Bloodstream Infections in the Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Retrospective Bacteriological Analysis Between 2007 and 2019

Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections are a severe worldwide problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This retrospective, single-center study aimed to analyze bloodstream infections in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Military Institute of Medicine, Poland. Data from the years 2007–2019 were analyzed. When the infection was suspected, blood samples were drawn and analyzed microbiologically. When bacterial growth was observed, an antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance analysis was performed. Among 12,619 analyzed samples, 1,509 were positive, and 1,557 pathogens were isolated. In 278/1,509 of the positive cases, a central line catheter infection was confirmed. Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequently (770/1,557) isolated, including Acinetobacter baumannii (312/770), Klebsiella pneumoniae (165/770; 67/165 were the isolates that expressed extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), 5/165 isolates produced the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM), 4/165 isolates expressed Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), and 1/165 isolate produced OXA48 carbapenemase), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (111/770; 2/111 isolates produced metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), and Escherichia coli (69/770; 11/69 – ESBL). Most Gram-positive pathogens were staphylococci (545/733), mainly coagulase-negative (368/545). Among 545 isolates of the staphylococci, 58 represented methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fungi were isolated from 3.5% of samples. All isolated MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) strains were susceptible to vancomycin, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates – to isoxazolyl penicillins, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) – to linezolid and tigecycline. However, colistin was the only therapeutic option in some infections caused by A. baumannii and KPC-producing K. pneumoniae. P. aeruginosa was still susceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime. Echinocandins were effective therapeutics in the treatment of fungal infections.     

Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Micrococcus luteus Bloodstream Infection in a Chinese Tertiary-Care Hospital

Few pieces of research have focused on Micrococcus luteus bloodstream infection (BSI) because of its low incidence; hence data is needed to illustrate this uncommon infection. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of patients with M. luteus BSI. From January 2010 to December 2019, inpatients that met the criteria for M. luteus BSI were included in this study. Data was collected by reviewing electronic records. Ninety-seven patients were enrolled in this study. Sixty-three percent of the patients have a higher neutrophil percentage (NEUT%). The average blood C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was 5.5 ± 6.4 mg/dl. 48.5% of the patients had malignancy, and 40.2% underwent invasive surgeries. Linezolid was found to have the largest average diameter of the inhibition zone (36 mm), while erythromycin was found to have the smallest average zone diameter (15 mm). However, some M. luteus strains had a potentially broad antimicrobial resistance spectrum. Cephalosporins (59.2%) and quinolones (21.4%) were the most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapies. In conclusion, M. luteus BSI mainly happens in immunocompromised patients or those with former invasive surgeries or indwelling catheters. M. luteus strains are less responsive to erythromycin. Cephalosporins and quinolones are effective empirical antibiotics for M. luteus BSI; however, vancomycin and teicoplanin should be considered for potentially broadly drug-resistant M. luteus strains. Open in a separate window     

