鱼藤酮帕金森大鼠多脑区铁积聚与胶质细胞激活

目的观察鱼藤酮帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）大鼠铁积聚脑区胶质细胞是否激活。方法雄性Wistar大鼠予颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮（2 mg/kg）葵花油乳化液,每日一次,连续注射4~6周制备PD模型,8周时做冰冻切片,行免疫组化染色观察PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞（OX42）和星形胶质细胞（GFAP）。结果 PD大鼠黑质致密部、海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、纹状体苍白球、小脑齿状-间位核及小脑面神经核中铁染色显著积聚区域内小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞染色积分光密度值较正常组明显增加（P〈0.05）。结论鱼藤酮PD大鼠铁积聚脑区小胶质细胞、星型胶质细胞均呈激活状态。     

产前应激对子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的：探讨产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响。方法：SD孕鼠随机分为有产前应激处理（妊娠第15到21天每日3次限制活动）和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,共分为产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组（n=10）,于再灌注后第5天检测脑梗死体积,免疫荧光双标染色检测缺血灶边缘区星形胶质细胞形态及促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体A4（EphA4）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的共表达情况,并采用Western blot检测EphA4、GFAP和神经蛋白聚糖（Neurocan）蛋白表达。结果：产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠脑梗死体积百分比、EphA4、GFAP和Neurocan蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加（P均<0.05）,且GFAP阳性细胞形态学改变及EphA4/GFAP共表达也较MCAO组明显。结论：产前应激可能改变子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞上EphA4受体的表达,促进星形胶质细胞活化,产生神经蛋白聚糖。     

星形胶质细胞在MPTP帕金森小鼠脑内的变化研究

目的：研究神经毒素1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine,MPTP）对小鼠脑内星形胶质细胞及肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tunlomecrosis factor alpha,TNF-α）的影响,了解MPTP致帕金森病发病机制。方法：将神经毒素MPTP注入C57BL／6小鼠腹腔内,制备帕金森病动物模型。观察注药后小鼠行为学变化,免疫组化检测各时间点多巴胺能神经元缺失和星形胶质细胞增生与激活情况,以及TNF-α表达水平的变化。结果：MPTP组黑质多巴胺（dopamine,DA）能神经元的数量随注射天数增加而持续减少,星形胶质细胞数量明显增高,GFAP及TNF-α在模型组黑质内有中强阳性表达,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：MPTP可诱导星形胶质细胞的激活和增生,启动脑内炎症反应而介导DA神经元死亡。     

早期帕金森病大鼠胶质细胞免疫反应活性的改变及其意义

目的:观察早期帕金森病(PD)大鼠脑内胶质细胞的免疫反应活性改变。方法:采用6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备PD早期大鼠模型,实验动物分为早期PD组和对照组。实验动物进行阿朴吗啡诱发旋转运动测试后,进行迈步实验的测试。免疫组织化学观察早期PD发病大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的免疫反应活性改变。结果:早期PD动物在30 min内旋转次数小于7r/min,迈步实验中,与对照组相比,早期PD动物在左前肢从开始迈步至返回鼠笼所需要的总时间和所迈的步数没有明显差异;PD早期大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的免疫反应活性明显增高。结论:早期PD大鼠尽管行为学上没有明显异常改变,但其脑内星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞出现异常改变,这可能参与早期PD大鼠发病过程。     

LPS诱导海马星形胶质细胞活化与活化的星形胶质细胞对海马神经元的影响

探讨脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对长时间存活大鼠海马内星形胶质细胞的反应以及对神经元的影响。方法:本实验用10只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,海马CA3区注射LPS 10μ1．7和14d后,尼氏染色观察神经元的变化,免疫组织化学染色结合图像分析方法观察海马CA3区注射部位胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)、的表达变化。结果:脂多糖可促进海马星形胶质细胞的活化,但并不能引起海马区神经元的损伤。结论:星形胶质细胞在脑损伤后的脑内炎症反应起了一定的作用,但并不能引起神经元的损伤。     

马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的激活

目的：研究慢性癫痛大鼠点时海马星形胶细胞的激活情况。方法：采用马桑内酯慢性癫痫大鼠模型,观察大鼠点燃后海马NF－kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP）免疫细胞化学反应（immunoreactivity,IR)的变化。结果：点燃后1h,海马CA1区GFAR－IR开始增强,4－8h可观察到GFAP－IR阳性细胞数量增多并明显浓染。这种强GFAP－IR持续至点燃点24h点燃后1h,NF－kBp65即可在海马CA1区神经元和胶质细胞内表达,主要位于胞核内,至8h阳性神经元细胞核基本消失而可见大量NF－kBp65－IR阳性的胶质细胞,双重免疫细胞化学方法显示GFAP／NF－kBp65－IR阳性细胞在点燃后1h即可观察到,4h表达最高峰,24h恢复对照组水平。结论：马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠点燃时星形胶质细胞表现一种早期而持续的激活,提示反复激活的星形胶质细胞对癫痫的复发可能起重要的作用。     

