Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B viral serotypes and genotypes in taiwan

Subtypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have specific geographic distributions and can serve as epidemiological markers. The relationship of HBV serotypes and genotypes in Taiwan and their correlation with the domiciles of origin in 122 patients with chronic HBV infection were investigated. The serotype of HBV was determined by comparing the surface gene encoding amino acids 22-148 of the major surface protein with published sequences. Genotyping of HBV was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serotype adw accounted for 70% (85/122) of all HBVs, with the remaining belonging to serotype adr. All adr HBVs were genotype C, regardless of the patient's domicile. Of the 85 adw HBVs, 69 (81%) were genotype B, 10 (12%) were genotype C, 5 (6%) were genotype F and only 1 (1%) was genotype A. In the 31 patients originating from mainland China, the prevalence of adr/genotype C was higher than in the 91 Taiwanese patients (15/31 vs. 22/91; p < 0.05). The distribution of the HBV serotypes and genotypes was not significantly different between 17 patients born in Taiwan (6 adw/genotype B, 2 adw/genotype C, 1 adw/genotype F and 8 adr/genotype C) and 14 patients born in mainland China (5 adw/genotype B, 2 adw/genotype C and 7 adr/genotype C). Our results indicate that in Taiwan, most HBVs of serotype adw are genotype B, and all HBVs of serotype adr are genotype C. Patients with origins in mainland China have a higher proportion of serotype adr/genotype C infection.     

Research on Hepatitis B virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes among Bai Nationality in Dali, Yunnan Province

To investigate the distribution of hepatitis B virus （HBV） genotypes and subgenotypes among the Bai nationality in Dali, a total of 100 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV-infection were collected for the detection of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes by genotype-specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism （RLFP）, respectively. Among the 100 samples, the proportions of genotype B, C and mixed genotype （B＋C） were 41%, 25% and 34%, respectively. All the genotype B strains belonged to subgenotype Ba In genotype C, 84% were Subgenotype Cs and 12% were subgenotype Ce. The distribution of genotypes B, C and B＋C showed no significant difference between male and female patients （P=0.182） and among the age groups of patients （P=0.812）. The rates of HBeAg/HBeAg positivity were no significantly different among genotypes B, genotype C and mixed genotype （B＋C） （P=0.077/P=0.663）. In Dali, genotypes B, B＋C and C existed among Bai nationality with chronic HBV-infection, and genotype B was the major genotype. Subgenotypes Ba and Cs were the predominant strains in patients with HBV genotype B/C infection. The most prominent characteristic was the higher prevalent rate of mixed genotype （B＋C） in patients.     

Research on hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes among Bai nationality in Dali, Yunnan Province

To investigate the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes among the Bai nationality in Dali, a total of 100 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV-infection were collected for the detection of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes by genotype-specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RLFP), respectively. Among the 100 samples, the proportions of genotype B, C and mixed genotype (B C) were 41%, 25% and 34%, respectively. All the genotype B strains belonged to subgenotype Ba. In genotype C, 84% were Subgenotype Cs and 12% were subgenotype Ce. The distribution of genotypes B, C and B C showed no significant difference between male and female patients (P=0.182) and among the age groups of patients (P=0.812). The rates of HBeAg/HBeAg positivity were no significantly different among genotypes B, genotype C and mixed genotype (B C) (P=0.077/P=0.663). In Dali, genotypes B, B C and C existed among Bai nationality with chronic HBV-infection, and genotype B was the major genotype. Subgenotypes Ba and Cs were the predominant strains in patients with HBV genotype B/C infection. The most prominent characteristic was the higher prevalent rate of mixed genotype (B C) in patients.     

