The genus Calceolaria in NW South America VIII. The section Calceolaria and appendices to parts I–VIII

Sect. Calceolaria (= Aposecos) of Calceolaria (Scrophulariaceae) in NW South America is revised, and the other species of the section are briefly discussed. The section comprises annual herbs with somewhat succulent stems and leaf–blades that are usually pinnately dissected (pinnatifid). Four species are recognized in the investigated area, viz. C. mexicana, C. tenuis, C. tripartita , and C. chelidonioides , and their chromosome numbers are reported (2n = 32, 60, 64, and 60 respectively). The basic number in sect. Calceolaria is x = 8. Two new combinations are made, viz. C. mexicana ssp. prostrata (Kränzlin) Molau and C. mexicana ssp. perijensis (Pennell) Molau. The species of sect. Calceolaria are intersterile and facultatively autogamous, and each species comprises numerous pure lines, some of which may be morphologically discernible.
In the appendices, chromosome numbers are listed and the occurrence of elaiophores in all NW South American species of Calceolaria is indicated. The chromosome numbers of C. crenata ssp. australis, C. adenanthera, C. gossypina, C. semiconnata, C. stricta, C. sericea , and C. comosa (all 2n = 36) have not previously been reported. A revised key to the sections of Calceolaria in NW South America is also provided.     

The lichen genus Physcia in Central and South America

Thirty-four species of the lichen genus Physcia (s. str.) in Central and South America are defined. Morphology, anatomy, chemistry, distribution, habitat, relation to other taxa and some evolutionary trends are discussed. A key to the species is presented. Eleven species are described as new; P. cinerea, P. convexella, P. coronifera, P. decorticata, P. kalbii, P. lobulata, P. lopezii, P. manuelii, P. rolfii, P. sinuosa , and P. tenuis. P. nubila is a new name for Heterodermia desertorum .     

Distribution of hereditary blood groups among indians in South America. VII. In Argentina

This seventh and last paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians in South America reports the findings among Amerinds in Argentina. Blood specimens were procured from putative full-bloods of the following tribes: 38 Diaguita (Calchaqui), 230 Mataco, 90 Chiriguano, 142 Choroti, 51 Toba, 120 Chané, 96 Chulupi (Ashluslay), and 178 Araucano (Mapuche). These 945 samples were tested for blood factors in the A-B-O, M-N-S-s, P, Rh-Hr, K-k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from whole blood were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented in tables as phenotype distribution and calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map of North and Central Argentina. High frequencies are reported for the O allele. Allele frequencies are high also for M, s, R¹ (CDe), R² (cDE), k, Le^H and Fy. They are usually low or absent for alleles B, N, S, Mi^a, Vw, R^o (cDe), r (cde), K, Le¹, and fy. The Di allele ranged from 0.013 in the Araucano (Mapuche) to 0.192 in the Toba. Allele frequencies aberrant for Indians were observed more often in the Araucano (Mapuche) and Diaguita tribes, due probably to greater inflow of non-Indian genes into their gene pool and perhaps also to genetic drift in small inbred populations. Hp¹ allele frequencies varied from 0.43 in the Choroti to 0.80 in the Diaguita. All samples tested for transferrins except six contained the variant Tf C; the six were B₁ C present in samples from one Mataco and six Araucano persons. All the specimens tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types contained only (A) as a major component.     

Two new species of Clavija (Theophrastaceae) from NW South America

Two new species are described, viz. Clavija repanda from Ecuador (prov. Loja) and C. minor from Colombia (dept. Santander). Floral biology and the subdioecious nature of the two species are briefly discussed.     

Monopera,a new genus of scrophulariaceae from South America

Monopera is described as a new genus in the Scrophulariaceae, subfamily Scrophularioideae, tribe Angeloneae. Two species are transferred fromAngelonia,Monopera micrantha andMonopera perennis. These species are described and illustrated, and a key is provided.     

Zameioscirpus, a new genus of Cyperaceae from South America

Systematic studies of scirpoid species in the Andes showed the necessity to exclude one species each from Scirpus and Carex. They are combined in a new genus Zameioscirpus and a third new species is described. The autonomous generic position of Zameioscirpus within the Scirpeae is supported by a phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL and trnL-F sequencing data and by conspicuous morphological similarities.     

Notes on Bursera in South America,including a new species. Studies in Neotropical Burseraceae VII

Bursera inversa is the first new species of the genus to be described from South America in 90 years. The ecology of this species is remarkable because it is a large (to 25 m × 40 cm or greater) canopy tree of primary moist to wet lowland forest. It is easily distinguished from its congeners by its large, obovoid fruits and bony pyrene. A key to the South American species ofBursera is provided.     

Rhodothyrsus, a new genus of Euphorbiaceae from tropical South America

The new genusRhodothyrsus is proposed, based on the AmazonianSenefeldera macrophylla Ducke but also containing another newly described species,Rhodothyrsus hirsutus from northwestern Venezuela. The genus is a member of the tribe Hippomaneae of the Euphorbiaceae and apparently related toSenefeldera, but its closest relationships are still obscure, because the phylogeny of the tribe is poorly known and most of the significant characters ofRhodothyrsus are probably autapomorphies or symplesiomorphies. The restriction to tropical lowland rain forests is rare within the Hippomaneae, and several floral characters, pointing to a specialized pollination possibly by butterflies, are unique in the tribe.     

Increments to the genus Mimosa (Mimosaceae) from South America

Four new species are described and discussed: from BoliviaM. (sect.Habbasia ser.Setosae)huanchacae; from SE brazilM. (sect.Habbasia ser.Pachycarpae)chiliomera andM. (sect.Mimosa)murex; and from EcuadorM. (sect.Mimosa subser.Polycarpae)Loxensis. The two Brazilian species are illustrated.     

The genus Racomitrium (Grimmiaceae) in Brazil, with the first report of R. subsecundum in South America

Four species of the moss genusRacomitrium Brid. are reported from Brazil:R. subsecundum (Harv.) Wils,R. didymum (Mont.) Lorentz,R. crispipilum (Taylor) A. Jaeger, andR. visnadiae W. R. Buck.Racomitrium subsecundum is reported for the first time from South America in Brazil and Colombia. The species is fully described and illustrated.Racomitrium didymum is recorded for the first time from Brazil; the specimens previously assigned toR. crispulum (Hook.f. & Wils.) Hook.f. & Wils. represent this species.Racomitrium cucullatifolium Hampe andR. crispulum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Hook.f. & Wils. are excluded from the Brazilian bryophyte flora. All Brazilian species ofRacomitrium are briefly assessed taxonomically and bryogeographically and illustrated, and a key to their determination is given. A lectotype is selected forGrimmia didyma Mont.