胃伤害性刺激诱导大鼠脑干星形胶质细胞GFAP蛋白表达及其与神经元的关系

研究大鼠在福尔马林诱发胃伤害性刺激时脑干内星形胶质细胞及神经元的变化。应用免疫组织化学三重标记法在脑原位切片同时显示脑干内Fos蛋白,胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）,酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的表达,结果显示：1、在福尔马林诱发胃伤害性刺激后,脑干胶质细胞GFAP表达阳性,并表现出明显的核团或亚核定位特点,在延髓内脏带（MVZ0,中缝大核（RMg),蓝斑（LC）,臂旁外侧核（LPB）,中缝背核（DR）,中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区（vlPAG),上丘中灰层（IngSC)等脑区有较多的Fos阳性细胞,而且Fos阳性表达的分布与上述GFAP阳性分布基本一致;2、MVZ,LC,DR,vlPAG等部位有大量Fos及TH双标阳性神经元,周围有密集的GFAP阳性细胞;3、随着刺激后存活时间的变化,GFAP与Fos阳性细胞的反应均经历逐渐升高后又渐降低直至消失的变化。结果表明：上述核团的神经元和星形胶质细胞可能同时参与了内脏痛及其调节过程。     

帕金森病大鼠STN-DBS刺激8天后黑质内胶质细胞的形态学变化

目的：观察丘脑底核脑深部电刺激（STN—DBS）慢性刺激后黑质内胶质细胞和多巴胺能细胞的变化。方法：取50只健康Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为假造模组（n=10）和6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）组（11=40）。立体定向单侧造模成功后将6-OHDA组随机分为假手术组（n=10）,假刺激组（n=15）,刺激组（n=15）。刺激组和假刺激组植入STN—DBS,假手术组进行手术但不植入电极。刺激组术后第8d开始每日在固定时间给予连续脉冲刺激,持续时间30mins,连续8d。假刺激组刺激方法同上但关闭电源。在STN—DBS刺激前、刺激时和刺激后观察2mins内大鼠阿扑吗啡旋转次数。刺激结束后将大鼠断头取脑固定,取左侧黑质脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋、切片,染色。电镜下观察细胞形态并进行细胞计数。结果：帕金森大鼠植入STN—DBS刺激后症状显著改善。慢性刺激8天后刺激组黑质内的星形胶质细胞和多巴胺能细胞均较假刺激组和假手术组明显增加并有统计学意义,而刺激组的小胶质细胞较假刺激组和假手术组有所减少但无统计学意义。结论：STN-DBS慢性刺激可以促使黑质内星形胶质细胞增多,小胶质细胞减少,对黑质内爹巴胺能细胞有一定的保护作用。     

PD大鼠胼胝体和扣带胶质原纤维酸性蛋白的表达

目的观察不同病程帕金森病(PD)大鼠胼胝体和扣带胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。方法大鼠右侧前脑内侧束注射六羟基多巴胺制备PD模型。大鼠分为正常对照组,2周、4周和6周模型组。以酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和GFAP抗体免疫组化阳性分别显示黑质的多巴胺能神经元、胼胝体与扣带处的星形胶质细胞。结果 2、4、6周模型组右侧黑质TH阳性细胞数较正常对照组均显著降低,而2、4、6周模型组之间无显著差异。正常对照组和4周模型组胼胝体和扣带处星形胶质细胞呈未活化状态,两组之间的GFAP表达强度和细胞密度均无显著差异。2周和6周模型组两部位星形胶质细胞呈活化状态,其表达强度和细胞密度均显著高于正常对照组和4周模型组。结论急性完全损伤PD模型大鼠注射侧胼胝体和扣带处GFAP表达随病程呈增高、降低和增高趋势。     

Nogo—p4与NgR结合抑制神经干细胞分化为双极形星形胶质细胞的突起生长

目的观察Nogo—p4是否通过与NgR结合的途径对大鼠脊髓来源神经干细胞分化形成双极形星形胶质细胞突起长度产生抑制。方法取4只出生24h内的Wistar大鼠,悬浮培养法培养大鼠脊髓来源的神经干细胞。把神经干细胞分为A、B、C、D四组,A组加入血清,B组加入血清和Nogo—p4,C组神经干细胞经RNA干扰沉默NgR基因后加入血清分化,D组神经干细胞经RNA干扰沉默NgR基因后加入血清和Nogo—p4。分化第7d,GFAP抗体标记星形胶质细胞,使用Image—ProPlus5．0软件测量双极形星形胶质细胞突起长度。结果神经干细胞分化第7d,四组均可形成双极形星形胶质细胞。B组中双极形星形胶质细胞的突起长度明显短于其它各组。A、C、D组中双极形星形胶质细胞的突起长度没有显著差异。结论Nogo—p4经与NgR结合途径显著抑制脊髓来源神经干细胞分化成的双极形星形胶质细胞的突起生长。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.