of the interaction intensity between Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and broadleaved trees will facilitate selecting tree combinations suitable for reforestation in abandoned sites in subtropical areas.Methods Pinus massoniana and seven broadleaved trees species were grown either in monoculture or in two-species mixture. Biomass of tree species was measured and inter-specific interactions were estimated using log response ratio. Test of homogeneity of variances was performed to compare the stability of biomass in the monoculture of the broadleaved trees with that in the mixture.Important findings Our results showed that the direction and intensity of interactions between P. massoniana and the broadleaved trees varied from year to year and the identity of the broadleaved species. Facilitative interactions were found between Camellia oleifera, Rhus chinensis and P. massoniana. Pinus massoniana had competitive effects on Lithocarpus glaber, Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Elaeocarpus japonicus. Significantly negative relations were found between biomass of P. massoniana and the broadleaved trees in the third year of the experiment, and the compensatory effects between P. massoniana and the broadleaved trees may be involved in stability maintenance in the multi-species forests in the subtropical area. The results of homogeneity test of variances also showed that the biomass per pot in the mixture had significantly lower variances than that in the monoculture, suggesting that total biomass is more stable in the mixture than the monoculture. 相似文献
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为检验“水淹程度可以改变植物种内关系的类型和强度”的假说, 将克隆植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的3种不同密度的植株(每盆种植1、4或16株)置于4种不同的水淹处理下(水位分别为-20 (不水淹)、0、20或40 cm), 研究不同水淹程度对空心莲子草种内关系的影响。随着植株密度和水淹程度的增加, 空心莲子草的生长显著减慢, 但密度效应在不同的水淹处理下显著不同。在不发生水淹的情况下, 植株密度对生长的负面(竞争)效应最强; 在水位为0和20 cm的情况下, 植株密度对生长的效应仍为负面的, 但影响强度相对减小; 而在水位为40 cm的情况下, 空心莲子草植株的生物量随着植株密度的增大而倾向于增加。进一步分析相对邻体效应时发现, 随着水淹程度的增加, 相对邻体效应显著增加, 并且数值从负值(不水淹)逐渐变为正值(40 cm水位下)。这些结果支持胁迫梯度假说, 表明水淹可以影响植物的种内关系, 即随着水淹程度的增加, 植物种内竞争作用减弱, 而易化作用增强。 相似文献
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Positive Interactions： Crucial Organizers in a Plant Community 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Dong-Liang Cheng Gen-Xuan Wang Bao-Ming Chen Xiao-Ping Wei 《植物学报(英文版)》2006,48(2):128-136
For more than a century, ecologists have concentrated on competition as a crucial process for community organization. However, more recent experimental investigations have uncovered the striking Influence of positive Interactions on the organization of plant communities. Complex combinations of competition and positive interactions operating simultaneously among plant species seem to be widespread In nature. In the present paper, we reviewed the mechanism and ecological importance of positive Interactions In plant communities, emphasizing the certainties and uncertainties that have made It an attractive area of research. Positive Interactions, or facilitation, occur when one species enhances the survival, growth, or richness of another. The Importance of facilitation in plant organization increases with ablotlc stress and the relative Importance of competition decreases. Only by combining plant interactions and the many fields of biology can we fully understand how and when the positive Interactions occur. 相似文献
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Abstract The presence of shrubs in arid lands creates spatial heterogeneity that affects the distribution and performance of annual plants; several possible mechanisms have been implicated. A preliminary survey in a chenopod shrubland in South Australia showed differences in the distribution of annual plants under canopies of Atriplex vesicaria and Maireana sedifolia (the two dominant shrub species) and open spaces. A series of experiments were conducted to test the potential contribution to these patterns of nutrient enrichment under shrubs, differential seed accumulation, stress reduction by the canopy, competition by shrub roots, and protection against grazing. The germinable soil seed‐bank under A. vesicaria and M. sedifolia was different from that in