无公害蔬菜营养与施肥研究进展

本文综述了无公害蔬菜定义、卫生评价标准及生产环境评价标准。对无公害蔬菜生产中常用的氮肥在土壤中转化、种类和形态、用量和时期与硝酸盐关系,过量氮肥对蔬菜体内硝酸盐累积影响,对地下水质污染和人体健康的影响,磷肥过量引起流失造成水体富营养化和磷肥中镉对土壤生态环境污染的影响,以及畜禽粪肥、城市垃圾和污泥堆肥对蔬菜品质及环境影响进行了评述。对近二十年来土壤栽培条件下应用于无公害蔬菜营养诊断与平衡施肥研究的养分平衡法、肥料效应函数法、NPK比例法、土壤测试指数法、植物营养外观及测试指标诊断法、DRIS作物营养诊断施肥综合法,植株硝酸盐速测反射仪法等进行了综述。     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烟产量与质量影响的田间试验。结果表明,在施N量0－150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖／碳比显著下降,氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳。无机氮肥对烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥。铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥。铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异。     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烤烟产量与质量影响的田间试验.结果表明,在施N量0～150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖/碱比显著下降.氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳.无机氮肥对烤烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥.铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥.铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异.     

氮磷互作对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响

为探明肥料互作对菊芋产量及品质的影响,以“南芋1号”为试验材料,通过正交田间试验,对氮(N)、磷(P)及其交互作用对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:N、P对菊芋块茎产量、干物质含量,总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量具有极显著影响(P＜0.01);N、P交互作用对菊芋块茎产量、干物质和还原糖含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对块茎总糖和菊糖有极显著影响(P＜0.01);当磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,与氮肥存在交互效应;当氮肥低于180 kg·hm-2时,为正交互效应,表现出协同促进作用,氮肥高于180 kg·hm-2时,为负交互效应,表现出拮抗作用;当氮肥为180 kg·hm-2、磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,氮磷正交互效应增强,氮磷表现出协同促进作用,菊芋块茎产量最高,且菊芋块茎的干物质含量、总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量达到最高值,即菊芋块茎能达到最高产量和最优品质.综上,在山东莱州地区菊芋大田种植的基础施肥量宜为纯氮为180 kg·hm-2、P2O5为135 kg·hm-2.     

施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

南方红壤旱坡地花生植株对施用氮肥的响应

选用多年夏花生-冬蔬菜种植制度下的典型红壤旱坡地,通过田间试验,研究了5种氮肥水平下花生根系的形态特征、固氮能力、植株生物量以及荚果产量。结果表明:不同氮肥施用量对花生植株生物量及荚果产量影响均不显著(P=0.091);而不同处理的土壤固氮酶活性与氮肥施用量间呈极显著的负相关(R2=0.88,P=0.005);单株花生根系总长度、总表面积、总分叉数及根尖条数均随氮肥施用量的增加而减小,且与单株花生根瘤生物量呈极显著(P<0.001)正相关。     

大气CO2浓度和氮肥水平对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

应用FACE平台,研究了不同氮肥水平下大气CO₂浓度升高对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 大气CO₂浓度升高（FACE）和增施氮肥显著提高了小麦籽粒产量、穗数、穗粒数和生物量.但FACE处理对收获指数无显著影响.FACE处理显著降低了籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、面筋含量和沉降值,显著提高了小麦籽粒淀粉及其组分含量,而氮肥处理具有相反的效应.面团稳定时间及峰值黏度、最终黏度、反弹值等黏度特征参数在FACE和高氮水平下显著增加.此外,CO₂浓度与氮肥水平互作对小麦籽粒产量和生物量有显著的正效应,但对籽粒品质无显著影响.在未来大气CO₂浓度升高的情况下,维持较高的施氮量有利于提高小麦籽粒产量,改善淀粉糊化特性,缓解小麦品质特性的下降.     