2011年、2013年和2016年医院内获得性血流感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

动态监测2011年、2013年和2016年我国不同地区医院内获得性血流感染病原菌分布及耐药进展趋势。从全国10个城市回顾性收集血流感染病原菌非重复性株,采用琼脂稀释法或微量肉汤稀释法进行药物敏感性试验,采用Whonet 5.6软件对药敏试验结果进行分析。收集的2 248株血流感染病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌为1 657株 (占73.7%),革兰阳性球菌为591株 (占26.3%)。分离率排名前五的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌 (32.6%,733株/2 248株)、肺炎克雷伯菌 (14.5%,327株/2 248株)、金黄色葡萄球菌 (10.0%,225株/2 248株)、鲍曼不动杆菌 (8.7%,196株/ 2 248株) 和铜绿假单胞菌 (6.2%,140株/2 248株)。血流感染分离的革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物体外敏感率较高的抗菌药物依次为粘菌素 (96.5%,1 525株/1 581株,不包括天然耐药菌株)、替加环素 (95.6%,1 375株/1 438株,不包括天然耐药菌株)、头孢他啶/克拉维酸 (89.2%,1 112株/1 246株)、阿米卡星 (86.4%,1 382株/1 599株) 和美罗培南 (85.7%,1 376株/1 605株);革兰阳性球菌对抗菌药物体外敏感率较高的抗菌药物依次为替加环素、替考拉宁和达托霉素 (敏感率均为100.0%)、万古霉素和利奈唑胺 (敏感率均为99.7%)。2011年、2013年和2016年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌分离率分别为50.6% (206株/407株)、49.8% (136株/273株) 和38.9% (167株/429株);碳青霉烯不敏感肠杆菌科细菌分离率分别为2.2% (9株/408株)、4.0% (16株/402株) 和3.9% (17株/ 439株);多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌分离率分别为76.4% (55株/72株)、82.7% (43株/52株) 和87.5% (63株/72株),多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌分离率分别为9.8% (5株/51株)、20.0% (7株/35株) 和13.0% (7株/54株);甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率分别为51.9% (41株/79株)、29.7% (19株/64株) 和31.7% (26株/82株)。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌中高水平庆大霉素耐药株分离率分别为43.2% (48株/111株) 和40.9% (27株/66株)。碳青霉烯不敏感肠杆菌科细菌中肺炎克雷伯菌居首位,占57.1% (24株/42株) 。肠杆菌科细菌中分离出30株替加环素不敏感株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌占76.7% (23株/30株);分离出粘菌素耐药肠杆菌科细菌39株,其中大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占43.6% (17株/39株)、35.9% (14株/39株) 和15.4% (6株/39株)。医院获得性血流感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌 (以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主),其对替加环素、粘菌素和碳青霉烯类药物的敏感率较高;革兰阳性球菌中分离率最高的为金黄色葡萄球菌,其次为屎肠球菌,这两种细菌对替加环素、达托霉素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率较高。粘菌素耐药肠杆菌科细菌、替加环素不敏感肠杆菌科细菌、利奈唑胺或万古霉素不敏感革兰阳性球菌的分离,警示临床高度关注,仍需动态监测耐药进展趋势。     

G试验联合真菌培养在假丝酵母菌血流感染诊治中的价值

目的 了解假丝酵母菌血流感染患者常见病原菌分布及药物敏感性情况,评估 (1,3)βD葡聚糖检测(G试验)联合真菌培养在假丝酵母菌血流感染诊治中的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析浙江省人民医院2014年1月至2018年12月假丝酵母菌血流感染患者的病原菌分布及药物敏感状况,同步分析G试验检测结果。 结果 假丝酵母菌血流感染病原菌以白假丝酵母菌为主。所检出的90株假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B最为敏感,敏感率为100.00%;对5氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑、氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率分别为98.89%、90.00%、87.78%和77.78%。热带假丝酵母菌对伏立康唑、氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率分别为56.25%、50.00%和43.75%,光滑假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑敏感率仅为58.33%。假丝酵母菌血流感染患者、局部假丝酵母菌感染患者血清(1,3)βD葡聚糖水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=6.576、P结论 G试验可作为假丝酵母菌血流感染的诊断参考依据,血清(1,3)βD葡聚糖水平与假丝酵母菌感染的严重程度有关。G试验联合真菌培养在假丝酵母菌血流感染诊治中具有重要作用,有助于临床早期诊断和监测治疗。     

血培养病原菌构成及耐药性分析

了解2008年至2012年哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院血培养常见病原菌构成及耐药性。对血培养分离出的病原菌进行鉴定,用MIC法、K-B法测定药物敏感性,用WHONET 5.6统计软件进行细菌菌谱及耐药性分析。共分离出病原菌4 245株;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最多,947株占22.3%;其次为大肠埃希菌822株,肺炎克雷伯菌520株,鲍曼不动杆菌195株,金黄色葡萄球菌142株;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率分别为81.1%、38.8%,未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为55.2%、53.8%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星的耐药率较低,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物存在耐药现象;鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率普遍较高。及时、准确地对血培养分离出的病原菌进行监测,以便指导临床合理用药,控制耐药株的产生。     

