Overstorey tree species regulate colonization by native and exotic plants: a source of positive relationships between understorey diversity and invasibility

The North American woody species, Prunus serotina Ehrh., is an aggressive invader of forest understories in Europe. To better understand the plant invasion process, we assessed understorey plants and Prunus serotina seedlings that have colonized a 35-year-old replicated common-garden experiment of 14 tree species in south-western Poland. The density and size of established (> 1 year old) P. serotina seedlings varied among overstorey species and were related to variation in light availability and attributes of the understorey layer. In a multiple regression analysis, the density of established P. serotina seedlings was positively correlated with light availability and understorey species richness and negatively correlated with understorey species cover. These results suggest that woody invader success is adversely affected by overstorey shading and understorey competition for resources. Simultaneously, however, invader success may generally be positively associated with understorey species richness because both native and invasive plant colonization respond similarly to environmental conditions, including those influenced by overstorey tree species. Identification of characteristics of forests that increase their susceptibility to invasion may allow managers to target efforts to detect invasives and to restore forests to states that may be less invasible.     

Invasive host for invasive pest: when the Asiatic cherry fly (Drosophila suzukii) meets the American black cherry (Prunus serotina) in Europe

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剌槐人工林林地凋落物量和林下植物生物量与立地因素间相关关系的研究

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)生长迅速,适应性强,耐干旱,树冠大郁闭早,枯枝落叶多易分解,改良土壤的作用明显,已成为陕西渭北地区的主要造林树种。多年来,许多学者的研究表明,森林凋落     

刺槐叶绿素荧光特性的研究

用L I-6400光合仪对黄土高原常用造林树木刺槐的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线、淬灭分析、荧光光曲线以及荧光AC I曲线等生理特性进行测定和对比分析.结果表明:随着光照时间的加大,刺槐的荧光参数ETR、qP和N PQ逐渐上升并在21 m in左右达到稳定,与光合同步.最大荧光产量F m在叶片转入黑暗后逐渐上升,在44 m in左右趋于稳定;N PQ则开始下降,在35 m in左右达到稳定.当光强度>200μm o l.m-2.s-1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性正相关,而当光强度<200μm o l.m-2.-s 1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性负相关.CO2浓度和刺槐的荧光光合速率、Ph iPS2、Ph iCO2值存在着一定的正相关关系.     

Is Competition with the Invasive Crayfish Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus Responsible for the Displacement of the Native Crayfish Orconectes eupunctus?

The crayfish Orconectes eupunctus, a species of special concern, appears to have been displaced from part of its former range in the Spring River drainage of Arkansas and Missouri by the invasive crayfish O. neglectus chaenodactylus. We conducted preliminary field experiments to determine whether Orconectes eupunctus were displaced from their former range and whether interspecific competition with O. neglectus chaenodactylus was responsible for the displacement. To determine whether Orconectes eupunctus were displaced from their former range by negative biotic interactions with other species we placed single adult male O. eupunctus in cages at two sites: an upstream site where O. eupunctus was formerly abundant and a downstream site where it is currently abundant. Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus were additionally paired alongside O. eupunctus at the upstream site. We also conducted a field competition experiment with treatments consisting of (1) 3 O. eupunctus, (2) 6 O. eupunctus, and (3) 3 O. eupunctus and 3 O. neglectus chaenodactylus at a site where both species occur. In the first experiment, O. eupunctus gained significantly more weight at the downstream site than the upstream site during 2003, but not during 2002. At the upstream site, O. eupunctus showed significantly greater growth rates than O. neglectus chaenodactylus during 2002, but not during 2003. In the competition experiment, O. neglectus chaenodactylus did not significantly reduce the growth or survival of O. eupunctus. These results suggest that O. eupunctus have been displaced from their former range by biotic interactions, but interspecific competition between adult male O. eupunctus and O. neglectus chaenodactylus does not appear to be the mechanism responsible for this displacement. Further study is needed to investigate the disappearance of O. eupunctus.     

Arthropod diversity of exotic vs. native Robinia species in northern Arizona

1 Arthropods were collected on native locust, Robinia neomexicana A. Gray, and exotic Robinia pseudoacacia L. in northern Arizona over a 2‐year period to determine the number of arthropod species and number of individuals present. 2 More arthropod species were found on the native (251) than on the exotic Robinia (174). 3 Greater species diversity was likewise found on the native than the exotic. The five most numerous insects collected each year accounted for 81% to 91% of the total number collected on the exotic and native Robinia in 1997 and 1998. Only 12 species occurred on both the native and exotic Robinia in both years. 4 These findings are discussed in the context of using exotic trees in plantations and ecological theory regarding rates of arthropod species accumulation on exotic hosts.     

黄土高原半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量与土壤干燥化效应的模拟

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Stoichiometric homeostasis in response to variable water and nutrient supply in a Robinia pseudoacacia plant–soil system

刺槐植物-土壤系统生态化学计量内稳性对水分和养分变异的响应特征所有生物体都需要一定比例的元素来维持正常的生理代谢过程,它们的可塑性取决于它们利用外部资源的效率。阐明不同资源供应水平下植物、土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征之间的相互作用非常重要。本研究以一年生刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)幼苗为研究对象,测定不同水平水分、氮素和磷素处理下刺槐叶片、细根、土壤和微生物生物量C、N、P含量及其化学计量学指标。结果表明,刺槐叶片、细根、土壤和微生物生物量C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征会对其生存环境水分和养分条件的变化表现出一定程度的可塑性;方差分解分析结果表明,细根计量比解释了微生物生物量计量比方差的很大一部分;结构方程模型进一步揭示了细根计量比和叶片计量比是影响土壤微生物生物量C:N和C:P 的两个直接因素,而细根计量比具有较大的直接作用。此外,内稳性特征分析表明土壤微生物生物量C 和C:P对土壤养分变化较为敏感,其他指标均具有内稳性。这些结果明确了土壤微生物生物量化学计量的重要性,提高我们对不同生境水分和养分供应水平下植物-土壤系统养分循环机理的认识。     

Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, does not competitively suppress co-occurring ants in a disturbed habitat

1. The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a globally distributed invasive ant that is largely restricted to disturbed habitats in its introduced range. For more than half a century, biologists have believed its success results from superior competitive abilities relative to native ant species, as well as an escape from their natural enemies. 2. We used large volumes of hot water to kill fire ant colonies, and only fire ant colonies, on experimental plots in pastures, and found that populations and diversity of co-occurring ants did not subsequently increase. 3. These results are contrary to classical predictions and indicate that S. invicta is not a superior competitor that suppresses native ants, and that the low diversity and abundance of native ants in degraded ecosystems does not result from interaction with fire ants. Instead, other factors such as prior disturbance and recruitment limitation may be the primary limiting factors for native species in these habitats.     

刺槐林下菌根真菌资源的调查、分离及回接

植物与微生物的共生体在长期协同进化的过程中形成了对各种胁迫的适应性。在北方干旱、半干旱的逆境条件下植物生长除受水分制约外 ,氮、磷元素的供应也是重要的限制性因子。固氮植物可以通过根瘤进行固氮作用弥补氮源不足 ,而菌根能够提高宿主植物对磷元素的吸收。研究表明 ,植物感染菌根后可以提高宿主的抗旱性、抗盐碱性、抗重金属毒害、抗极端湿度、抗极端 ｐＨ等的能力[1]。近年来 ,菌根技术被应用于营林实践中 ,在进行某些树种造林时 ,利用人工接种外生菌根真菌的方法 ,已取得初步的成功[2 ]。在我国广大农村 ,薪材在能源消费中占有重…     

侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO2在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO2与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著（P〈0.05）或极显著水平（P〈0.01）。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。     

侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO₂在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO₂与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01)。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。

     

物种/功能群去除实验及其在生态学中的应用

随着物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系成为生态学领域研究的焦点之一,物种/功能群去除实验也逐渐得到了广泛的应用。物种/功能群去除实验在生态学中的应用主要包括以下研究内容:种间关系、多样性与生态系统功能关系、关键种的作用和功能、入侵种给生态系统带来的后果评价。针对去除实验的特点,提出去除实验应用中需要注意的若干问题,包括:\"去除\"行为本身对生态系统的影响、时间尺度在去除实验中对于研究结果的影响以及入侵种去除的特殊性。     

Competition for nitrogen between Australian native grasses and the introduced weed Nassella trichotoma

BACKGROUND: and Aims Nassella trichotoma is an unpalatable perennial grass weed that invades disturbed native grasslands in temperate regions of south-eastern Australia. This experiment investigated whether elevated N levels, often associated with disturbance, increases the competitiveness of N. trichotoma relative to C3 and C4 native Australian grasses. METHODS: A pot experiment investigated competitive interactions between four native grasses, two C3 species (Microlaena stipoides and Austrodanthonia racemosa) and two C4 species (Themeda australis and Bothriochloa macra), and N. trichotoma at three different N levels (equivalent to 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and three competing densities (zero, one and eight neighbouring plants), using an additive design. KEY RESULTS: All native grasses were competitive with N. trichotoma at low N levels, but only M. stipoides was competitive at high N. High densities of native grasses (8:1) had a major competitive effect on N. trichotoma at all N levels. The competitive ranking of native grasses, across all N levels, on N. trichotoma was: M. stipoides>A. racemosa>B. macra>T. australis. The C3 species were generally more competitive than the C4 species and C4 grasses were not inherently more productive at low N levels, in contrast to the results of other studies. CONCLUSION: To resist invasion from N. trichotoma, these native grasses need to be maintained at a high density and/or biomass. The results do not support the theory that species such as N. trichotoma, with high tissues density, are always less competitive than those of low tissue density; in this case competitiveness depended on N levels. The ability of N. trichotoma to accumulate biomass at a higher rate than these native grasses, helps to explain why it is a major weed in disturbed Australian native grasslands.     

刺槐根瘤菌的表型多样性研究

从杨陵地区采集豆科树种刺槐的根瘤,经分离、纯化,获得40株未知菌株,并选取35株参比菌株,进行唯一碳源、氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应等共105项生理生化测定。结果表明：供试的刺槐根瘤菌在碳、氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。部分菌株具有较强的耐盐碱能力,其中42．5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,17．5％的菌株可在初始pH12的YMA培养基上生长。从数值分类树状图可见,在86％的相似水平上未知菌株构成了3个新的类群,其中第1、2类群各有10株菌,中心菌株分别为NWYC113和NWYCl29,第3类群有7株菌,中心菌株为NWYC147。其分类地位需进一步研究和确定。     

Evaluation of the Hydroxynitrile Lyase Activity in Cell Cultures of Capulin （Prunus serotina）

Enzymatic preparations obtained from young plants and cell cultures of capulin were screened for hydroxynitrile lyase activity. The threeweek old plants, grown under sterile conditions, were used to establish a solid cell culture. Crude preparations obtained from this plant material were evaluated for the transformation of benzaldehyde to the corresponding cyanohydrin (mandelonitrile). The results show that the crude material from roots, stalks, and leaves of young plants and calli of roots, stalks, internodes and petioles biocatalyzed the addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to benzaldehyde with a modest to excellent enantioselectivity.