open spaces, but these differences can only explain a fraction of the differences observed in the growing annual plant community in different microsites. The soil under A. vesicaria had higher total nitrogen content than soil in open spaces, whereas soil under M. sedifolia had lower available phosphorus than open spaces. Although annual plant densities under A. vesicaria were higher than in open spaces, experimental removal of shrubs increased their density, suggesting that shrub canopies inhibit annual plants in this system. Surprisingly, trenching of open areas close to shrubs (severing lateral shrub roots) decreased annual plant density. We suggest that water moves laterally through shrub roots, in a process akin to a hydraulic lift, increasing water availability for the annual plants. Exclusion of vertebrate grazers had a stronger effect on annual plant biomass in open spaces than under M. sedifolia, suggesting that this shrub provides shelter against herbivory. Overall our results show that shrubs can have simultaneously facilitative and inhibitory effects on the annual plant community through different mechanisms, but more importantly that different shrub species have different effects. This is a potential mechanism allowing for species coexistence of annual plants. 相似文献
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植物根系间的相互作用分为竞争和互利两种形式 ,它是决定植物群落动态变化和群落结构的重要因素。根系间的竞争包括植株个体自身根系的竞争以及个体与个体根系间 (同种或异种 )的竞争两方面 ,前者的发生在农林系统中是不可避免的并且很难调控 ,后者可以分为种间植物根系的竞争和种内植物根系的竞争。还阐述了根系的竞争能力和与其密切相关的根系生长率、根组织的新陈代谢、植物的生长形式和根系的空间结构等植物特性 ,同时介绍了根系对水和养分的竞争机理、形式、影响以及竞争强度计算方法。接着具体分析包括根系错位在内的各种根系互利现象和相关机理。影响根系间相互作用的限制性因子有土壤营养的异质性、大气 CO2 浓度、地下草食生物、根系生产力和生物量、根系结构、形态和生理调节、土壤养分的扩散性以及植物间距等。随着科技的进步和各门学科的发展 ,未来根系的研究方向主要体现在结合实践优化农林系统中不同物种间的作用关系、预测根系竞争在全球气候变化下的发展规律、更新实验研究方法及手段研究作用机理等 3个方面。 相似文献
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The diversity of pathways through which mycorrhizal fungi alter plant coexistence hinders the understanding of their effects on plant‐plant interactions. The outcome of plant facilitative interactions can be indirectly affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis, ultimately shaping biodiversity patterns. We tested whether mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances plant facilitative interactions and whether its effect is consistent across different methodological approaches and biological scenarios. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 215 cases (involving 21 nurse and 29 facilitated species), in which the performance of a facilitated plant species is measured in the presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungi. We show that mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhance plant facilitative interactions mainly through an increment in plant biomass (aboveground) and nutrient content, although their effects differ across biological contexts. In semiarid environments mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances plant facilitation, while its effect is non‐significant in temperate ecosystems. In addition, arbuscular but not ecto‐mycorrhizal (EMF) fungi significantly enhance plant facilitation, particularly increasing the P content of the plants more than EMF. Some knowledge gaps regarding the importance of this phenomenon have been detected in this meta‐analysis. The effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant facilitation has rarely been assessed in other ecosystems different from semiarid and temperate forests, and rarely considering other fungal benefits provided to plants besides nutrients. Finally, we are still far from understanding the effects of the whole fungal community on plant‐plant interactions, and on plant species coexistence. 相似文献
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A. Montesinos-Navarro 《Ecology letters》2023,26(10):1676-1686