大气CO2浓度和氮肥水平对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

应用FACE平台,研究了不同氮肥水平下大气CO₂浓度升高对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 大气CO₂浓度升高（FACE）和增施氮肥显著提高了小麦籽粒产量、穗数、穗粒数和生物量.但FACE处理对收获指数无显著影响.FACE处理显著降低了籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、面筋含量和沉降值,显著提高了小麦籽粒淀粉及其组分含量,而氮肥处理具有相反的效应.面团稳定时间及峰值黏度、最终黏度、反弹值等黏度特征参数在FACE和高氮水平下显著增加.此外,CO₂浓度与氮肥水平互作对小麦籽粒产量和生物量有显著的正效应,但对籽粒品质无显著影响.在未来大气CO₂浓度升高的情况下,维持较高的施氮量有利于提高小麦籽粒产量,改善淀粉糊化特性,缓解小麦品质特性的下降.     

水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响

在高肥力条件下,大田试验采用裂区设计,主区为不同灌水频次(0～3次),裂区为不同施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2),结合15N微区示踪技术,研究了水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响.结果表明,在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加.在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势.氮肥水平一定时,在灌0至灌2水范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理中施氮处理(N168、N240)的籽粒产量较灌2水处理显著降低;灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降.在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低,各灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,不灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量显著降低.灌水促进了施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0～100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100～200 cm土层.灌水次数是导致收获期0～100 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100～200 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应.     

空间环境对青椒和番茄遗传诱变研究

分析了经卫星搭载青椒和番茄种子而选育的后代遗传ＹＯ异情况,并对其后代产量及生理生化、细胞学特性进行跟踪测定。结果显示：空间环境对种子具有变异效应。很可能为改良蔬菜品种,创造蔬菜新品系开辟了一条新途径。     

Weather,nitrogen-supply and growth rate of field vegetables

A new procedure was developed for interpreting data from multi-harvest N-fertilizer experiments on 5 different vegetable crops. Per cent N in the plant dry matter of each N-deficient crop was, throughout growth, almost proportional to relative growth rate (standardized to the average weather). After correcting for the effects of plant mass, growth rate of each N-sufficient crop varied considerably during the growth period and approximately in proportion to the growth rate when N-fertilizer was withheld. Some of the variation was associated with small changes in soil water which also greatly influenced C-partition between foliage and storage roots of at least one crop. Some of the variation was related to temperature and radiation. The significance of these findings to modeling the effects of N-nutrition and environment on growth is discussed.     

Yield increases in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) inoculated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region

Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight.Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N₂-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.     

Cropping system and nitrogen dynamics under a cereal winter cover crop preceding corn

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been identified as a potential nitrogen (N) management tool when used as a winter cover crop (WCC). However, N deficient corn (Zea mays L.) has often been observed when preceded by a cereal rye WCC, resulting in yield reductions and deterring the integration of WCC into cropping systems of the Corn Belt. The objectives of this study were to assess soil N availability and plant N status throughout the corn growing season under various combinations of cereal rye kill date and N-fertilizer strategy in Illinois. Cereal rye WCC was killed three (KT1), two (KT2), and one (KT3) weeks prior to optimal corn planting, and N-fertilizer strategies included combinations of N splits (early and late) and N strategies (at planting, divided between planting and V6, or at V6). Although initial reductions in soil mineral N were observed in cereal rye WCC plots at planting of corn, soil mineral N among all cereal rye kill date and early N strategy plots was improved by the V6 stage and remained equal throughout the growing season. Corn under the latest cereal rye kill date in combination with its total N-fertilizer (160 kg N ha^–1) allotted at V6 had lower N contents by the R1 stage than any other kill date, N strategy combination. Relative corn N deficiencies and grain yield reductions were not observed unless cereal rye kill date was delayed to one week before optimal corn planting in Illinois (KT3) and N-fertilizer applied in full at the V6 stage of corn development (late N split, V6 strategy). Residual soil nitrate (NO₃-N) remaining post-harvest of corn varied between cereal rye WCC treatments and the fallow control depending on the N strategy employed throughout the season, indicating that N usage and demands of a winter fallow cropping system and cereal rye WCC systems under different residue loads require different N-fertilizer strategies to achieve more efficient N synchrony.     

