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1.
Jaquelline Carla Valamiel de Oliveira-Silva Girley Francisco Machado-de-Assis Maykon Tavares Oliveira Nívia Carolina Noguieira Paiva Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo Cláudia Martins Carneiro Olindo Assis Martins-Filho Helen Rodrigues Martins Marta de Lana 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(1):86-94
Trypanosoma cruzi strains from distinct geographic areas show differences in drug
resistance and association between parasites genetic and treatment response has been
observed. Considering that benznidazole (BZ) can reduce the parasite burden and
tissues damage, even in not cured animals and individuals, the goal is to assess the
drug response to BZ of T. cruzi II strains isolated from children of the
Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, before treatment. Mice infected
and treated with BZ in both phases of infection were compared with the untreated and
evaluated by fresh blood examination, haemoculture, polymerase chain reaction,
conventional (ELISA) and non-conventional (FC-ALTA) serologies. In mice treated in
the acute phase, a significant decrease in parasitaemia was observed for all strains.
Positive parasitological and/or serological tests in animals treated during the acute
and chronic (95.1-100%) phases showed that most of the strains were BZ resistant.
However, beneficial effect was demonstrated because significant reduction (p <
0.05%) and/or suppression of parasitaemia was observed in mice infected with all
strains (acute phase), associated to reduction/elimination of inflammation and
fibrosis for two/eight strains. BZ offered some benefit, even in not cured animals,
what suggest that BZ use may be recommended at least for recent chronic infection of
the studied region. 相似文献
2.
Claudia Nieto-Sanchez Esteban G Baus Darwin Guerrero Mario J Grijalva 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):299-309
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by the
faeces of triatomine insects that find favourable environments in poorly constructed
houses. Previous studies have documented persistent triatomine infestation in houses
in the province of Loja in southern Ecuador despite repeated insecticide and
educational interventions. We aim to develop a sustainable strategy for the
interruption of Chagas disease transmission by promoting living environments that are
designed to prevent colonisation of rural houses by triatomines. This study used
positive deviance to inform the design of an anti-triatomine prototype house by
identifying knowledge, attitudes and practices used by families that have remained
triatomine-free (2010-2012). Positive deviants reported practices that included
maintenance of structural elements of the house, fumigation of dwellings and animal
shelters, sweeping with "insect repellent" plants and relocation of domestic animals
away from the house, among others. Participants favoured construction materials that
do not drastically differ from those currently used (adobe walls and tile roofs).
They also expressed their belief in a clear connection between a clean house and
health. The family''s economic dynamics affect space use and must be considered in the
prototype''s design. Overall, the results indicate a positive climate for the
introduction of housing improvements as a protective measure against Chagas disease
in this region. 相似文献
3.
Maria-Jesus Pinazo Maria-Carmen Thomas Juan Bustamante Igor Correia de Almeida Manuel-Carlos Lopez Joaquim Gascon 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):422-432
The definition of a biomarker provided by the World Health Organization is any
substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body, or its products
and influence, or predict the incidence or outcome of disease. Currently, the lack of
prognosis and progression markers for chronic Chagas disease has posed limitations
for testing new drugs to treat this neglected disease. Several molecules and
techniques to detect biomarkers in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected
patients have been proposed to assess whether specific treatment with benznidazole or
nifurtimox is effective. Isolated proteins or protein groups from different
T. cruzi stages and parasite-derived glycoproteins and synthetic
neoglycoconjugates have been demonstrated to be useful for this purpose, as have
nucleic acid amplification techniques. The amplification of T. cruzi
DNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method is the leading test
for assessing responses to treatment in a short period of time. Biochemical
biomarkers have been tested early after specific treatment. Cytokines and surface
markers represent promising molecules for the characterisation of host cellular
responses, but need to be further assessed. 相似文献
4.
Guillermo Moscatelli Ada Berenstein Ana Tarlovsky Susana Siniawski Miguel Biancardi Griselda Ballering Samanta Moroni Marta Schwarcz Susana Hernández Facundo García-Bournissen Andrés Espejo Cozzi Héctor Freilij Jaime Altcheh 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(5):644-648
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of this disease in
women of childbearing age and children treated at health centres in underserviced
areas of the city of Buenos Aires. Demographic and Chagas disease status data were
collected. Samples for Chagas disease serology were obtained on filter paper and the
reactive results were confirmed with conventional samples. A total of 1,786 subjects
were screened and 73 positive screening results were obtained: 17 were from children
and 56 were from women. The Trypanosoma cruzi infection risk was
greater in those individuals who had relatives with Chagas disease, who remember
seeing kissing bugs, who were of Bolivian nationality or were born in the Argentine
province of Santiago del Estero. The overall prevalence of Chagas disease was 4.08%.