Nosocomial Bloodstream Candida Infections in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in South Brazil: A 4-Year Survey

The aims of this study were to evaluate the epidemiology of nosocomial candidemia in a tertiary hospital in South Brazil and the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of isolates. Blood strains from 108 patients were identified by PCR-based method. Some 30.5 % of candidemia were caused by Candida tropicalis, 28.7 % were due to Candida albicans, 24.1 % with Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, 8.3 % with Candida glabrata sensu lato, 1.8 % involved Candida krusei and 6.6 % with other species. Candidemia was more common in intensive care unit settings (66 %). In vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs was determined by a microdilution method; and new species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and voriconazole were applied. Overall susceptibility rates were 100 % for itraconazole, 91 % for fluconazole, 98 % for voriconazole and 99 % for amphotericin B. Fluconazole resistance was mostly among C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates (26.9 %). Most of the findings reported here agreed with epidemiological features common to other tertiary hospitals in Brazil; but also revealed some peculiarities, such as a high frequency of C. tropicalis associated with candidemia. Besides, high rate of fluconazole resistance among C. parapsilosis stricto sensu isolates was obtained when applying the new species-specific clinical breakpoints.     

Historical trends in the epidemiology of candidaemia: analysis of an 11-year period in a tertiary care hospital in Brazil

Candida species are an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI). To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological aspects of two cohorts {1994-1999 [period 1 (P1) ]; 2000-2004 [period 2 (P2) ]} of candidaemic patients, we performed a retrospective analysis from a laboratory-based survey. A total of 388 candidaemias were identified, with an incidence of 0.20/1,000 patient-days and a significant increase in P2 vs. P1 (0.25 vs. 0.15, p = 0.04). Cancer and prior antibiotic use were frequent and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species found (42.4%). Resistance to fluconazole was found in 2.47% of the strains. No differences were observed in the species distribution of Candida during the study periods. In the P2 cohort, there were higher prevalence of elderly individuals, cardiac, pulmonary and liver diseases, renal failure, central venous catheters and antibiotic therapy. In P1, there were higher prevalence of neurological diseases and chemotherapy. The crude mortality was 55.4%. In conclusion, our incidence rates remained high. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of Candida species and the fluconazole resistance profile remained unchanged. Moreover, we found a clear trend of higher prevalence of candidaemia among the elderly and among patients with comorbidities. Finally, it is necessary to discuss strategies for the prevention and control of Candida BSI in Brazil.     

肠球菌属血流感染耐药性特征及短期预后的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：观察肠球菌属血流感染（EBSI）耐药性特征,并分析患者短期预后的危险因素。方法：收集我院2020年2月~2021年9月期间收治的130例EBSI患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察EBSI耐药性特征,并分析患者短期预后的危险因素。结果：130例EBSI患者共分离出130株非重复性肠球菌属,分别为：粪肠球菌37株,屎肠球菌84株,鹑鸡肠球菌3株,鸟肠球菌6株。屎肠球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、喹奴普汀/达福普汀、替考拉宁的耐药率较低。粪肠球对青霉素G、氨苄西林、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺呈较低的耐药率。单因素分析结果显示,EBSI短期预后与糖皮质激素治疗、植入导管或其他人工装置、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分、血液透析情况、休克情况、选用敏感药物治疗情况有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,有糖皮质激素治疗、未选用敏感药物治疗、有休克、植入导管或其他人工装置是EBSI短期预后的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：EBSI患者肠球菌属分布以屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌为主,两种肠球菌属耐药率均较高,应严格控制用药。应着重注意有糖皮质激素治疗、未选用敏感药物治疗、有休克、有导管或其他人工装置的患者,以改善EBSI患者短期预后。     

Epidemiology and Burden of Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Pediatric Hospital in Senegal

Context

Severe bacterial infections are not considered as a leading cause of death in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The worldwide emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) could change the paradigm, especially in neonates who are at high risk of developing healthcare-associated infections.