日光温室蔬菜残株堆腐后还田对根区土壤环境及蔬菜产量的影响

为了探究设施蔬菜收获后剩余残株合理利用的途径,通过温室土壤栽培试验研究了番茄、黄瓜残株堆肥还田(0、15、20、30 t·hm^-2)对土壤性状及蔬菜生长和产量的影响.结果表明: 将番茄、黄瓜残株堆肥处理后还田可降低土壤容重,提高土壤有机质含量、微生物生物量和酶活性,促进蔬菜植株生长,增加蔬菜产量,改善蔬菜营养品质.残株堆肥使用量越多,改善效果越好,且对第二茬春黄瓜的作用效果优于第一茬秋番茄.表明施用蔬菜残株堆肥还田可改善设施蔬菜根区土壤环境,并提高设施蔬菜产量和品质.     

Nitrogen Fixation of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Interacting with a Non-legume in Two Contrasting Intercropping Systems

A field experiment was carried out to quantify biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) using the ¹⁵N isotope natural abundance method in maize (Zea mays L.)/faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/faba bean intercropping systems. Faba bean was yielding more in the maize/faba bean intercropping, but not in the wheat/faba bean intercropping. Biomass, grain yield and N acquisition of faba bean were significantly increased when intercropped with maize, and decreased significantly with wheat, irrespective of N-fertilizer application, indicating that the legume could gain or lose productivity in an intercropping situation. There was yield advantage of maize/faba bean intercropping, but no in wheat/faba bean intercropping. The grain yield of the faba bean intercropped with maize was greater than that of faba bean monoculture due to increases of the stems per plant and the pods per stem of faba bean. N fertilization inhibited N fixation of faba bean in maize/faba bean and wheat/faba bean intercropping and faba bean monoculture. The responses of different cropping systems to N-fertilizer application, however, were not identical, with competitive intercropping (wheat/faba bean) being more sensitive than facilitative intercropping (maize/faba bean). Intercropping increased the percentage of N derived from air (%Ndfa) of the wheat/faba bean system, but not that of the maize/faba bean system when no N fertilizer was applied. When receiving 120 kg N/ha, however, intercropping did not significantly increase %Ndfa either in the wheat/faba bean system or in the maize/faba bean system in comparison with faba bean in monoculture. The amount of shoot N derived from air (Ndfa), however, increased significantly when intercropped with maize, irrespective of N-fertilizer application. Ndfa decreased when intercropped with wheat, albeit not significantly at 120 kg N/ha. Ndfa was correlated more closely with dry matter yield, grain yield and competitive ratio, than with %Ndfa. This indicates that that total dry matter yield (sink strength), not %Ndfa, was more critical for the legume to increase Ndfa. The results suggested that N fixation could be improved by yield maximization in an intercropping system.     

氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应

试验在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地进行,以强筋小麦品种为试验材料,研究不同氮磷钾硫肥料处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在高产的条件下以120kg/hm2施氮的处理,产量、千粒重和容重最高,过度施氮使产量、千粒重和容重呈逐渐降低的趋势,子粒硬度随施氮量增加而提高.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间和稳定时间均有随施氮量增加而提高的趋势,增加施氮量显著增加了面包体积.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势.施磷和硫处理对产量和品质的影响不显著.     

