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1.
Systematics and phylogenetic implications of the haplosclerid stromatoporoid Newellia mira nov. gen.
RACHEL WOOD JOACHIM REITNER RONALD R. WEST 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1989,22(1):85-93
Wood, Rachel, Reitner, Joachim & West, Ronald R. 1989 01 15: Systematics and phylogenetic implications of the haploslerid stromatoporoid Newellia mira nov. gen. Lethaia, Vol. 22, pp. 85–93. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. The presence of spicules in a Palaeozoic stromatoporoid is here confirmed. Parallelopora mira Newell, 1935 from the Upper Carboniferous of the U.S.A. is redescribed as a calcified haplosclerid sponge with a primary siliceous spicule framework of isodictyally arranged styles, sub-tylostyles and strongyles and a secondary calcareous skeleton of stromatoporoid grade and probable aragonitic original mineralogy. P. mira is placed within a new genus Newellia, and family, the Newellidae. This form is postulated to have possessed large amounts of collagenous organic material which enveloped and bound the spicular framework in place. By the draping outline of the calcareous skeleton around the spicule framework and by analogy with the Recent demosponge genus Vaceletia, the calcareous skeleton is suggested to have formed by the direct mineralization of this collagenous template. Newellia mira nov. gen. is further proposed to constitute a member of a new clack of haplosclerid stromatoporoids, together with Euz-Miella erenoensis (Lower Cretaceous); a clade with some similarity to Recent non-calcified forms, e.g. Adocia. Most notably, the presence of different calcareous skeleton mineralogies and possibly microstructures in these two forms suggests the independent development of a calcareous skeleton at different times within this spicule clade. Demosponges appear to have produced calcareous skeletons independently in many different spicule clades. Calcified demosponges are now known from the Hadro-merida (Lower carboniferous; Upper Cretaceous - Recent), Axinellida (Upper Triassic - Lower Cretaceous; Upper Cretaceous; Recent), Poecilosclerida (Recent) as well as the Haplosclerida (Upper Carboniferous - Lower Cretaceous; Recent).□Upper Carboniferous, stromatoporoid, spicules, haplosclerid demosponges, calcareous skeleton biomineralization, demosponge clades, polyphyly. 相似文献
2.
Summary A rich and diverse dasycladalean algae association is described from the Upper Triassic succession of Mt. Rotonda (Calabria-Lucania
border, Southern Italy).
This association consists of:Neoteutloporella rajkae n.sp.,Griphoporella bechst?dti n.sp.,Physoporella zamparelliae n.sp.,Spinaporella andalusica
Flügel & Flügel-Kahler, 1984,S.? granadaensis
Flügel & Flügel-Kahler, 1984,Chinianella? sp.,Gyroporella sp.,Griphoporella? sp. andPhysoporella aff.leptotheca.
Neoteutloporella rajkae n.sp. is characterised by an undulated calcareous skeleton with short acrophore primary laterals bearing a tuft of 4–6 elongate,
segmented, trichophore secondary laterals. This species allows to extend back to the Upper Triassic the stratigraphic range
of the genusNeoteutloporella, previously known only from Upper Jurassic levels.
Griphoporella bechst?dti n.sp. has a cylindrical calcareous skeleton and primary laterals only, consisting of a thin proximal part followed by a swollen
portion that pinches out distally and finally opens outward with a cup-like swelling.
Physoporella zamparelliae n.sp. is characterised by a calcareous skeleton made by partly welded thin individual sheaths enclosing the laterals. The
laterals are piriferous, vertically compressed, roughly triangular both in vertical and in verticillar section. In some specimens
they end with a spine-like thin apophysis. This species confirms that the typical Middle Triassic genusPhysoporella survived up into the Norian.
The dasycladalean algal association of the Norian of Mt. Rotonda shows some similarities with the algal association found
in the Upper Triassic of the Betic Cordillera whereas it is markedly different from the rich association occurring in the
Upper Triassic of Sicily and of the Northern Calcareous Alps. This pattern is coupled with a different composition of the
platform margin communities: microbial/serpulids bioconstructions in the Upper Triassic of the Calabria-Lucania border and
of Alpujarridevs. Dachstein-type reefs in Sicily and the Northern Calcareous Alps.
This indicates that the palaeoceanographic and palaeogeographic conditions controlled both the development of the different
platform margin and of the different algal assemblages. 相似文献
3.