Due to migration, Chagas disease is currently predominantly urban. The observed
prevalence requires health programme activities that are aimed at urban children and
their mothers. Most children were infected congenitally, which reinforces the need
for Chagas disease screening of all pregnant women and their babies in Argentina. The
active search for new cases is important because the appropriate treatment in
children has a high cure rate. 相似文献
5.
José Rodrigues Coura Pedro Albajar Vi?as Lucia Maria Brum-Soares Andréa Silvestre de Sousa Sérgio Salles Xavier 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):1009-1013
A case-control study on the morbidity of Chagas heart disease was carried out in the
municipality of Barcelos in the microregion of the Rio Negro, state of Amazonas. One
hundred and six individuals, who were serologically positive for Trypanosoma
cruzi infection, as confirmed by at least two techniques with different
principles, were matched according to age and sex with an equal number of
seronegative individuals. The cases and controls were evaluated using an
epidemiological questionnaire and clinical, electrocardiograph and echocardiograph
examinations. In the seroepidemiological evaluation, 62% of the interviewees
recognised triatomines and most of them confirmed that they had seen these insects in
the piassava plantations of the riverside communities of the Negro River tributaries.
Of the seropositive patients, 25.8% affirmed that they had been stung by the
triatomines and 11.7% denied having been stung. The principal clinical manifestations
of the seropositive individuals were palpitations, chest pain and dyspnoea upon
effort. Cardiac auscultation revealed extrasystoles, bradycardia and systolic
murmurs. The electrocardiographic alterations were ventricular extrasystoles, left
and right bundle branch block, atrioventricular block and primary T wave alterations.
The echocardiogram was altered in 22.6% of the seropositive individuals and in 8.5%
of the seronegative individuals. 相似文献
6.
Bethany Richards Nicholas M de la Rúa Carlota Monroy Lori Stevens Patricia L Dorn 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(4):395-398
Triatoma dimidiata is the most important Chagas disease insect
vector in Central America as this species is primarily responsible for
Trypanosoma cruzi transmission to humans, the protozoan
parasite that causes Chagas disease. T. dimidiata sensu lato is
a genetically diverse assemblage of taxa and effective vector control requires a
clear understanding of the geographic distribution and epidemiological
importance of its taxa. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2
(ITS-2) is frequently used to infer the systematics of triatomines. However,
oftentimes amplification and sequencing of ITS-2 fails, likely due to both the
large polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product and polymerase slippage near the
5'' end. To overcome these challenges we have designed new primers that amplify
only the 3''-most 200 base pairs of ITS-2. This region distinguishes the ITS-2
group for 100% of known T. dimidiata haplotypes. Furthermore,
we have developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) approach
to determine the ITS-2 group, greatly reducing, but not eliminating, the number
of amplified products that need to be sequenced. Although there are limitations
with this new PCR-RFLP approach, its use will help with understanding the
geographic distribution of T. dimidiata taxa and can facilitate
other studies characterising the taxa, e.g. their ecology, evolution and
epidemiological importance, thus improving vector control. 相似文献
7.
María Cecilia Albareda Susana Adriana Laucella 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):414-421
The aim of this review is to describe the contributions of the knowledge of T-cell
responses to the understanding of the physiopathology and the responsiveness to
etiological treatment during the chronic phase of Chagas disease.
T-helper (Th)1 and interleukin (IL)-10 Trypanosoma
cruzi-specific T-cells have been linked to the asymptomatic phase or to
severe clinical forms of the disease, respectively or vice versa,
depending on the T. cruzi antigen source, the patient’s location and
the performed immunological assays. Parasite-specific T-cell responses are modulated
after benznidazole (BZ) treatment in chronically T. cruzi-infected
subjects in association with a significant decrease in T.
cruzi-specific antibodies. Accumulating evidence has indicated that
treatment efficacy during experimental infection with T. cruzi
results from the combined action of BZ and the activation of appropriate
immune responses in the host. However, strong support of this interaction in
T. cruzi-infected humans remains lacking. Overall, the quality of T-cell
responses might be a key factor in not only disease evolution, but also chemotherapy
responsiveness. Immunological parameters are potential indicators of treatment
response regardless of achievement of cure. Providing tools to monitor and provide
early predictions of treatment success will allow the development of new therapeutic
options. 相似文献
8.