Objective

To evaluate the epidemiology and the burden of ESBL-E bloodstream infections (BSI).

Methods

A case-case-control study was conducted in patients admitted in a pediatric hospital during two consecutive years. Cases were patients with Enterobacteriaceae BSI and included ESBL-positive (cases 1) and ESBL-negative BSI (cases 2). Controls were patients with no BSI. Multivariate analysis using a stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for ESBL acquisition and for fatal outcomes. A multistate model was used to estimate the excess length of hospital stay (LOS) attributable to ESBL production while accounting for time of infection. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to assess the independent effect of ESBL-positive and negative BSI on LOS.

Results

The incidence rate of ESBL-E BSI was of 1.52 cases/1000 patient-days (95% CI: 1.2–5.6 cases per 1000 patient-days). Multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for ESBL-BSI acquisition were related to underlying comorbidities (sickle cell disease OR = 3.1 (95%CI: 2.3–4.9), malnutrition OR = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.7–2.6)) and invasive procedures (mechanical ventilation OR = 3.5 (95%CI: 2.7–5.3)). Neonates were also identified to be at risk for ESBL-E BSI. Inadequate initial antibiotic therapy was more frequent in ESBL-positive BSI than ESBL-negative BSI (94.2% versus 5.7%, p<0.0001). ESBL-positive BSI was associated with higher case-fatality rate than ESBL-negative BSI (54.8% versus 15.4%, p<0.001). Multistate modelling indicated an excess LOS attributable to ESBL production of 4.3 days. The adjusted end-of-LOS hazard ratio for ESBL-positive BSI was 0.07 (95%CI, 0.04–0.12).

Conclusion

Control of ESBL-E spread is an emergency in pediatric populations and could be achieved with simple cost-effective measures such as hand hygiene, proper management of excreta and better stewardship of antibiotic use, especially for empirical therapy.     

Viral Aetiology of Central Nervous System Infections in Adults Admitted to a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Southern Vietnam over 12 Years

Background

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are important diseases in both children and adults worldwide. The spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Better understanding of the viral causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and may influence clinical management.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Study was conducted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, a primary, secondary, and tertiary referral hospital for all southern provinces of Vietnam. Between December 1996 and May 2008, patients with CNS infections of presumed viral origin were enrolled. Laboratory diagnostics consisted of molecular and serological tests targeted at 14 meningitis/encephalitis-associated viruses.Of 291 enrolled patients, fatal outcome and neurological sequelae were recorded in 10% (28/291) and 27% (78/291), respectively. Mortality was especially high (9/19, 47%) amongst those with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis which is attributed to the limited availability of intravenous acyclovir/valacyclovir. Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected, responsible for 36 (12%), 19 (6.5%), 19 (6.5%) and 8 (2.7%) respectively, followed by rubella virus (6, 2%), varicella zoster virus (5, 1.7%), mumps virus (2, 0.7%), cytomegalovirus (1, 0.3%), and rabies virus (1, 0.3%).

Conclusions/Significance

Viral infections of the CNS in adults in Vietnam are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive laboratory testing, 68% of the patients remain undiagnosed. Together with our previous reports, the data confirm that Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses are the leading identified causes of CNS viral infections in Vietnam, suggest that the majority of morbidity/mortality amongst patients with a confirmed/probable diagnosis is preventable by adequate vaccination/treatment, and are therefore of public health significance.     

