Heart rate response and perceived exertion in college students during riding a scooter

The purpose of this research is to examine the heart rate responses and the perceived exertion in college students during scootering, and to examine if scootering possibly makes heart rate increase up to the level that can contribute to maintaining or developing cardiorespiratory fitness. Five male students (20-23 yrs) participated in this research, mainly assigned to scooter on an official 400 m-tartan track. Each session of scootering was six minutes. Each subject did three sessions of scootering at different speeds, slow, ordinary, and very fast. During the scootering, heart rate was measured using a Polar Vantage XL. Immediately after each session, the subjects were questioned about their perceived exertion. To evaluate heart rate during scootering on the track, maximal heart rate was measured in advance with graded maximal tests. In each speed in the track trial, the mean heart rates and the standard deviations were 106 +/- 5.9, 129 +/- 4.2, and 179 +/- 13.7 beats/min respectively. They correspond to 54.0 +/- 4.2%, 65.8 +/- 4.2%, and 91.2 +/- 5.5% of the maximal heart rate respectively. The mean and standard deviation of perceived exertion based on Borg's scale in each scootering session were 7.2 +/- 0.45, 10.2 +/- 1.10, and 16.6 +/- 2.79 respectively. Conclusively, at ordinary speed, the heart rates of the college students on a tartan track were situated around the level of the lower boundary which the American College of Sports Medicine recommended to develop and maintain cardiorespiratory fitness for apparently healthy people. If people have places to ride a scooter briskly, their heart rate could rise above the minimum level.     

Carbohydrate supplementation and perceived exertion during resistance exercise

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate energy substrate and the perception of exertion during resistance exercise. Thirty strength-trained subjects were randomized to a carbohydrate group (C) or a placebo group (P), and lifted weights for 2 hours (4 sets; 10 repetitions maximum; 10 exercises; 2-3-minute rest intervals). Subjects ingested 10 ml.kg(-1).h(-1) of 6% carbohydrate or placebo beverages during the resistance-training bout. The 15-category Borg Perceived Exertion Scale was used to assess overall body (RPE-O) and active muscle (RPE-AM) perceived exertion after completion of the last repetition in each set for each exercise. No significant differences were found between the C and P groups for either RPE-O or RPE-AM, with the exception of RPE-O for the upright row and back squat (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate supplementation exerted no attenuating effect on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during resistance training.     

Effects of order of presentation of exercise intensities and of sauna baths on perceived exertion during treadmill running

Thirteen male subjects performed a running test on the treadmill consisting of four standard exercise intensities [65%, 75%, 85%, 95% maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max)] presented in ascending, descending or random order. At the end of each exercise intensity, O2 consumption, heart rate (fc), venous blood lactate concentration [( Ia]b) and perceived exertion were assessed. This last variable was determined according to the Borg nonlinear CR-20 scale. The same variables were also determined during exercise at a standard intensity (65% or 95% VO2 max) performed before and after a Finnish sauna bath. Ratings of perceived exertion showed a good test-retest reliability (r = 0.77); they were the same when the exercise intensity was expressed in relative (%VO2 max) or absolute (speed) terms, and were independent of the order of presentation of the exercise. The latter had no effect on fc either but it did, however, influence [Ia]b, which was significantly higher in the descending, as compared to the ascending or random modes of presentation. The sauna bath increased fc at a given exercise intensity, but left perceived exertion and [Ia]b unchanged. It was concluded that at least under the present experimental conditions, fc and venous [Ia]b do not play a major role as determinants of perceived exertion.     

