Opening the Gift: Social Inclusion, Professional Codes and Gift-Giving in Long-Term Mental Healthcare

Deinstitutionalisation has not only made the social inclusion of clients a key objective in long-term mental healthcare, it may also affect the role of the care professional. This article investigates whether the social inclusion objective clashes with other long-standing professional values, specifically when clients give gifts to care professionals. In making a typology of gifts, we compare the literature on gift-giving with professional codes for gifts and relate both to the objective of social inclusion of clients. Our typology draws on an analysis of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2007/2008 at a Dutch mental healthcare centre. We identify four types of gifts for professionals in long-term mental healthcare, each relating individually to professional codes and the objective of social inclusion of clients. Only the ‘personal gift’ directly supports social inclusion, by fostering personal relationships between professionals and clients. Acceptance of this type of gift is advocated only for long-term care professionals. We suggest that professional codes need to consider this typology of gifts, and we advocate promoting reflexivity as a means of accounting for professional behaviour in deinstitutionalised care settings.     

Risk-Pooling and Herd Survival: An Agent-Based Model of a Maasai Gift-Giving System

We use agent-based modeling to study osotua, a gift giving system used by the Maasai of East Africa. Osotua’s literal meaning is “umbilical cord,” but it is used metaphorically to refer to a specific type of gift-giving relationship. Osotua relationships are characterized by respect, responsibility and restraint. Osotua partners ask each other for help only if they are in need and provide help only when asked and only if they are able. We hypothesize that under the ecologically volatile conditions in which Maasai pastoralists have traditionally lived, such a system is particularly suited to risk pooling. Here we explore whether osotua increases the viability of herds by comparing herd survivorship and stability under osotua rules to a) no exchange and b) probabilistic rules for requesting and giving livestock. Results from this model suggest that this gift-giving system can dramatically increase herd longevity through a limited pooling of risk.     

晶圆盘菌属中国新记录种

晶圆盘菌属Hyalorbilia Baral ＆ G.Marson是圆盘菌科中的一个小属,包括O.inflatula（P.Karst.）P.Karst.等5个种（Baral ＆ Marson,2001）。该属子实层组织胶化,子囊产自产囊丝钩,顶部半球形,壁不 加厚,子囊孢子内通常具有两极对称排列的孢子体或孢子内含物,外囊盘被为角胞组织,侧丝顶端一般不膨大。作者在对中国圆盘菌科的资源调查中,     

网柄菌属的2个中国新记录种和2个中国大陆新记录种

从采自中国西南部分省区(云南、贵州)的土壤样品中分离出网柄菌属的2个中国新记录种,即粗茎网柄菌(Dictyostelium crassicaule)和交织网柄菌(Dictyostelium implicatum);2个中国大陆新记录种,即大头网柄菌(Dictyostelium macrocephalum)和大网柄菌(Dictyostelium magnum)。文中对该4个种进行了详细的形态学描述,并附其部分生活史的图片。     

中国拟青霉属的两个新记录种

报道了国内拟青霉属的两个新记录种 ,即彭氏拟青霉 [Paecilomycespuntonii (Vuillemin)Nannizzi]和马昆德拟青霉 [Paecilomycesmarquandii (Massee)Hughes],经测定其 10 0g干菌丝维生素A含量分别为 2 13g和 3 14g ;维生素E含量分别为 3 4 5g和 4 6 0g。     

Long-Term Trends in Visibility and at Chengdu,China

Long-term (1973 to 2010) trends in visibility at Chengdu, China were investigated using meteorological data from the U.S. National Climatic Data Center. The visual range exhibited a declining trend before 1982, a slight increase between 1983 and 1995, a sharp decrease between 1996 and 2005, and some improvements after 2006. The trends in visibility were generally consistent with the economic development and implementation of pollution controls in China. Intensive PM_2.5 measurements were conducted from 2009 to 2010 to determine the causes of visibility degradation. An analysis based on a modification of the IMPROVE approach indicated that PM_2.5 ammonium bisulfate contributed 27.7% to the light extinction coefficient (b_ext); this was followed by organic mass (21.7%), moisture (20.6%), and ammonium nitrate (16.3%). Contributions from elemental carbon (9.4%) and soil dust (4.3%) were relatively minor. Anthropogenic aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, and elemental carbon) and moisture at the surface also were important determinants of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm, and the spatial distributions of both b_ext and AOD were strongly affected by regional topography. A Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model suggested that coal combustion was the largest contributor to PM_2.5 mass (42.3%) and the dry-air light-scattering coefficient (47.7%); this was followed by vehicular emissions (23.4% and 20.5%, respectively), industrial emissions (14.9% and 18.8%), biomass burning (12.8% and 11.9%), and fugitive dust (6.6% and 1.1%). Our observations provide a scientific basis for improving visibility in this area.     