血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染的病原菌、耐药性以及影响因素分析

目的:研究血液透析患者导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的病原菌、耐药性以及影响因素。方法:将我院从2018年1月～2019年1月收治的100例CRBSI血液透析患者纳入研究,记作感染组。通过细菌培养分析病原菌分布情况,以药敏试验观察主要病原菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药性。另取同期于我院接受血液透析未发生CRBSI的患者100例作为无感染组,比较两组临床病理资料,并对血液透析患者CRBSI发生的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:100例CRBSI患者共分离获取病原菌118株,按照占比从高到低的顺序依次是金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、其它病原菌,占比依次为25.42%、16.95%、15.25%、12.71%、9.32%、8.47%、7.63%、4.24%。金黄色葡萄球菌以及表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替加环素的耐药率均为0.00%,且金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星、庆大霉素的耐药率亦为0.00%。感染组合并基础疾病、导管留置时间≥2周以及股静脉插管人数占比高于无感染组(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得:合并基础疾病以及插管部位为股静脉均是血液透析患者CRBSI的独立危险因素(OR=2.006、1.390,P0.05)。结论:血液透析患者CRBSI病原菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌,上述两种病原菌对万古霉素、替加环素较为敏感,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星以及庆大霉素亦较为敏感。合并基础疾病,股静脉插管均会增加CRBSI发生的风险,值得临床重点关注。     

8a间院内深部真菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药性分析

了解深部真菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药情况,以指导临床合理应用抗真菌药物。回顾性分析近8a自住院患者送检标本分离的深部感染真菌,利用ATB FUNGUS3真菌药敏卡进行体外药敏试验。2003年至2010年共检出9 854株假丝酵母菌,检出率呈上升趋势,由2003年的19.9%上升至2010年的34.3%。院内深部感染的真菌主要分布于内科（55.9%）;主要感染部位为呼吸道（84.6%）;主要菌种为白色念珠菌（60.9%）;非白色念珠菌比例逐年增高。真菌药敏试验结果表明,深部真菌对两性霉素B、伏立康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药率分别为0.9%、4.0%和4.6%;对伊曲康唑的耐药率有上升趋势,为28%。临床深部真菌感染逐年增加,对唑类药物的耐药情况日趋严重。应重视临床真菌感染的病原学检查和耐药性监测,才能有效地控制深部真菌院内感染。     

Focus: Antimicrobial Resistance: Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Acne: Epidemiological Trends and Clinical Practice Considerations

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing public health problem worldwide. The interest of a focus on antimicrobial resistance in acne lies on the facts that acne vulgaris (acne) is the most common skin disease worldwide, that the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly Propionibacterium acnes) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acne, while at the same time being part of the skin flora, and that antibiotics are commonly recommended for acne treatment. The overuse of topical and/or systemic antibiotics, the long treatment courses used for acne, and the availability of over-the-counter antibiotic preparations, have led to the worldwide emergence of resistant strains in acne patients. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological trends of antimicrobial resistance in acne, the need to avoid the perturbation of the skin microbiome caused by anti-acne antibiotics, and the clinical practice considerations related to the emergence of resistant strains in acne patients. In light of the increasing risk of antimicrobial resistance, raising concerns over the misuse of antibiotics, prescribing patterns can be a critical target for antibiotic stewardship efforts. Also, the selection of non-antibiotic therapies for acne, whenever possible, may offer significant advantages.     

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Bloodstream Infections in Humans: a Review

Staphylococci are among the most frequent human microbiota components associated with the high level of bloodstream infection (BSI) episodes. In predisposed patients, there is a high risk of transformation of BSI episodes to sepsis. Both bacterial and host factors are crucial for the outcomes of BSI and sepsis. The highest rates of BSI episodes were reported in Africa, where these infections were up to twice as high as the European rates. However, there remains a great need to analyze African data for comprehensive quantification of staphylococcal BSI prevalence. The lowest rates of BSI exist in Australia. Asian, European, and North American data showed similar frequency values. Worldwide analysis indicated that both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most frequent BSI agents. In the second group, the most prevalent species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, although CoNS were not identified at the species level in many studies. The lack of a significant worldwide decrease in BSI episodes indicates a great need to implement standardized diagnostic methods and research etiological factors using advanced genetic methods.     

Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Eggerthella Lenta in Bloodstream Infections

The identification and antibiotic susceptibility of two clinical isolates of Eggerthella lenta from bloodstream infections were determined. This microorganism is rarely pathogenic, and the findings are presented here to promote the detection and awareness of this infection. The bacteria were obtained from one patient with pressure sores and another with a malignant gastric tumor. Smears were prepared, stained, and examined by microscopy. Single colonies were analyzed by Gram staining, MALDI-TOF MS, and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed by the agar dilution method. The bacilli were found to be Gram-positive, and the MS results showed 99.8% homology with E. lenta. It was confirmed by gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests demonstrated that E. lenta was sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam, ampicillin-sulbactam, imipenem, meropenem, metronidazole, clindamycin, and vancomycin. This study could increase awareness of this rare infection. Open in a separate window     

红细胞分布宽度与ICU院内感染的相关性研究

目的:探索红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与ICU院内感染的相关性。方法:根据2001年卫生部颁布的医院感染诊断标准,筛选出2011年1月至2013年12月在ICU住院发生院内感染的224例患者,与同期在ICU住院未发生院内感染的患者232例,收集相关临床资料[年龄、性别、既往合并高血压、冠心病史、慢性病(APACHEⅡ)评分、住院时间、预后]及RDW等实验室指标(连续收集入ICU前三天的实验指标取平均值),分析RDW与院内感染发生的相关性。结果:与对照组RDW(12.18±1.08)%相比,院内感染组RDW(13.52±2.01)%明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,RDW是院内感染的独立预测因素(OR=4.75,95%CI:3.27~6.91,P0.01)。RDW界值为12.81%,RDW的ROC曲线下面积为(0.76±0.02)%,95%CI:0.71~0.80,诊断院内感染的敏感性为56.65%,特异性为85.75%。结论:RDW与ICU院内感染独立相关,是ICU院内感染的独立预测因素。     

Surveillance of Candida spp Bloodstream Infections: Epidemiological Trends and Risk Factors of Death in Two Mexican Tertiary Care Hospitals

Introduction

Larger populations at risk, broader use of antibiotics and longer hospital stays have impacted on the incidence of Candida sp. bloodstream infections (CBSI).

Objective

To determine clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with CBSI in two tertiary care reference medical institutions in Mexico City.

Design

Prospective and observational laboratory-based surveillance study conducted from 07/2008 to 06/2010.

Methods

All patients with CBSI were included. Identification and antifungal susceptibility were performed using CLSI M27-A3 standard procedures. Frequencies, Mann-Whitney U test or T test were used as needed. Risk factors were determined with multivariable analysis and binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

CBSI represented 3.8% of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Cumulative incidence was 2.8 per 1000 discharges (incidence rate: 0.38 per 1000 patient-days). C. albicans was the predominant species (46%), followed by C. tropicalis (26%). C. glabrata was isolated from patients with diabetes (50%), and elderly patients. Sixty-four patients (86%) received antifungals. Amphotericin-B deoxycholate (AmBD) was the most commonly used agent (66%). Overall mortality rate reached 46%, and risk factors for death were APACHE II score ≥16 (OR = 6.94, CI_95% = 2.34–20.58, p<0.0001), and liver disease (OR = 186.11, CI_95% = 7.61–4550.20, p = 0.001). Full susceptibility to fluconazole, AmBD and echinocandins among C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis was observed.

Conclusions

The cumulative incidence rate in these centers was higher than other reports from tertiary care hospitals from Latin America. Knowledge of local epidemiologic patterns permits the design of more specific strategies for prevention and preemptive therapy of CBSI.     

Maternal Chlamydia trachomatis Infections and Preterm Births in a University Hospital in Vitoria,Brazil

Background

Preterm birth (PTB) is a major determinant of neonatal morbimortality with adverse consequences for health. The causes are multifactorial, with intrauterine infection probably explaining most of these outcomes. It is believed that infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is also involved in PTB and premature rupture of membranes.