Fructose addition to a glucose supplement modifies perceived exertion during strength and endurance exercise

The addition of fructose (F) to a glucose (G) supplement may modify the metabolic response during exercise; however, its effect on perceived exertion (PE) and its influence on postprandial metabolism have not been jointly studied in different types of exercise. This study sought to assess the acute effects of F addition to a G supplement on PE and on the postprandial metabolic response during a single bout of either strength exercise (SE) or endurance exercise (EE). Twenty physically trained men ingested an oral dose of G or GF 15 minutes before starting a 30-minute session of SE (10 sets of 10 repetitions of half squat) or EE (cycling). The combination resulted in 4 randomized interventions in a crossover design in which all subjects performed all experimental conditions: G + SE, GF + SE, G + EE, and GF + SE. Perceived exertion, heart rate (HR), G, insulin, lactate, and urinary catecholamine levels were measured before exercise, during the exercise, and during acute recovery. Perceived exertion during exercise was lower for GF than for G during SE and EE (mean ± SD; 8.95 ± 0.62 vs. 9.26 ± 0.65, p < 0.05 and 7.47 ± 0.84 vs. 7.74 ± 0.93, p < 0.05, respectively). The glycemic peak in GF + SE was lower than in G + SE (p < 0.05), and there was a second peak during recovery (p < 0.05), whereas in EE, no difference in blood G levels was noted between G and GF supplements. Moreover, HR, urinary adrenalin, and noradrenalin were lower in GF than in G (p < 0.05), though only for EE. The results showed that PE is positively affected by GF supplementation for both SE and EE and thus may be a useful dietary strategy for helping to achieve higher training loads.     

Ratings of perceived exertion in active muscle during high-intensity and low-intensity resistance exercise

This investigation compared ratings of perceived exertion specific to the active muscles used during resistance exercise (RPE-AM) using the 15-category Borg scale during high-intensity (HIP) and low-intensity (LIP) weight lifting. Ten men (23.2 +/- 3.6 years) and 10 women (21.8 +/- 2.7 years) performed 2 trials consisting of seven exercises: bench press (BP), leg press, latissimus dorsi pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. The HIP and LIP protocols were completed in counterbalanced order. During HIP, subjects completed 5 repetitions using 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). RPE-AM was measured after every repetition. During LIP, subjects completed 15 repetitions using 30% of 1RM. RPE-AM was measured after every third repetition. RPE-AMs were greater (p 相似文献   

Heart rate response to breath-holding during supramaximal exercise

The cardiovascular responses to breath-holding (BH) during short-lasting supramaximal exercise (415 W) on a cycle ergometer were investigated in 15 healthy male subjects. The arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR), endtidal PO2 and PCO2 were continuously monitored. Firstly, 15 subjects performed exercise during BH, preceded by air breathing (air-BH test), and secondly, exercise without BH. Then 9 of the subjects performed the same procedure as in the air-BH test, except that all subjects breathed 100% O2 for 1 min before apnoea (O2-BH test). In 2 of these subjects, the systemic arterial blood pressure was continuously measured via a catheter in the radial artery and plasma catecholamine concentration [CA] was also measured both during the air-BH and the O2-BH tests. In the later period of the air-BH test, the high HR level became progressively depressed. This response, however, was absent in the O2-BH test. There was a late increase in the arterial blood pressure in both tests, and both tests produced hypercapnia. Only the air-BH test resulted in hypoxia, substantial hypertension and HR-depression. The increase in plasma CA was similar in both tests. The marked HR-depression demonstrated here is ascribed mainly to activation of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors by asphyxia, and partially to baroreceptor activity due to elevated blood pressure.     

Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise

To compare some psychophysiological responses to arm exercise with those to leg exercise, an experiment was carried out on electronically braked bicycle ergometers, one being adapted for arm exercise. Eight healthy males took part in the experiment with stepwise increases in exercise intensity every 4 min: 40-70-100-150-200 W in cycling and 20-35-50-70-100 W in arm cranking. Towards the end of each 4 min period, ratings of perceived exertion were obtained on the RPE scale and on a new category ratio (CR) scale:heart rate (HR) and blood lactate accumulation (BL) were also measured. The responses obtained were about twice as high or more for arm cranking than for cycling. The biggest difference was found for BL and the smallest for HR and RPE. The incremental functions were similar in both activities, with approximately linear increases in HR and RPE and positively accelerating functions for CR (exponents about 1.9) and BL (exponents 2.5 and 3.3 respectively). When perceived exertion (according to the CR scale) was set as the dependent variable and a simple combination of HR and BL was used as the independent variable, a linear relationship was obtained for both kinds of exercise, as has previously been found in cycling, running, and walking. The results thus give support for the following generalization: For exercise of a steady state type with increasing loads the incremental curve for perceived exertion can be predicted from a simple combination of HR and BL.     

Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions performed and perceived exertion during resistance exercise in women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different resistance exercise orders on the number of repetitions performed to failure and on the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in trained women. Twenty-three women with a minimum of 2 years of resistance training experience volunteered to participate in the study (age, 24.2 +/- 4.5 years; weight, 56.9 +/- 4.7 kg; height, 162.3 +/- 5.9 cm; percent body fat, 18.2 +/- 2.9%; body mass index, 22.2 +/- 2 kg x m(-2)). Data were collected in 2 phases: (a) determination of a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the leg-press (LP), bench press (BP), leg extension (LE), seated machine shoulder press (SP), leg curl (LC), and seated machine triceps extension (TE); and (b) execution of 3 sets, with 2-minute rest intervals between sets and exercises, until fatigue using 80% of 1RM in 2 exercise sequences of the exact opposite order--Sequence A: BP, SP, TE, LP, LE, and LC, and Sequence B: LC, LE, LP, TE, SP, and BP. The RPE (Borg CR-10) was accessed immediately after each sequence and analyzed using a Wilcoxon test. A 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements, followed by a post hoc Fisher least significant difference test where indicated was used to analyze the number of repetitions per set of each exercise during the 2 sequences. The RPE was not significantly different between the sequences. The mean number of repetitions per set was always less when an exercise was performed later in the exercise sequence. The data indicate that in trained women, performance of both large- and small-muscle group exercises is affected by exercise sequence.     

Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry.

We assessed the effects of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on exercise capacity in 13 men and 5 women (mean age = 30.1 yr, range = 21-35 yr) during a 25 W/min incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion on different days during familiarization trial and then after 30 mg (iv bolus) of naloxone or placebo (Pl) in a double-blind, crossover design. Minute ventilation (Ve), O(2) consumption (Vo(2)), CO(2) production, and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Perceived exertion rating (0-10 scale) and venous samples for lactate were obtained each minute. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds were derived from lactate and gas-exchange data. Blood pressure was obtained before exercise, 5 min postinfusion, at maximum exercise, and 5 min postexercise. There were no control-Pl differences. The naloxone trial demonstrated decreased exercise time (96% Pl; P < 0.01), total cumulative work (96% Pl; P < 0.002), peak Vo(2) (94% Pl; P < 0.02), and HR (96% Pl; P < 0.01). Other variables were unchanged. HR and Ve were the same at the final common workload, but perceived exertion was higher (8.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.5) after naloxone than Pl (P < 0.01). The threshold for effort perception amplification occurred at approximately 60 +/- 4% of Pl peak Vo(2). Thus we conclude that peak work capacity was limited by perceived exertion, which can be attenuated by endogenous opioids rather than by physiological limits.     

Comparison of heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion methods of defining exercise load in cyclists

The aim of this study was to analyze the competition load using the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during different professional cycling races and to assess its validity using the competition load based on heart rate (HR). During 2 consecutive seasons, 12 professional cyclists (mean ± SEM: age 25 ± 1 years, height 175 ± 3 cm, body mass 65.9 ± 2.0 kg, and V(O2)max 78.5 ± 1.7 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) competed in 5-, 7-, and 21-day cycling races. The HR response and session RPE were measured during the races to calculate the competition load based on the training impulse of the HR (TRIMP(HR)) and RPE data (TRIMP(RPE)). The highest (p < 0.05) TRIMP(RPE) was observed in 21-day races. However, the higher (p < 0.05) TRIMP(HR) was found in 5- and 7-day races. When TRIMP(HR) and TRIMP(RPE) were normalized by competing distance, neither TRIMP(HR) · km(-1) nor TRIMP(RPE) · km(-1) was significantly different between the analyzed cycling races. We found significant (p < 0.001) correlations between TRIMP(HR) and TRIMP(RPE) (r = 0.75) and between TRIMP(HR) · km(-1) and TRIMP(RPE) · km(-1) (r = 0.90). In conclusion, this study showed that the session RPE can be used to quantify the competition load during professional cycling races. This method can be a useful and noninvasive tool for coaches to monitor and control the training load in cyclists.     