Joachim Reitner 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》1987,61(3-4):203-222
Euzkadiella erenoensis n. gen. n. sp. from the Early Cretaceous of Ereño (Prov. Guipuzcoa, northern Spain) is the first known »stromatoporoid« with a spicular skeleton and a basal skeleton consisting of calcific spherulites. The stromatoporoid sponge shows subtylostyle, oxea and strongyle megascleres. Microscleres are unknown. The sclere arrangement appears as disorganized bundles connected by horizontal sclere bridges. This sclere arrangement is characteristic of the order Haplosclerida (Class Demospongiae, Subclass Ceractinomorpha). The new species is compared with the modern coralline spongesCalcifibrospongia andAstrosclera, and with the Mesozoic stromatoporoids of the families Milleporellidae and Actinostromariidae. In both subclasses of the Demospongiae and within the Class Calcarea stromatoporoid basal skeletons are observed. Therefore the subclass Stromatoporoidea does not exist as a true systematic unit. 相似文献
4.
Diet,food preference,and algal availability for fishes and crabs on intertidal reef communities in southern California 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Synopsis Herbivory by wide-ranging fishes is common over tropical reefs, but rare in temperate latitudes where the effects of herbivorous
fishes are thought to be minimal. Along the west coast of North America, herbivory by fishes on nearshore reefs is largely
restricted to a few members of the Kyphosidae, distributed south of Pt. Conception. This paper presents information on natural
diets and results from feeding choice experiments for two abundant kyphosids from intertidal habitats in San Diego, California
—Girella nigricans andHermosilla azurea, and similar data for the lined shore crab,Pachygrapsus crassipes, which also forages over intertidal reefs. These results are compared with the availability of algae in intertidal habitats
measured during summer and winter, on both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. The diets of juveniles ofG. nigricans andH. azurea collected from nearshore habitats were dominated by animal prey (mainly amphipods), but adults of these fishes, andP. crassipes, consumed algae nearly exclusively, with 26, 10, and 14 taxa of algae identified fromG. nigricans, H. azurea, andP. crassipes, respectively. Algae with sheet-like morphologies (e.g.Ulva sp.,Enteromorpha sp., members of the Delesseriaceae) were the principal algae in the diets of the fishes, and calcareous algae (e.g.Corallina sp.,Lithothrix aspergillum) and sheet-like algae (Enteromorpha sp.) comprised the greatest identifiable portion of the shore crab's diet. Feeding choice experiments indicated that the
fishes preferred filamentous algae (e.g.Centroceras clavulatum, Polysiphonia sp.,Chondria californica) and sheet-like algae (e.g.Enteromorpha sp.,Ulva sp.,Cryptopleura crispa) over other algal morphologies, whereas the shore crab chose jointed calcareous algae (e.g.Lithothrix aspergillum, Corallina vancouveriensis, Jania sp.) most frequently. The diets and preferences for algae by the fishes were generally most similar to the assemblage of
algae available in early successional (disturbed) habitats during summer when sheet-like and filamentous algae are abundant.
The shore crab exhibited the opposite trend with a diet more similar to late successional (undisturbed) habitats. 相似文献
5.
在黔西水城地区的K576井长兴组共鉴定钙藻3属3种,包括Gymnocodium bellerophontis、Permocalculus sp.和Tauridiumkurdistanensis;有孔虫8属10种,其中(虫筳)类2属2种,有孔虫动物群主要由Reichelinasp.indet.、Nankinella sp.、Pachyphloia schwageri、Pachyphloia sp.、Geinitzina sp.、Nestellorella sp. indet.、Howchinella sp.、Hemigordius aff. saranensis、Hemigordius sp.和Midiella sp. indet.组成。将本井按照生物特征分为有孔虫-钙藻-介形虫组合、有孔虫-腕足类-介形虫组合、介形虫-双壳类-腹足类组合、有孔虫-钙藻-双壳类组合、有孔虫-腕足类-介形虫组合、有孔虫-钙藻-双壳类组合和介形虫组合等7个组合。按照层序地层划分、垂向沉积序列特征和测井资料的分析,有孔虫-钙藻-介形虫组合(SQ3-3)和有孔虫-腕足类-介形虫组合(SQ3-4)时期地层为三角洲前... 相似文献
6.
Sigrid Berger Matthias J. Kaever Bernhard Reichel 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》1997,71(3-4):189-195
The influence of temperature and light intensity on the ultrastructure of the calcareous skeleton of theBornetella sphaerica (Dasycladales) as well as on the incorporation of Mg and Sr into the skeleton was studied. Cells were grown in laboratory culture under various light and temperature conditions in a medium which allows them to calcify as they do in their natural habitat. The results are compared with general observations and measurements reported in the literature, especially with data on algae. 相似文献
7.