Varaschin MS Hirsch C Wouters F Nakagaki KY Guimarães AM Santos DS Bezerra PS Costa RC Peconick AP Langohr IM 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2012,50(1):63-67
Congenital Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in two Saanen goat kids from two distinct herds with a history of abortion and weak newborn goat kids in the Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The first kid was weak at birth, had difficulty to rise and was unable to nurse. Gross lesions of porencephaly and hydrocephalus ex vacuo were seen. Multifocal necrosis, gliosis and non-supurative encephalitis were observed in the brain. Several parasitic cysts with a thick wall that reacted strongly only with polyclonal antiserum to Neospora caninum were seen in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. The second kid was born from a Neospora caninum seropositive mother that aborted in the last pregnancy. It was born without clinical signs. The diagnosis of neosporosis was based on antibody titer of 1:800 to N. caninum by indirect fluorescence antibody test obtained from blood collected before the goat kid ingested the colostrum and Neospora caninum DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from placenta. This is the first report of neosporosis in goats in the southeast region of Brazil. 相似文献
9.
Kumari Aditi Akanksha Singh Mallikarjun N Shakarad Namita Agrawal 《Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)》2022,247(2):152
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating polyglutamine disorder characterized by extensive neurodegeneration and metabolic abnormalities at systemic, cellular and intracellular levels. Metabolic alterations in HD manifest as abnormal body weight, dysregulated biomolecule levels, impaired adipocyte functions, and defective energy state which exacerbate disease progression and pose acute threat to the health of challenged individuals in form of insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and energy crisis. To colossally mitigate disease symptoms, we tested the efficacy of curcumin in Drosophila model of HD. Curcumin is the bioactive component of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn), well-known for its ability to modulate metabolic activities. We found that curcumin effectively managed abnormal body weight, dysregulated lipid content, and carbohydrate level in HD flies. In addition, curcumin administration lowered elevated reactive-oxygen-species levels in adult adipose tissue of diseased flies, and improved survival and locomotor function in HD flies at advanced disease stage. Altogether, these findings clearly suggest that curcumin efficiently attenuates metabolic derangements in HD flies and can prove beneficial in alleviating the complexities associated with HD. 相似文献
10.
Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya Zoraida Díaz-Bello Cecilia Colmenares Raiza Ruiz-Guevara Luciano Mauriello Arturo Mu?oz-Calderón Oscar Noya 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):377-386
Orally transmitted Chagas disease has become a matter of concern due to outbreaks
reported in four Latin American countries. Although several mechanisms for orally
transmitted Chagas disease transmission have been proposed, food and beverages
contaminated with whole infected triatomines or their faeces, which contain
metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, seems to be the
primary vehicle. In 2007, the first recognised outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas
disease occurred in Venezuela and largest recorded outbreak at that time. Since then,
10 outbreaks (four in Caracas) with 249 cases (73.5% children) and 4% mortality have
occurred. The absence of contact with the vector and of traditional cutaneous and
Romana’s signs, together with a florid spectrum of clinical manifestations during the
acute phase, confuse the diagnosis of orally transmitted Chagas disease with other
infectious diseases. The simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM by ELISA and the
search for parasites in all individuals at risk have been valuable diagnostic tools
for detecting acute cases. Follow-up studies regarding the microepidemics primarily
affecting children has resulted in 70% infection persistence six years after
anti-parasitic treatment. Panstrongylus geniculatus has been the
incriminating vector in most cases. As a food-borne disease, this entity requires
epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that differ from
those approaches used for traditional direct or cutaneous vector transmission. 相似文献
11.
Janine M Ramsey A Townsend Peterson Oscar Carmona-Castro David A Moo-Llanes Yoshinori Nakazawa Morgan Butrick Ezequiel Tun-Ku Keynes de la Cruz-Félix Carlos N Ibarra-Cerde?a 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(3):339-352
Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in
Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine
species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found
to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper
aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their
geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and
landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19
species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T.
cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry
Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest
in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated
with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the
Pacific Coast. Three species, Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma
mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the
greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest
rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions,
demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical
ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in
Mexico without the potential for T. cruzi transmission. 相似文献
12.