猪FUT1基因对肉质和胴体性状的影响

测定139头杂交猪(大白猪和梅山猪)的14个肉质性状和8个胴体性状,用PCR-RFLP方法检测FUT1基因型。分析猪FUT1基因型间肉质和胴体性状差异,发现AA基因型猪3个部位肌肉pH值均比AG基因型的高,其中pH(LD)达到显著水平(P<0.05)。AA基因型猪肌肉系水力显著高于AG猪的系水力(91.02% VS 86.70%,P<0.05)。AA基因型猪的肉色值显著高于AG猪的(P<0.05)。AA基因型猪三个部位肌肉膘厚值均较低,其中最后肋骨膘厚和倒数三四肋骨膘厚分别比AG基因型猪的低4.26 mm和3.96 mm(P<0.05)。AA基因型猪瘦肉率比AG基因型猪的高3.31% (53.46% VS 50.15%,P<0.05)。以上结果表明FUT1基因的AA基因型对肉质和和胴体性状具有显著的正遗传效应,这对于在抗病育种中应用该基因十分有利。     

内江地区慢性乙型肝炎患者的基因型及拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯抗病毒治疗效果

目的探讨内江地区慢性乙型肝炎患者的基因型及拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯抗病毒的治疗效果。方法将201例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行HBV基因型的测定,其中120例HBeAg(+)慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为三组:A组、B组和C组,每组40例。A组给予拉米夫定(LAM)治疗;B组给予恩替卡韦(ETV)治疗;C组给予LAM联合阿德福韦酯(ADV)治疗,比较治疗情况。结果 201例慢性乙型肝炎患者中B型119例(59.2%),C型68例(33.8%),B/C混合型10例(5.0%),未知型4例(2.0%),各分型之间的性别、年龄差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。C型感染者HBeAg阳性率为86.8%,显著高于B型的51.3%(P0.05)。HBeAg(+)的3组患者治疗12、24和48周时,B组和C组患者的ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率及48周时的HBeAg血清转换率均显著高于A组(P0.05);C组患者与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗期间均未见不良反应发生。C组患者(包括B型19例、C型21例)中B型的HBV DNA阴转率及HBeAg血清转换率显著高于C型(P0.05)。结论地处西南方的内江地区慢性乙型肝炎患者主要以B型为主,C型次之,B型和C型共占93.0%,其他型别仅占较少部分。ETV方案或LAM联合ADV方案治疗HBeAg(+)慢性乙肝疗效优于LAM治疗。初始LAM联合ADV治疗基因B型HBeAg(+)慢性乙型肝炎疗效优于C型。     

Molecular Analysis and Susceptibility Profiling of Candida albicans Isolates from Immunocompromised Patients in South India

The genetic diversity and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of 55 Candida albicans from immunocompromised patients were studied. PCR based analysis of the transposable intron in the 25S rDNA revealed 39 genotype A, 4 genotype B and 12 genotype C isolates. Serotype analysis categorized 52 isolates as serotype A and 3 as serotype B. All strains were susceptible to micafungin, 5-flucytosine and miconazole, whereas resistance against amphotericin B (3.6%), fluconazole (3.6%), itraconazole (7.3%) and voriconazole (5.5%) was observed. No association was seen between antifungal resistance and genotype/serotype status.     

Study on polymerization effect of polyembryony genes by SSCP marker and family trees in Chinese goats

The aim of experiment was to analyze the polymerization effect of genotypes and genotype combinations of PRLR and LH?? gene loci in Xinong Saanen goat by SSCP marker and family trees. The relationships of genotype combinations and litter size were compared in Xinong Saanen goat. The results indicate that there are genetic polymorphisms at the PRLR and LH?? gene loci, and there are 4 positive genotypes (GG, CC, PP and LL) and 4 negative genotypes (HH, DD, QQ and MM) effects on litter size, respectively in Xinong Saanen goat. Compared with the other genotype combinations, the polymerization effect of GGCCPPLL markedly improved (P?<?0.05). The polymerization effect value of CC genotype was higher than that of CD genotype by 14.12%, and MM genotype was higher than that of LM genotype by 3.80%, and PP genotype was higher than that of QQ genotype by 15.67%, and LL genotype was higher than that of LM genotype by 11.48%, and PQ genotype was higher than that of QQ genotype by 11.02%, and CD genotype was higher than that of DD genotype by 10.69%, and PQ genotype was higher than that of PP genotype by 6.09%. There was significantly polymerization effect in the course of reproduction from parental generation (F0) to F1 generation. However, there was significantly gene isolation effect in the course of reproduction from F1 generation to F2 generation. This result can be used to guide the goat breeding in polyembryony trait.     

Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan

The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56% +/- 32% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53%), 28 (44%), and 29 (45%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.     

Application of Cation-Coated Filter Method to Detection of Noroviruses, Enteroviruses, Adenoviruses, and Torque Teno Viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan

The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56% ± 32% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53%), 28 (44%), and 29 (45%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.     

飞行(学)员ACE基因的多态性

血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)第 16内含子的插入 缺失多态性与运动员耐力水平有关 .为了解这一多态性与飞行员飞行耐力的关系 ,对不同阶段飞行人员ACE第 16内含子基因型进行了分析和比较 .结果显示 ,ACEDD基因型百分率在招飞体检应征人员为 12 5 %、基础飞行学院学员 (未飞 )为 11 5 %、飞行学院初教机飞行学员为 10 0 %、歼击机飞行员为 3 0 % .歼击机飞行员组D等位基因频率及DD基因型明显低于其他 3组 (P <0 0 1) ,而后 3组之间无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) .进而观察到 ,飞行员体能测试成绩优者 ,无DD基因型 .提示 ,飞行员体能表现与ACE第 16内含子的插入 缺失多态性有关 ,具有I等位基因者 ,体能较好 ,飞行耐力也较好 .     

黑龙江地区400例乙型肝炎病毒基因分型与耐药突变研究

目的:运用基因芯片技术分析黑龙江地区乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型分布特征及基因耐药变异情况。方法:随机选择2012年11月至2015年11月本医院乙型肝炎患者血清样本400例,应用PCR-反向点杂交的基因芯片技术对样本血清中HBV基因型及常见4类抗病毒药物耐药相关的多个位点进行检测,并进行数据分析。结果:400例样本中基因型分布以C型为主占83.25%(333例),B型7.25%(29例)、D型0.25%(1例)及混合基因型2.75%(11例);耐药突变位点检出188例,总耐药率为45.19%,其中突变位点236T(4.61%)提示阿德福韦酯单项耐药,耐药率为5.82%(10例),与拉米夫定耐药相关的为126例,突变位点以rt204I和(rt180M+rt240V)为主,显著高于其他抗病毒类药物,耐药风险较高。结论:黑龙江地区乙型肝炎基因分型以C为主,B型和其它混合型较少,且更容易对拉米夫定产生耐药。     

Diabetic hypertriglyceridaemia and related 5' flanking polymorphism of the human insulin gene.

A polymorphic DNA sequence was studied on the 5'' flanking region of the human insulin gene in relation to diabetic lipaemia. The genotype frequencies in a control population (n = 52) were homozygous L 6%, heterozygous 54%, and homozygous S 40%. Corresponding genotype frequencies in a hypertriglyceridaemic group (n = 74) were 18%, 66%, and 16% (p less than 0.01; chi 2 test). When the hypertriglyceridaemic patients were divided on the basis of glucose tolerance the corresponding genotype frequencies in the diabetic subgroup (n = 23) were 39%, 52%, and 9% compared with 0%, 74%, and 26% in the non-diabetics (n = 34) (p less than 0.001; chi 2 test). These findings suggest that the homozygous L genotype may confer susceptibility to diabetic hypertriglyceridaemia.     

浙江省麻疹病毒的基因特征分析

目的分析浙江省流行的麻疹病毒(MV)的基因特征,为更好地防控麻疹提供科学参考。方法从GenBank检索并下载浙江省所有麻疹病毒株、中国麻疹疫苗株和WHO推荐参考株的血凝素蛋白(H)和核蛋白(N)的基因组序列,利用MEGA 6.0软件进行比对分析,构建种系进化树,确定浙江省麻疹病毒流行的基因型别,并进行同源性和基因变异分析。结果浙江省麻疹病毒以H1基因型为主(27株),其他基因型为辅(2株B3型)。H1a亚型(21/27)占绝对优势,其次为H1b亚型(6/27)。浙江省所有毒株间H蛋白的氨基酸同源性为96.9%~100.0%,与疫苗株Shanghai-191和Changchun-47的同源性均为95.0%~96.0%。浙江省所有毒株间N蛋白羧基末端的氨基酸同源性为82.7%~100.0%,与疫苗株Shanghai-191的同源性为85.8%~89.5%,与疫苗株Changchun-47的同源性为87.3%~91.0%。结论麻疹病毒H1基因型为浙江省麻疹流行的优势株,与现行参考疫苗株(A基因型)差异较大,因此针对麻疹病毒H1基因型疫苗的研制是今后浙江省麻疹病毒防控的关键。     