Effect of air ionization on heart rate and perceived exertion during a bicycle exercise test. A double-blind cross-over study.

The influence of ionization of air on heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during bicycle exercise was studied in nine healthy medical students selected according to a randomized schedule from the class of 90 students. The exercise tests were performed both under negative and positive ionization. The study was made with a double-blind, cross-over design. The body surface exposed to ionic current was made large by reducing the clothing of the subject. A significant overall tendency to lower HR and RPE values under negative ionization was observed (p less than 0.01, sign tests). The RPE values were significantly lower (p less than 0.01, paired t-test and the Wilcoxon test) under negative than under positive ionization at the maximal work load level but not at other relative load levels. However, when separately tested at each relative load level HR values did not differ significantly in negative and positive ionization. The results of this pilot study indicate that ionic composition of the air can modify the RPE and possibly also HR during exercise; negative air ionization seems to be beneficial compared with positive ionization. The mechanisms involved are obscure, but we suggest that negative ionization of air may increase oxidative metabolism through generation of a superoxide radical (O2-) that is reduced to H2O2 by superoxide dismutases.     

Ratings of perceived exertion and muscle activity during the bench press exercise in recreational and novice lifters

This study examined ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and electromyography (EMG) during resistance exercise in recreational and novice lifters. Fourteen novice (age = 21.5 +/- 1.5 years) and 14 recreationally trained (age = 21.9 +/- 2.2 years) women volunteered to perform the bench press exercise at 60 and 80% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM). RPE and EMG were measured during both intensities. Statistical analyses revealed that active muscle RPE increased as resistance exercise intensity increased from 60% 1RM to 80% 1RM (12.32 +/- 1.81 vs. 15.14 +/- 1.74). Integrated EMG also increased as resistance exercise intensity increased from 60% 1RM to 80% 1RM (in the pectoralis major; 98.62 +/- 17.54 vs. 127.98 +/- 29.02). No significant differences in RPE or EMG were found between novice and recreational lifters. These results indicate that RPE is related to the relative exercise intensity lifted as well as muscle activity during resistance exercise for both recreational and novice lifters. These results support the use of RPE as a method of resistance exercise intensity estimation for both types of lifters.     

Effect of alcohol on perceived exertion in relation to heart rate and blood lactate

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the perception of exertion is affected by alcohol during physical performance and whether altered self-rating of exertion is the result of an altered perception per se or of an altered physical capacity to perform work. Ten healthy men participated. Each subject was his own control and received an alcohol dose corresponding to 1 g.kg-1 body mass in 40% solution in the experimental session. The exercise test was performed on a cycle ergometer with an initial intensity of 50 W which was increased stepwise by 50 W at 4-min intervals up to near-maximal. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) did not differ between alcohol and control sessions. Alcohol induced a significant increase in heart rate during exercise at 50 W (delta x = 8 beats.min-1) and at 100 W (delta x = 10 beats.min-1), while the change at higher intensities was insignificant. The systolic blood pressure and the blood lactate concentration were not significantly changed by alcohol. It is concluded that a moderate dose of alcohol does not alter RPE during physical exercise either per se or secondarily to an altered physical capacity to perform work.     

The increase of perceived exertion, aches and pain in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer

This study was designed to show the general increase in perceived exertion, perception of aches or pain in the legs, heart rate (HR), and blood lactate, and the covariance between these variables during bicycle ergometer work, and to describe individual differences both within and between power levels by testing a large group (28 male students). Estimates of perceived exertion and feelings of aches or pain in the legs were recorded using Borg's category-ratio scale (CR-10). The subjects were tested with a stepwise increase of power levels with 40 W increments up to a voluntary maximum. Though HR increases fairly linearly with power, the other variables follow positively accelerating functions with exponents of about 1.6-2 for the perceptual variables, and an exponent of about 3 for blood lactate. The results from the 8 most fit subjects could be described in the same way as for the whole group except for blood lactate, where there was a need to include a threshold value (b), that, together with a rest value (a), shows the starting point of the function (R = a + c(W - Wo)n). The data support the idea that a combination of heart rate and blood lactate is a better predictor of perceived exertion and feelings of aches and pain in the legs, than is each of the single physiological variables taken alone.     

Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions performed and perceived exertion during resistance exercises

This study examined the performance effects of exercise order during a resistance-training session composed of only upper-body exercises. The 10 repetition maximum of 14 men and 4 women with at least 6 months of previous weight-training experience was determined for 5 upper-body exercises. Each subject then completed 2 training sessions separated by 48 hours in a counterbalanced crossover design. One session began with exercises of the large-muscle group and progressed to exercises of the small-muscle group (sequence A), whereas the other session was performed with the opposite exercise sequence (sequence B). The exercise order for sequence A was free-weight bench press (BP), machine lat pull-down (LPD), seated machine shoulder press (SP), standing free-weight biceps curl (BC) with a straight bar, and seated machine triceps extension (TE). The exercise order for sequence B was TE, BC, SP, LPD, and BP. During both sequences, 3 sets of each exercise were performed to concentric failure, with 2-minute recovery intervals between sets and exercises. Performing exercises of both the large- and the small-muscle groups at the end of an exercise sequence resulted in significantly fewer repetitions in the 3 sets of an exercise. This decrease in the number of repetitions performed was especially apparent in the third set when an exercise was performed last in an exercise sequence.     

Caffeine metabolites are associated with different forms of caffeine supplementation and with perceived exertion during endurance exercise

This investigation compared the urine caffeine metabolites produced from different forms of caffeine supplementation given to runners 15 minutes before a series of 5-km running trials. Fourteen amateur competitive runners completed a series of self-paced outdoor time trials following ingestion of placebo or one of three alternate forms of caffeine supplement. Trials were randomized in a crossover design with equivalent doses of caffeine (4.0 mg.kg^-1) administered 15 minutes before each trial via chewing gum, a novel dissolvable mouth strip or tablet. Runners produced a urine sample following each caffeinated trial that was tested for caffeine and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. The tablet form of caffeine produced a lower (p = 0.04) urinary ratio of the metabolite paraxanthine to caffeine compared with either gum or strip. Independently of caffeine delivery mode, subjects who metabolized a higher proportion of caffeine to paraxanthine recorded a lower (p = 0.01) perceived exertion. We demonstrate that oral swallowed caffeine administered 15 minutes before 5-km running is less metabolized compared with caffeinated products designed to be chewed or dissolved in the mouth. We suggest the metabolism of caffeine to paraxanthine has an inverse relationship with perceived exertion independently of caffeine delivery mode.     

Training state improves the relationship between rating of perceived exertion and relative exercise volume during resistance exercises

ABSTRACT: Testa, M, Noakes, TD, and Desgorces, F-D. Training state improves the relationship between rating of perceived exertion and relative exercise volume during resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res 26(11): 2990-2996, 2012-The aim of this study was to investigate how the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during resistance exercises was influenced by the exercise volume and athletes' training state. Eighty physical education students (well trained, less well trained, and novices) rated their perceived exertion of multilift sets using the category-ratio scale. These sets were performed with moderate (60-80% of 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) and heavy loads (80-100% of 1RM) involving low volume of exercise (5.5 ± 1.1 reps for moderate and 1.3 ± 0.4 reps for the heavy load) and high volume of exercise (moderate load: 17.5 ± 2.1 reps; high load: 2.9 ± 0.6 reps). The exercise volume of the sets was expressed relatively to individual maximal capacities using the maximum number of repetition (MNR) for the load lifted. General linear model describes that RPE was related to MNR % with a training state effect (p < 0.01) observed only for sets involving a low MNR % and without effect of absolute volume and exercise intensity (high MNR sets: adjusted R = 0.65 and 0.78 and low MNR sets adjusted R = 0.37 and 0.34 in low MNR tests). High standard errors of estimated relative volume appeared when using the RPE from low exercise volume sets (12.8 and 14.4% of actual relative volume). Coaches should consider the RPE resulting from high exercise-induced physical strain to estimate the actual relative volume and to estimate the individual MNR at a given load.