Phenological segregation among species in a community is assumed to promote coexistence, as using resources at different times reduces competition. However, other unexplored nonalternative mechanisms can also result in a similar outcome. This study first tests whether plants can redistribute nitrogen (N) among them based on their nutritional temporal demand (i.e. phenology). Field 15N labelling experiments showed that 15N is transferred between neighbour plants, mainly from low N-demand (late flowering species, not reproducing yet) to high N-demand plants (early flowering species, currently flowering-fruiting). This can reduce species' dependence on pulses of water availability, and avoid soil N loss through leaching, having relevant implications in the structuring of plant communities and ecosystem functioning. Considering that species phenological segregation is a pervasive pattern in plant communities, this can be a so far unnoticed, but widely spread, ecological process that can predict N fluxes among species in natural communities, and therefore impact our current understanding of community ecology and ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
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Scott Bennett Thomas Wernberg Thibaut de Bettignies Gary A. Kendrick Robert J. Anderson John J. Bolton Kirsten L. Rodgers Nick T. Shears Jean‐Charles Leclerc Laurent Lévêque Dominique Davoult Hartvig C. Christie 《Ecology letters》2015,18(7):677-686
Species interactions are integral drivers of community structure and can change from competitive to facilitative with increasing environmental stress. In subtidal marine ecosystems, however, interactions along physical stress gradients have seldom been tested. We observed seaweed canopy interactions across depth and latitudinal gradients to test whether light and temperature stress structured interaction patterns. We also quantified interspecific and intraspecific interactions among nine subtidal canopy seaweed species across three continents to examine the general nature of interactions in subtidal systems under low consumer pressure. We reveal that positive and neutral interactions are widespread throughout global seaweed communities and the nature of interactions can change from competitive to facilitative with increasing light stress in shallow marine systems. These findings provide support for the stress gradient hypothesis within subtidal seaweed communities and highlight the importance of canopy interactions for the maintenance of subtidal marine habitats experiencing environmental stress. 相似文献
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植物物种多样性与基因型多样性对群落的结构和功能具有重要的生态作用,近年来植物基因型多样性对植物间相互作用的影响已成为研究者关心的重要科学问题。实验选择退化草原优势种冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)为目标植物,稳定群落建群种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和群落伴生种洽草(Koeleria cristata)为邻居植物,来研究基因型多样性不同的邻居植物对冷蒿生长表现(株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量)的影响,并通过测量植物相对竞争强度及邻居植物性状变异来进一步探究邻居植物基因型多样性对目标植物影响的内在机制。结果表明:(1)邻居物种为羊草时,基因型多样性对冷蒿的生长表现影响显著,当邻居为6基因型时,冷蒿的株高、地上生物量以及总生物量显著低于单基因型和3基因型时的表现(P0.05),且相对竞争强度高于其他两种处理;而邻居物种为洽草时,基因型多样性对冷蒿所有观测指标以及相对竞争强度的影响均不显著(P0.05)。(2)利用主成分分析法来分析基因型多样性对自身性状变异的影响发现,邻居物种为羊草时,基因型多样性对性状变异响应显著,主要表现为3基因型时,羊草种群的株高、总生物量、地上生物量显著高于单基因型时的表现(P0.05);而邻居物种为洽草时,基因型多样性对性状变异影响不显著(P0.05)。(3)邻居物种为羊草时,羊草总生物量和比叶面积与冷蒿的地上生物量和总生物量呈显著负相关(P0.05);邻居物种为洽草时,洽草各性状与冷蒿性状间无显著相关性(P0.05)。实验结果揭示,基因型多样性对目标植物生长的效应受邻居植物种类的影响,稳定群落建群种羊草高基因型组合能显著抑制冷蒿的生长,这可能与羊草高基因型多样性种群性状变异大且对冷蒿有较高的相对竞争强度有关。所得结果为建群种基因型多样性影响种间相互作用提供了实验证据,为草原的合理利用和保护提供了理论指导。 相似文献
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Fernando T. Maestre Matthew A. Bowker Cristina Escolar Mar��a D. Puche Santiago Soliveres Sara Maltez-Mouro Pablo Garc��a-Palacios Andrea P. Castillo-Monroy Isabel Mart��nez Adri��n Escudero 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2010,365(1549):2057-2070
Climate change will exacerbate the degree of abiotic stress experienced by semi-arid ecosystems. While abiotic stress profoundly affects biotic interactions, their potential role as modulators of ecosystem responses to climate change is largely unknown. Using plants and biological soil crusts, we tested the relative importance of facilitative–competitive interactions and other community attributes (cover, species richness and species evenness) as drivers of ecosystem functioning along stress gradients in semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems. Biotic interactions shifted from facilitation to competition along stress gradients driven by water availability and temperature. These changes were, however, dependent on the spatial scale and the