Measuring Long-Term Impact Based on Network Centrality: Unraveling Cinematic Citations

Traditional measures of success for film, such as box-office revenue and critical acclaim, lack the ability to quantify long-lasting impact and depend on factors that are largely external to the craft itself. With the growing number of films that are being created and large-scale data becoming available through crowd-sourced online platforms, an endogenous measure of success that is not reliant on manual appraisal is of increasing importance. In this article we propose such a ranking method based on a combination of centrality indices. We apply the method to a network that contains several types of citations between more than 40,000 international feature films. From this network we derive a list of milestone films, which can be considered to constitute the foundations of cinema. In a comparison to various existing lists of ‘greatest’ films, such as personal favourite lists, voting lists, lists of individual experts, and lists deduced from expert polls, the selection of milestone films is more diverse in terms of genres, actors, and main creators. Our results shed light on the potential of a systematic quantitative investigation based on cinematic influences in identifying the most inspiring creations in world cinema. In a broader perspective, we introduce a novel research question to large-scale citation analysis, one of the most intriguing topics that have been at the forefront of scientific enquiries for the past fifty years and have led to the development of various network analytic methods. In doing so, we transfer widely studied approaches from citation analysis to the the newly emerging field of quantification efforts in the arts. The specific contribution of this paper consists in modelling the multidimensional cinematic references as a growing multiplex network and in developing a methodology for the identification of central films in this network.     

中国毁丝霉属嗜热型真菌两新记录种

对在山东、陕西及云南采集的标本进行了研究 ,鉴定出毁丝霉属 (MyceliophthoraCost)中的 2个嗜热型真菌新记录种 ,即弗格斯毁丝霉 [M .fergusii(vanKlopotek)vanOorschot]和嗜热毁丝霉 [M .thermophila (Apinis)vanOorschot],并对其进行了描述和讨论。凭证标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室 (HSAUP)。     

我国红树林湿地真菌的三个新记录种

报道了广东和海南红树林湿地真菌的3个中国新记录种,即红树林淤泥中分离出的篮状菌Talaromyces helicus(RaperFennell)C.R.Benj,采自海洋腐木中的海生双室孢腔菌Biatriospora marina K.D.HydeBorse以及内生拟内黑盘壳菌Endomelanconiopsis endophytica E.I.RojasSamuels,并对真菌的主要形态特征进行了详细描述。研究标本保存于广东海洋大学农学院植物保护实验室(HMGDOU)。     

中国金孢霉属两个新记录种

从我国山西和新疆的土样中分离到两个金孢霉(Chrysosporium)菌株。经培养鉴定,是国内未见报道的两个新记录种,即印度金孢霉(C.indicum)和裂叶金孢霉(C.lobatum)。作者对它们的培养性状和形态特征作了详细描述和图解并对其应用前景作了扼要介绍。     

Anthony's Feast: The Gift in Abelam Aesthetics

In this essay I take up a major theme in the work of Anthony Forge: the relationship between word and image. Focusing on the problem of what the Abelam say (or do not say) about the design elements in masculine initiation rites, I explore the relationship between language and the exchange relations that are involved in the ceremony. While the Abelam have no explicit way of explaining the design elements, initiation involves a constructed and aestheticised use of language. This lecture will investigate the word/image nexus from this viewpoint.     

Actinobacterial Community Structure in Soils Receiving Long-Term Organic and Inorganic Amendments

The impact of long-term organic and inorganic amendments on the actinobacterial community in soils was studied. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns based on the V3 region of 16S rRNA suggested that there was no significant difference between the communities occurring in the different amendments. However, analysis of the clone libraries of the actinobacterial communities by the use of multiple statistical approaches showed that these communities were significantly different from each other. Results showed that long-term organic and inorganic soil amendments did not significantly alter the overall phylogenetic diversity of the actinobacterial communities but did significantly change the community structure.     

The Network Structure of Human Personality According to the NEO-PI-R: Matching Network Community Structure to Factor Structure

Introduction

Human personality is described preferentially in terms of factors (dimensions) found using factor analysis. An alternative and highly related method is network analysis, which may have several advantages over factor analytic methods.