蔬菜残株堆肥及微生物菌剂对设施辣椒栽培土壤的改良作用

以‘中椒6号’辣椒为材料,采用盆栽方法,测定了蔬菜残株堆肥及微生物菌剂施用下辣椒栽培土壤理化性质、酶活性及辣椒叶片矿质元素含量、产量等指标。结果表明,与对照(未施用蔬菜残株堆肥、微生物菌剂)相比,单一施用蔬菜残株堆肥和微生物菌剂均能降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度,提高转化酶、磷酸酶活性及辣椒叶片钾、镁含量和产量,且蔬菜残株堆肥的作用效果优于微生物菌剂处理,并随堆肥用量的增加作用效果逐渐增强。蔬菜残株堆肥和微生物菌剂共同施用条件下,两者质量比例较低(分别为60和0.07 g/kg)时对上述指标的影响具有明显的协同作用,两者质量比例较高(分别为120和0.07 g/kg)时的协同作用不明显。研究发现,蔬菜残株堆肥和微生物菌剂可有效改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤酶活性,促进辣椒叶片矿质元素的吸收积累,从而提高辣椒产量,且施用的蔬菜残株堆肥与微生物菌剂质量比例较低时,两者具有明显的协同作用。     

发酵法生产制备番茄红素的工艺研究

番茄红素是一种类胡萝卜素，存在于多种果蔬中，具有较好的抗氧化、抗衰老、提高免疫力等功能，被广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品等领域。然而，传统的提取方法番茄红素产量低、成本高且受制于原料来源，化学合成法存在安全隐患。微生物发酵法因具有工艺简单、生产效率高、生物活性与天然植物提取物一致等优点，逐渐受到关注。基于此，以番茄红素产量为响应值，在单因素实验的基础上利用响应面法优化代谢控制条件，考察正负菌株接种比例、代谢流抑制剂和外源性植物油对番茄红素产量的影响。结果表明，最优条件为三孢布拉氏霉菌负正菌株接种比例6∶1，番茄红素环化酶抑制剂2,6-二甲基吡啶添加量0.09 g·L-1，以3.57 g·L-1大豆油为外源性植物油辅助发酵，在该最优条件下发酵液中的番茄红素产量达1.51 g·L-1，菌体生物量51 g·L-1。研究结果显著提高了发酵菌体生物量，促进了番茄红素的生物合成转化率，为番茄红素的工业化生产提供了理论基础。     

施用生物炭与硝化抑制剂对菜地综合温室效应的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究施用生物炭与添加硝化抑制剂对菜地周年综合温室效应的影响.结果表明: 与不施用生物炭相比,施用生物炭处理N₂O和CH₄的综合温室效应增加8.7%~12.4%,蔬菜产量增加16.1%~52.5%,温室气体强度降低5.4%~28.7%.添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N₂O排放,不影响CH₄排放,综合温室效应减少17.5%~20.6%,蔬菜产量增加21.2%~40.1%,温室气体强度显著降低.混合施用生物炭与硝化抑制剂一方面增加蔬菜产量,另一方面显著增加综合温室效应(增幅为10.6%～11.2%).因此,在菜地添加硝化抑制剂,既能保证蔬菜产量又能减少温室气体排放,是合适的减排措施.     

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction in two peanut cultivars with different growth habit and branching pattern structures

We have investigated the response of two peanut cultivars (TEGUA and UTRE) with different growth habits and branching pattern structures to different nitrogen (N) sources, namely, N-fertilizer or N₂ made available by symbiotic fixation, and analysed the pattern of nitrate reductase (NR) activity in these cultivars. Nitrate and amino acid contents were also examined under these growth conditions. In terms of nitrogen source, cv. TEGUA showed a better response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 at 40 days after planting, while cv. UTRE responded better to N-fertilizer (5 mM KNO₃). Both cultivars showed different patterns of NR activity in the analyzed plant organs (leaves, roots, and nodules), which were dependent on the N source. When nitrogen became available to the plant through symbiotic N₂ fixation, the patterns of NR activity distribution were different in the two cultivars, with cv. TEGUA showing a higher NR activity in the nodules than in the leaves and roots, and cv. UTRE showing no difference in terms of NR activity among organs. The nitrate and amino acid contents showed a similar trend between the two cultivars, with the highest nitrate content in the leaves of fertilized plants and the highest amino acid content in the nodules. The high nitrate content of the leaves of cv. UTRE indicated the better response of this cultivar to N-fertilizer.