From the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Portugal, the coralline sponge Sobralispongia densespiculata nov. gen. and nov. sp. is described. Main characteristics are a crustose habit, a primary spicule skeleton of very densely packed styles and subtylostyles arranged in a plumose architecture, microscleres of possibly aster-type, and a microgranular to fibrous secondary calcareous skeleton. The primary mineralogy of the calcareous skeleton was probably high-Mg calcitic. An assignment to the demosponge Order Axinellida is proposed. 相似文献
8.
Summary An assemblage of microfossils, including calcareous green algae (dasycladaleans:Deloffrella quercifoliipora, Bakalovaella elitzae, Salpingoporella cf.muehlbergii, Terquemella sp.,Neomeris sp., andCylindroporella? sp.; Halimedaceans/Gymnocodiaceans:Boueina sp.Permocalculus aff.minutus), red algae (Solenoporaceans?:Marinella lugeoni), cysts of dinoflagellates? (Cadosina fusca fusca, Colomisphaera aff.conferta) and foraminifers (Torinosuella peneropliformis, Charentia cuvillieri, Commaliama sp.) is described from the carbonate beds within the terrigenous-carbonate Sangestan Formation (Upper Jurassic—Neocomian)
exposed near the small village of Zereshk, approximately 63 km SW of Yard, central Iran. The micropaleontological assemblage
indicates a late Neocomian (Hauterivian) age of the carbonate beds. 相似文献
9.
The new calcisponges Regispongia fluegeli n. sp., and Iranospongia circulara n. gen. n. sp., are described from central Iran. These are the first heteractinid sponges reported from the Permian of the region. These wewokellid sponges are large, irregularly cylindrical forms with a distinct axial spongocoel. The calcareous spicular skeletons of both taxa have been overgrown and are recrystallized. However, the preserved skeleton of Regispongia fluegeli does include large polyactines in the main endosomal layer and small octactines and possibly other polyactine spicules in both the relatively massive dermal layer and the distinct, delicately spiculed, gastral layer. Iranospongia is characterized by a discontinuous ring of vertical exhalant canals interior to the dense dermal layer, and by an interior skeleton net that includes common coarse vertical fibers. Individual spicules in Iranospongia are commonly obscured, but locally some remnants of possible polyactines occur in outer parts of the skeleton. 相似文献
10.
Anna Kozowska-Dawidziuk 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2001,34(1):84-96
A new retiolitid genus Cometograptus, restricted to the lundgreni Biozone (Late Wenlock), is characterized by a combination of primitive features such as strong transverse rods and ancora sleeve lists with seams facing out, with advanced features such as a long sicula, central, free nema and pustulose bandages. Cometograptus links two Subfamilies of the Family Retiolitidae. The Subfamily Retiolitinae is divided into redefined lineages: Pseudoretiolites, Retiolites, Paraplectograptus, whereas the Subfamily Plectograptinae is divisible into the Sokolovograptus (questionable), Gothograptus, Spinograptus, Plectograptus lineages, and Cometograptus. The Sokolovograptus group, the first retiolitids bearing ancora sleeve lists with seams facing out, did not survive the lundgreni crisis. The only survivors were Upper Wenlock retiolitids of the Gothograptus lineage. The new genus Cometograptus includes Cometograptus koreni n.gen. and n.sp., Cometograptus tomczyki n.gen. and n.sp., as well as the previously described Cometograptus nevadensis, Cometograptus marsupium and Cometograptus apoxys. 相似文献
11.
Non-calcified warm-water marine macroalgae from the Ordovician strata of Spiti,Tethys Himalaya,India
《Palaeoworld》2023,32(3):396-410
The calcareous siltstones within the Ordovician section of the Takche Formation near Takche, Spiti region of Tethyan Himalaya, India, contain numerous specimens of non-calcified marine macroalgae in association with brachiopods, gastropods, tentaculitoids, and few trace fossils. The algal remains, representing five genera, are preserved as black or dark brown carbonaceous compression fossils, interpreted as warm-water marine macroalgae, namely, Inocladus sp., Callisphenus? sp., Algites sp. (siphonous algae), Fisherites sp., and Mastopora sp. (non-siphonous). Callisphenus is characterised by a radially symmetrical short pyriform thallus, with a central axis surrounded by short laterals whereas Inocladus sp. is characterised by an unsegmented simple thallus with internal parallel medullary siphons and cortical tubes. These algal remains, probably transported from a more near-shore living niche, co-occur with Cyclocrinitids, Tentaculitoids tube worms, trace fossils and brachiopods, suggesting that deposition of the studied units took place in low energy hydrodynamic conditions influenced by intermittent storm events. The study represents the first diversified macroalgal records from the Ordovician strata in the Tethyan realm of Indian subcontinent. 相似文献
12.