Aim

To directly compare the ability of network community detection (NCD) and principal component factor analysis (PCA) to examine modularity in multidimensional datasets such as the neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory revised (NEO-PI-R).

Methods

434 healthy subjects were tested on the NEO-PI-R. PCA was performed to extract factor structures (FS) of the current dataset using both item scores and facet scores. Correlational network graphs were constructed from univariate correlation matrices of interactions between both items and facets. These networks were pruned in a link-by-link fashion while calculating the network community structure (NCS) of each resulting network using the Wakita Tsurumi clustering algorithm. NCSs were matched against FS and networks of best matches were kept for further analysis.

Results

At facet level, NCS showed a best match (96.2%) with a ‘confirmatory’ 5-FS. At item level, NCS showed a best match (80%) with the standard 5-FS and involved a total of 6 network clusters. Lesser matches were found with ‘confirmatory’ 5-FS and ‘exploratory’ 6-FS of the current dataset. Network analysis did not identify facets as a separate level of organization in between items and clusters. A small-world network structure was found in both item- and facet level networks.

Conclusion

We present the first optimized network graph of personality traits according to the NEO-PI-R: a ‘Personality Web’. Such a web may represent the possible routes that subjects can take during personality development. NCD outperforms PCA by producing plausible modularity at item level in non-standard datasets, and can identify the key roles of individual items and clusters in the network.     

Reconstructive Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection Aneurysms: Long-Term Results and Predictors of Unfavorable Outcomes

Introduction

Few studies focused on predictors of unfavorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale, 2–6) after reconstructive treatment of the ruptured intracranial spontaneous vertebral artery dissection aneurysms (ris-VADAs), which was evaluated based on 57 reconstructed lesions in this study.

Methods

Results of 57 consecutive patients (M:F = 29∶28; median age, 48 years; range, 27 to 69 years) harboring 57 ris-VADAs, which were treated with coils combined with single stent(n = 32), double overlapping stents (n = 16), and triple overlapping stents (n = 9) between October 2000 to March 2011, were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.

Results

The available (n = 54) mean durations of angiographic and clinical follow-ups were 27 months (range, 12 to 78) and 62 months (range, 12 to 132), respectively. The involvement of PICA (p = 0.004), size of lesions (p = 0.000), quantity of stent (p = 0.001), and coil type (p = 0.002) affected the immediate obliteration grade, which was only risk factor for angiographic recurrences (p = 0.031). Although the post-treatment outcomes did not differ between single stent and multiple stents (p = 0.434), 5 angiographic recurrences, 1 rebleeding and 1 suspected rebleeding, all occurred in partial obliteration after single-stent-assisted coiling. Progressive thrombosis and in-stent obliteration were not detected on follow-up angiograms. Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.090; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.004–1.184; p = 0.040) and unfavorable Hunt-Hess scale (OR = 4.289; 95%CI, 1.232–14.933; p = 0.022) were independent predictors of unfavorable outcomes in the reconstructed ris-VADAs.

Conclusions

Immediate obliteration grade was only risk factor for angiographic recurrence after reconstructive treatment. Unfavorable Hunt-Hess grade and older age were independent predictors of unfavorable outcomes in ris-VADAs.     

中国荨麻科植物省级分布新记录

报道荨麻科6种1亚种1变种在我国6个省区分布的新记录,其中山东分布新记录的有海岛苎麻 (Boehmeria formosana),陕西分布新记录的有对叶楼梯草(Elatostema sinense),广东分布新记录的有台湾糯米团(Gonostegia parvifolia),贵州分布新记录的有显脉楼梯草(Elatostema longistipulum)和短毛楼梯草(E. nasutum var. puberulum),云南分布新记录的有高原荨麻(Urtica hyperborea),西藏分布新记录的有单蕊麻 (Droguetia iners subsp. urticoides)和细尾楼梯草(Elatostema tenuicaudatum)。     

中国藓类植物新记录

在研究新疆喀纳斯自然保护区的苔藓植物时 ,发现新疆藓类 4个新记录 ,包括硬叶拟白发藓Paraleucobryumenerve (Thed.)Loesk .,长枝砂藓Racomitriumericoides (Hedw .)Brid .,弯叶卷叶藓Ulotacurvifolia (Wahl.)Lilj.和柔弱明叶藓Vesiculariaflaccida (Sull.etLesq .)Iwats.,其中弯叶卷叶藓和柔弱明叶藓亦为中国新分布。在文中讨论了它们的形态特性     