南阳牛DGAT2基因PCR-RFLP多态性及其与生长性状相关性研究

以131头纯种南阳牛为研究材料, 利用PCR－RFLPs对二酰甘油酰基转移酶2(DGAT2)基因的第6内含子和第7内含子的多态性及其与生长发育的相关性进行了分析。结果表明: 南阳牛在该位点分别检测到两种等位基因A/B和N/M, 频率分别为0.875/0.125和0.971/0.029。A和N等位基因是群体中的优势等位基因。该基因内含子6对南阳牛6月龄的体高、2岁体重、6月龄到两岁的胸围和体斜长都有显著的影响, 内含子6的AA基因型的6月龄的体高比杂合型高3.8 %, 两岁体重高3.9%, 6月龄到两岁的胸围分别高3.8%、3.4%、3.7%、4.3%; 6月龄到两岁的体斜长分别高3.8%、3.6%、3.8%、3.1%。内含子7对18月龄和两岁的坐骨端宽有极显著的影响(P<0.01); 对两岁的胸围有显著的影响(P<0.05)。     

Genotypic Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus in Thailand and Southeast Asia

The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in chronic infection, which can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Global burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is estimated at 150 million individuals, or 3% of the world’s population. The distribution of the seven major genotypes of HCV varies with geographical regions. Since Asia has a high incidence of HCV, we assessed the distribution of HCV genotypes in Thailand and Southeast Asia. From 588 HCV-positive samples obtained throughout Thailand, we characterized the HCV 5’ untranslated region, Core, and NS5B regions by nested PCR. Nucleotide sequences obtained from both the Core and NS5B of these isolates were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and genotypes were assigned using published reference genotypes. Results were compared to the epidemiological data of HCV genotypes identified within Southeast Asian. Among the HCV subtypes characterized in the Thai samples, subtype 3a was the most predominant (36.4%), followed by 1a (19.9%), 1b (12.6%), 3b (9.7%) and 2a (0.5%). While genotype 1 was prevalent throughout Thailand (27–36%), genotype 3 was more common in the south. Genotype 6 (20.9%) constituted subtype 6f (7.8%), 6n (7.7%), 6i (3.4%), 6j and 6m (0.7% each), 6c (0.3%), 6v and 6xa (0.2% each) and its prevalence was significantly lower in southern Thailand compared to the north and northeast (p = 0.027 and p = 0.030, respectively). Within Southeast Asia, high prevalence of genotype 6 occurred in northern countries such as Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, while genotype 3 was prevalent in Thailand and Malaysia. Island nations of Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines demonstrated prevalence of genotype 1. This study further provides regional HCV genotype information that may be useful in fostering sound public health policy and tracking future patterns of HCV spread.     

我国常见乙型肝炎病毒基因型与基本核心启动子及前C区突变关系的初步研究

收集81份HBV DNA阳性血清标本,经PCR扩增和序列测定确定其中有50份属于基因型C,31份属于基因型B;C基因型的基本核心启动子BCP T1762/A1764的突变率(38%)明显高于B基因型(12.9%,P<0.05);前C区A1896的突变在B、C两基因型间无显著性差异,B基因型为9.7%,C基因型为12%,P>0.05;HBeAg的表达与否与BCP双突变或前C区A1896突变均无明显相关性。经定量PCR检测证明,HBeAg阳性组中的HBV DNA含量明显高于抗-HBe阳性组,P<0.05。组内BCP双突变株和野生株及前C1896突变株和野生株的HBV DNA含量无显著性差异。     