Marisa Liliana Fernández Maria Elena Marson Juan Carlos Ramirez Guido Mastrantonio Alejandro Gabriel Schijman Jaime Altcheh Adelina Rosa Riarte Facundo García Bournissen 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2016,111(3):218-221
Pharmacological treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole (BNZ) is effective in
children in all stages, but it is controversial in chronically infected adults. We
report the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in six adult patients with Chagas
disease treated with the new BNZ formulation (ABARAX®) in doses between
2.5-5.5 mg/Kg/day. All but one patient had plasmatic BNZ concentrations within the
expected range. All patients finalised treatment with nondetectable
Trypanosoma cruziquantitative polymerase chain reaction, which
remained nondetectable at the six month follow-up. Our data suggests parasitological
responses with the new BNZ and supports the hypothesis that treatment protocols with
lower BNZ doses may be effective. 相似文献
13.
C. E. ALMEIDA E. FOLLY‐RAMOS A. T. PETERSON V. LIMA‐NEIVA M. GUMIEL R. DUARTE M. M. LIMA M. LOCKS M. BELTRÃO J. COSTA 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2009,23(4):410-417
Searches for Chagas disease vectors were performed at the type locality from which Triatoma sherlocki Papa et al. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) was described in the municipality of Gentio do Ouro, in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and in a small artisan quarry‐mining community ~13 km distant in a remote area of the same municipality. The latter site represents a new locality record for this species. Adults, nymphs and exuviae of T. sherlocki were found in 21% of human dwellings, indicating that the species is in the process of domiciliation. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in collected bugs was 10.8%. Simple predictive approaches based on environmental similarity were used to identify additional sites likely suitable for this species. The approach successfully predicted an additional five sites for the species in surrounding landscapes. Ecological and entomological indicators were combined to discuss whether this scenario likely represents an isolated case or an emerging public health problem. 相似文献
14.
Andressa Alencastre Fuzari Rodrigues Vanessa de Araújo Barbosa José Dilermando Andrade Filho Reginaldo Pe?anha Brazil 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(7):943-946
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro is sporadic and can
be characterised as a peridomestic transmission that occurs in modified natural
environments. The aim of this work was to study the fauna and ecological
characteristics of sandflies in an environmentally protected area (the State
Park of Serra da Tiririca) within the remnants of the Atlantic Forest in the
municipalities of Niterói and Maricá and their possible relationship with
leishmaniasis. Captures were performed using light traps during the night once a
month for one year in both sylvatic environments and areas surrounding homes
near the park. A total of 1,037 sandflies were captured, belonging to nine
genera and 12 species: Evandromyia tupynambai (34.1%),
Migonemyia migonei (20.6%), Brumptomyia
cunhai (13.8%), Micropygomyia schreiberi (9.7%),
Psathyromyia lanei (6.5%), Brumptomyia
nitzulescui (5.7%), Evandromyia edwardsi
(5.4%), Nyssomyia intermedia (2.8%), Evandromyia
cortelezzii (0.6%), Pintomyia bianchigalatiae
(0.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (0.2%) and Sciopemyia
microps (0.1%). Both Mg. migonei and Ny.
intermedia may be acting as vectors of CL in this area. 相似文献
15.
We refer to Oswaldo Cruz''s reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a
healthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of Carlos
Chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted.
We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. We
recommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon
Region and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of
the human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and the
presence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodic
seroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and the
training of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identify
Trypanosoma cruzi from patients'' samples and T.
cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend health
promotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especially
through sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, we
propose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in the
areas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering the
distances to be covered for medical care. 相似文献
16.
Hélène Hiwat 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(4):452-458
Nine species of Triatominae, representing three tribes and five genera, are currently
known in Suriname. An annotated list of the species based on the collections of the
Bureau of Public Health (Suriname), the National Zoological Collection Suriname and
the National History Museum Leiden (the Netherlands) is provided. Additionally, the
results of several years of opportunistic collection in two domestic environments are
presented. The most common species are Rhodnius pictipes Stål,
1972, Rhodnius robustus Larrouse, 1972 and Panstrongylus
geniculatus (Latreille, 1811). The significance of the species as vectors
of Chagas disease in Suriname is discussed. 相似文献
17.