Objetives

To evaluate the prevalence of and associated factors for CT among cases of PTB attended at a University Hospital in Vitoria, Brazil.

Methods

A cross-sectional study performed among parturient who had preterm birth from June 2012 to August 2013 in Vitoria, Brazil. Participants answered a questionnaire including demographic, behavioral, and clinical data. A sample of urine was collected and screened for CT using polymerase chain reaction. Chi-square tests were used for proportion differences and Student’s-t tests and variance analysis were used for testing differences between mean values. Odds ratio was used as a measure of association with a 95% confidence interval.

Results

The prevalence of PTB during the period of the study was 26% and the prevalence of CT among them was 13.9%. A total of 31.6% pregnant women were younger than 25 years old and women infected by CT were even younger than women not infected by CT (p = 0.022). Most of them (76.2%) were married or had a living partner, and CT infection was more frequent among the single ones (p = 0.018); 16.7% of women reported their first sexual intercourse under 14 years old. The causes of prematurity were maternal-fetal in 40.9%; rupture of the membranes in 29.7% and premature labor in 29.4%. In multivariate analysis, being married was a protective factor for infection [OR = 0.48 (95%CI:0.24–0.97)]. None of the other characteristics were associated with CT infection.

Conclusions

This study shows a high prevalence of CT infection among parturient who have preterm birth. This high prevalence highlight the need for defining screening strategies focused on young pregnant women in Brazil.     

Protein Uptake and Digestion in Bloodstream and Culture Forms of Trypanosoma brucei*

SYNOPSIS. The mechanisms of ferritin uptake and digestion differ in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Ferritin enters bloodstream forms from the flagellar pocket by pinocytosis in large spiny-coated vesicles. These vesicles become continuous with straight tubular extensions of a complex, mostly tubular, collecting membrane system where ferritin is concentrated. From the collecting membrane system the tracer enters large digestive vacuoles. Small spiny-coated vesicles, which never contain ferritin, are found in the Golgi region, fusing with the collecting membrane system, and around the flagellar pocket. Acid phosphatase activity is present in some small spiny-coated vesicles which may represent primary lysosomes. This enzymic activity is also found in the flagellar pocket, pinocytotic vesicles, the collecting membrane system, the Golgi (mature face), and digestive vacuoles of bloodstream forms. About 50% of the acid phosphatase activity of blood forms is latent. The remaining nonlatent activity is firmly cell-associated and probably represents activity in the flagellar pocket. The structures involved in ferritin uptake and digestion are larger and more active in the short stumpy than in the long slender bloodstream forms. The short stumpy forms also have more autophagic vacuoles. No pinocytotic large, spiny-coated vesicles or Golgi-derived, small spiny-coated vesicles are seen in culture forms. Ferritin leaves the flagellar pocket of these forms and enters small smooth cisternae located just beneath bulges in the pocket membrane. The tracer then passes through a cisternal collecting membrane network, where it is concentrated, and then into multivesicular bodies. In the culture forms, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the cisternal system, multivesicular bodies, the Golgi (mature face), and small vesicles in the Golgi and cisternal regions. The flagellar pocket has no acid phosphatase activity, and almost all the activity is latent in these forms. The culture forms do not release acid phosphatase into culture medium during 4 days growth. Uptake of ferritin by all forms is almost completely inhibited by low temperature. These differences among the long slender and short stumpy bloodstream forms and culture forms are undoubtedly adaptive and reflect different needs of the parasite in different life cycle stages.     

2015年至2019年辽宁省某医院血培养病原菌分布及耐药分析

分析2015年至2019年辽宁省人民医院血培养分离菌的科室分布及耐药情况,为临床提供数据参考.利用Whonet5.6软件对2015年至2019年辽宁省人民医院血培养临床数据进行分析.血培养阳性率为12.3％,共分离病原菌1266株,其中革兰阴性菌546株、革兰阳性菌649株、真菌71株;革兰阴性菌主要为大肠埃希菌(Es...