奶山羊PIS遗传缺陷基因的检测及应用

文章旨在建立一种奶山羊无角间性综合征(Polled intersex syndrome,PIS)遗传缺陷基因检测方法。根据PIS基因序列(AF404302)分别设计PIS、PIS+、NEI 3对扩增引物,利用PCR技术鉴定奶山羊PIS遗传缺陷基因型。基因型为PIS PIS+与PIS PIS+的表型正常个体分别扩增出(141,300 bp)和(141,449,300 bp)的片段组合,隐性纯合间性山羊(PIS+PIS+)扩增出(449,300 bp)的片段组合。利用该方法检测一个224个体的奶山羊群体,结果显示:PIS PIS、PIS PIS+和PIS+PIS+个体分别为70、150和4个。该群体中PIS PIS+基因型频率高达66.9%,PIS+基因频率为35.3%,其子代群体出现间性山羊的可能性将超过12%。文章所开发的奶山羊PIS遗传缺陷基因检测方法可直接准确判别种公羊的基因型,从而避免缺陷基因携带者种公羊的使用。该方法易操作且准确性高,对奶山羊的标记辅助选择及奶山羊产业的健康发展具有重要意义。     

Variation in stress resistance patterns among stx genotypes and genetic lineages of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157

To evaluate the relationship between bacterial genotypes and stress resistance patterns, we exposed 57 strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 to acid, freeze-thaw, heat, osmotic, oxidative, and starvation stresses. Inactivation rates were calculated in each assay and subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The stx genotype was determined for each strain as was the lineage-specific polymorphism assay (LSPA6) genotype. In univariate analyses, strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype showed greater resistance to heat than strains of the stx(1) stx(2c) genotype; moreover, strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype showed greater resistance to starvation than strains of the stx(2) or stx(2c) genotypes. LSPA6 lineage I (LI) strains showed greater resistance to heat and starvation than LSPA6 lineage II (LII) strains. PCA revealed a general trend that a strain with greater resistance to one type of stress tended to have greater resistance to other types of stresses. In cluster analysis, STEC O157 strains were grouped into stress-resistant, stress-sensitive, and intermediate clusters. In stx genotypes, all strains of the stx(1) stx(2) genotype were grouped with the stress-resistant cluster, whereas 72.7% (8/11) of strains of the stx(1) stx(2c) genotype grouped with the stress-sensitive cluster. In LI strains, 77.8% (14/18) of the strains were grouped with the stress-resistant cluster, whereas 64.7% (11/17) of LII strains were grouped with the stress-sensitive cluster. These results indicate that the genotypes of STEC O157 that are frequently associated with human illness, i.e., LI or the stx(1) stx(2) genotype, have greater multiple stress resistance than do strains of other genotypes.     

Frequency of CCR5 delta-32 mutation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and HIV-exposed seronegative individuals and in general population of Medellin, Colombia

Repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not always result in seroconversion. Modifications in coreceptors for HIV entrance to target cells are one of the factors that block the infection. We studied the frequency of Delta-32 mutation in ccr5 gene in Medellin, Colombia. Two hundred and eighteen individuals distributed in three different groups were analyzed for Delta-32 mutation in ccr5 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): 29 HIV seropositive (SP), 39 exposed seronegative (ESN) and 150 individuals as a general population sample (GPS). The frequency of the Delta-32 mutant allele was 3.8% for ESN, 2.7% for GPS and 1.7% for SP. Only one homozygous mutant genotype (Delta-32/Delta-32) was found among the ESN (2.6%). The heterozygous genotype (ccr5/Delta-32) was found in eight GPS (5.3%), in one SP (3.4%) and in one ESN (2.6%). The differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies among the three groups were not statistically significant. A comparison between the expected and the observed genotypic frequencies showed that these frequencies were significantly different for the ESN group, which indirectly suggests a protective effect of the mutant genotype (Delta-32/Delta-32). Since this mutant genotype explained the resistance of infection in only one of our ESN persons, different mechanisms of protection must be playing a more important role in this population.