Behavioural alterations are independent of sickness behaviour in chronic
experimental Chagas disease
Glaucia Vilar-Pereira Leonardo Alexandre de Souza Ruivo Joseli Lannes-Vieira 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(8):1042-1050
The existence of the nervous form of Chagas disease is a matter of discussion since
Carlos Chagas described neurological disorders, learning and behavioural alterations
in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals. In most patients, the
clinical manifestations of the acute phase, including neurological abnormalities,
resolve spontaneously without apparent consequence in the chronic phase of infection.
However, chronic Chagas disease patients have behavioural changes such as psychomotor
alterations, attention and memory deficits, and depression. In the present study, we
tested whether or not behavioural alterations are reproducible in experimental
models. We show that C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with the Colombian strain of
T. cruzi (150 days post-infection) exhibit behavioural changes as
(i) depression in the tail suspension and forced swim tests, (ii) anxiety analysed by
elevated plus maze and open field test sand and (iii) motor coordination in the
rotarod test. These alterations are neither associated with neuromuscular disorders
assessed by the grip strength test nor with sickness behaviour analysed by
temperature variation sand weight loss. Therefore, chronically T.
cruzi-infected mice replicate behavioural alterations (depression and
anxiety) detected in Chagas disease patients opening an opportunity to study the
interconnection and the physiopathology of these two biological processes in an
infectious scenario. 相似文献
18.
Martha Elba Gonzalez-Mejia Enrique Torres-Rasgado Leonardo M Porchia Hilda Rosas Salgado José-Luis Totolhua Arturo Ortega Luisa Clara Regina Hernández-Kelly Guadalupe Ruiz-Vivanco Blanca G Báez-Duarte Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(2):174-181
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an endemic
among Latin America countries. The participation of free radicals, especially nitric
oxide (NO), has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of seropositive individuals
with T. cruzi. In Chagas disease, increased NO contributes to the
development of cardiomyopathy and megacolon. Metallothioneins (MTs) are efficient
free radicals scavengers of NO in vitro and in vivo. Here, we developed a murine
model of the chronic phase of Chagas disease using endemic T. cruzi
RyCH1 in BALB/c mice, which were divided into four groups: infected non-treated
(Inf), infected N-monomethyl-L-arginine treated (Inf L-NAME), non-infected L-NAME
treated and non-infected vehicle-treated. We determined blood parasitaemia and NO
levels, the extent of parasite nests in tissues and liver MT-I expression levels. It
was observed that NO levels were increasing in Inf mice in a time-dependent manner.
Inf L-NAME mice had fewer T. cruzi nests in cardiac and skeletal
muscle with decreased blood NO levels at day 135 post infection. This affect was
negatively correlated with an increase of MT-I expression (r = -0.8462, p <
0.0001). In conclusion, we determined that in Chagas disease, an unknown inhibitory
mechanism reduces MT-I expression, allowing augmented NO levels. 相似文献
19.
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is, together with geohelminths, the
neglected disease that causes more loss of years of healthy life due to disability in
Latin America. Chagas disease, as determined by the factors and determinants, shows
that different contexts require different actions, preventing new cases or reducing
the burden of disease. Control strategies must combine two general courses of action
including prevention of transmission to prevent the occurrence of new cases (these
measures are cost effective), as well as opportune diagnosis and treatment of
infected individuals in order to prevent the clinical evolution of the disease and to
allow them to recuperate their health. All actions should be implemented as fully as
possible and with an integrated way, to maximise the impact. Chagas disease cannot be
eradicated due because of the demonstrated existence of infected wild triatomines in
permanent contact with domestic cycles and it contributes to the occurrence of at
least few new cases. However, it is possible to interrupt the transmission of
Trypanosoma cruzi in a large territory and to eliminate Chagas
disease as a public health problem with a dramatic reduction of burden of the
disease. 相似文献
20.
Luiz Ricardo L. Simone 《ZooKeys》2012,(238):77-85
Two new species of shallow water Tornidae are found in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, formally described herein. They belong to a complex group of tiny gastropods, in such the taxonomy is very confused. Cyclostremiscus mohicanus
sp. n. is characterized by three well-developed spiral, equidistant carinas, working as base of three series of tall, aligned periostracal rods. Episcinia itanhuna
sp. n. has as single sculpture a series of pustules in periphery, but the periostracum bears three series of peripheral fringes with irregular rods. The new species are compared with the allies, showing a close relation with Caribbean fauna, but possessing worthy differences. These similarities have raised misidentifications. 相似文献