community considered. We found little evidence to suggest that biotic interactions are a major direct influence upon indicators of ecosystem functioning (soil respiration, organic carbon, water-holding capacity, compaction and the activity of enzymes related to the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles) along stress gradients. However, attributes such as cover and species richness showed a direct effect on ecosystem functioning. Our results do not agree with predictions emphasizing that the importance of plant–plant interactions will be increased under climate change in dry environments, and indicate that reductions in the cover of plant and biological soil crust communities will negatively impact ecosystems under future climatic conditions. 相似文献
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Ontogenetic shifts in interactions among annual plants 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
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Nan Liu Weixing Zhu Zhongyu Sun Long Yang Sufen Yuan Hai Ren 《Restoration Ecology》2014,22(4):509-516
The quantitative role of the canopy size of nurse shrubs on microenvironment and native tree establishment in degraded tropical lands has been seldom studied. In a 21‐month field experiment, we aimed to test the effect of a native shrub with different canopy sizes on the early establishment of native trees as part of the effort of forest restoration in tropical China. We examined the microenvironment, and the seedling establishment and growth of two native trees: Castanopsis fissa and Syzygium hancei in both open space (OS) microsite and microsite under the canopy of the native pioneer shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Shrub microsite was further divided into large canopy (LC), and medium canopy (MC) microsite, based on the shrub leaf area indices. Results showed that relative to OS, LC had higher soil nutrient concentration and water content, and lower photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), while MC had lower PAR and higher soil exchangeable Mg, K, and Ca. Survival and growth were mostly enhanced, while water stress and photoinhibition reduced for C. fissa seedlings in MC and S. hancei seedlings in LC. It is found that the beneficial effects of the native shrub on seedling establishment and growth result mostly from the improvement in nutrient and water availabilities, the reduction in plant stress caused by harsh summer light, and the specific ecological requirements of different tree species. We suggest that different canopy sizes of native shrub R. tomentosa may be explored to target different native trees and hence promote forest restoration in degraded tropical ecosystems. 相似文献
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Body sizes of insular mammals often differ strikingly from those of their mainland conspecifics. Small islands have reduced numbers of competitor and predator species, and more limited resources. Such reductions are believed to select for predictable changes in body sizes, with large mammals growing progressively smaller as island area decreases, while small ones grow progressively larger. Medium-sized mammals are thought to be largest on intermediate-sized islands. Increased isolation is seen as promoting insular gigantism. We searched for such patterns using a large database of insular carnivore specimens. Neither small nor large carnivores show a consistent area/body size relationship. Medium-sized carnivores are no more likely to attain large size on medium-sized islands then they are to be small there. We found no consistent patterns of body size variation in relation to isolation. 相似文献
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为了明确褐飞虱Nilaparva talugens(Stl)与灰飞虱Laodelphgax striatellus(Fallén)经寄主植物而诱导引起的间接种间效应,在人工气候室内以健康植株为对照,研究了2种飞虱在事先分别经一种稻飞虱危害的汕优63和秀水11上的表现,比较由同种或异种诱导的间接种内和种间效应对该2种稻飞虱主要生物学参数的影响,结果表明在每2株稻苗接20头高龄单一种飞虱若虫危害2d的条件下,褐飞虱存在一定的间接种内竞争,主要表现为在事先由同种危害的寄主上若虫存活率显著下降,但未发现灰飞虱对褐飞虱的正面或负面的间接种间效应。但是,在试验条件下灰飞虱并不存在间接种内竞争,而存在着显著的褐飞虱对灰飞虱诱导的间接种间促进作用,主要表现为在事先经褐飞虱取食危害的寄主植物上灰飞虱若虫的历期缩短、存活率提高、雌成虫寿命延长、每雌产卵量增加。同时,褐飞虱对灰飞虱所表现的间接诱导种间促进效应与寄主品种有显著互作关系,在中抗灰飞虱的汕优63品种上,间接诱导种间促进效应较在感灰飞虱品种秀水10上更为明显。本文对稻飞虱间接诱导种内和种间效应的机制和进化意义进行了讨论。 相似文献