中国12省荨麻科植物分布新记录

报道荨麻科16种植物在中国12个省(区)分布的新记录,其中河南省和福建省分布新记录种有粗齿冷水花(Pilea sinofasciata),陕西省和安徽省分布新记录种有假楼梯草(Lecanthus peduncularis),甘肃省分布新记录种有糯米团(Gonostegia hirta)和假楼梯草,青海省分布新记录种有亚高山冷水花(Pilea racemosa),广东省分布新记录种有隆脉冷水花(P.lomatogramma),海南省分布新记录种有锐齿楼梯草(Elatostema cyrtandrifolium),广西壮族自治区分布新记录种有西畴楼梯草(E.xichouense),贵州省分布新记录种有隐脉楼梯草(E.obscurinerve)和红花冷水花(Pilea rubriflora),云南省分布新记录的种有星序楼梯草(Elatostema asterocephalum)、深绿楼梯草(E.at-roviride)、褐脉楼梯草(E.brunneinerve)、多枝楼梯草(E.ramosum)、翅茎赤车(Pellionia caulialata)和光果赤车(P.leiocarpa),西藏自治区分布新记录种有念珠冷水花(Pilea monilifera).     

Consequences of Fish Kills for Long-Term Trophic Structure in Shallow Lakes: Implications for Theory and Restoration

Fish kills are a common occurrence in shallow, eutrophic lakes, but their ecological consequences, especially in the long term, are poorly understood. We studied the decadal-scale response of two UK shallow lakes to fish kills using a palaeolimnological approach. Eutrophic and turbid Barningham Lake experienced two fish kills in the early 1950s and late 1970s with fish recovering after both events, whereas less eutrophic, macrophyte-dominated Wolterton Lake experienced one kill event in the early 1970s from which fish failed to recover. Our palaeo-data show fish-driven trophic cascade effects across all trophic levels (covering benthic and pelagic species) in both lakes regardless of pre-kill macrophyte coverage and trophic status. In turbid Barningham Lake, similar to long-term studies of biomanipulations in other eutrophic lakes, effects at the macrophyte level are shown to be temporary after the first kill (c. 20 years) and non-existent after the second kill. In plant-dominated Wolterton Lake, permanent fish disappearance failed to halt a long-term pattern of macrophyte community change (for example, loss of charophytes and over-wintering macrophyte species) symptomatic of eutrophication. Important implications for theory and restoration ecology arise from our study. Firstly, our data support ideas of slow eutrophication-driven change in shallow lakes where perturbations are not necessary prerequisites for macrophyte loss. Secondly, the study emphasises a key need for lake managers to reduce external nutrient loading if sustainable and long-term lake restoration is to be achieved. Our research highlights the enormous potential of multi-indicator palaeolimnology and alludes to an important need to consider potential fish kill signatures when interpreting results.     

Cataract,Visual Impairment and Long-Term Mortality in a Rural Cohort in India: The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study

Background

A large-scale prevalence survey of blindness and visual impairment (The Andhra Pradesh Eye Diseases Study [APEDS1]) was conducted between 1996-2000 on 10,293 individuals of all ages in three rural and one urban clusters in Andhra Pradesh, Southern India. More than a decade later (June 2009-March 2010), APEDS1 participants in rural clusters were traced (termed APEDS2) to determine ocular risk factors for mortality in this longitudinal cohort.

Methods and Findings

Mortality hazard ratio (HR) analysis was performed for those aged >30 years at APEDS1, using Cox proportional hazard regression models to identify associations between ocular exposures and risk of mortality. Blindness and visual impairment (VI) were defined using Indian definitions. 799/4,188 (19.1%) participants had died and 308 (7.3%) had migrated. Mortality was higher in males than females (p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and education status the mortality HR was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.5-2.5) for blindness; 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2-1.7) for VI; 1.8 (95% CI: 1.4-2.3) for pure nuclear cataract, 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.1) for pure cortical cataract; 1.96 (95% CI: 1.6-2.4) for mixed cataract, 2.0 (95% CI: 1.4-2.9) for history of cataract surgery, and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.3-1.9) for any cataract. When all these factors were included in the model, the HRs were attenuated, being 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.0) for blindness and 1.2 (95% CI: 0.9-1.5) for VI. For lens type, the HRs were as follows: pure nuclear cataract, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3-2.1); pure cortical cataract, 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.1); mixed cataract, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.4-2.2), and history of previous cataract surgery, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3-2.6).

Conclusions

All types of cataract, history of cataract surgery and VI had an increased risk of mortality that further suggests that these could be potential markers of ageing.