Michał Zatoń Tomasz Wrzołek Jan Ove R. Ebbestad 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2020,53(4):486-499
Analysis of mushroom-shaped rugose corals Schlotheimophyllum patellatum (Schlotheim, 1820) from the Silurian (Upper Visby Beds, Lower Wenlock, Sheinwoodian) of Gotland, Sweden, showed that they were colonized on both the upper (exposed) and lower (cryptic) sides by a variety of encrusting and boring (sclerobiont) biotas, represented by 10 taxa and at least 23 species. Bryozoans and microconchid tubeworms, the most abundant encrusters, dominated on the cryptic undersides of the corals, while the dominant endobionts responsible for Trypanites borings overwhelmingly dominated the exposed surfaces. Except for cnidarian sphenothallids, which were exclusive colonizers of the underside of only one coral host, no other encrusters could be referred to as obligate cryptobionts. Because the upper surface of these corals was likely covered by soft-tissues during life, in specimens lifted off the sea-floor sclerobionts must have settled on the cryptic sides first. They could colonize the upper side only after the coral’s death, unless it was covered by sediment as could be the case in some flat specimens. With time, the space on the underside of the coral skeleton may have progressively been filled by sediment as well, precluding further colonization by sclerobionts. In that respect, the colonization patterns of these corals by encrusters and borers were controlled by the complex interplay of environmental factors, sclerobiont dynamics and coral growth in a given Silurian habitat. Compared with Silurian stromatoporoid hosts, the sclerobiont diversity and abundance noted on the Schlotheimophyllum corals may be regarded as representative for the Silurian as a whole. 相似文献
13.
Mark M. Littler Diane S. Littler 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》1984,74(1):13-34
The general hypothesis that morphological, physiological, and ecological adaptations of macro algal functional-form groups can be related to the level of disturbance encountered in a natural environment was examined. Two articulated calcareous coralline algae (Amphiroa van-bosseae Lemoine, 24% cover and Corallina frondescens Post. & Rupr. 20%) and one non-articulated coralline alga (Lithophyllum sp., 16%), all late-successional predation-tolerant strategists, comprise most of the community cover on stable bedrock substrata at Punta Las Cuevitas, Sonora, Mexico. Conversely, Ulva rigida C. ag. (26% cover) and a ralfsioid crust (23%), shows to be early-successional opportunistic strategists, cover more of the disturbed boulder habitat. Porolithon sonorense Daws., a stress-tolerant strategist, is uniquely abundant on both substratum types (13% cover on boulders, 10% on bedrock). The sheet-like and filamentous algae, prevalent in the temporally unstable habitat, generally show greater productivity (>2×) than the thicker and calcareous forms conspicuous in the more constant environment. It appears that selection for delicate thalli with high productivities, as well as selection for tougher morphologies having lower photosynthetic rates due to greater proportions of structural tissues, are widespread, divergent evolutionary forces among marine algae. Experiments with captive sea urchins (Echinometra vanbrunti Agassiz), in conjunction with fish-preference data published for some of the same algae studied here, offer strong support for the functional-form model. Parrotfishes, rudderfishes, surgeonfishes, damselfishes and E. vanbrunti, in the Gulf of California, preferentially feed on delicate, early-successional, sheet-like, and filamentous algae, while rejecting or ignoring the more structured, late-successional and calcareous algae. There is no significant (P > 0.05) gradation in calorific content between the first four of the six functional groups (i.e., Sheet-, Filamentous-, Coarsely Branched- and Thick Leathery-Groups), but the mean value for these fleshy forms (2.6 kcal · g ash-free dry wt?1) is significantly greater than that for the last two groups (0.3 kcal, Jointed Calcareous- and Crustose-Groups). The approach used in this study demonstrates a realistic technique for predicting macrophyte community composition from knowledge of the disturbance levels in a given habitat or the reverse. The form group-disturbance relationship has important implications for future biological monitoring of rocky-inter-tidal and subtidal systems. 相似文献
14.
Olev Vinn Ursula Toom 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2017,50(2):237-243
The earliest known symbiotic rugosan endobionts occur in stromatoporoids from the early Rhuddanian of Estonia. The stromatoporoid Ecclimadictyon nikitini from the Tamsalu Formation contains the rugosan Donacophyllum middendorffii endobiont. A stromatoporoid Clathrodictyon boreale from the Varbola Formation contains Streptelasma estonica and Bodophyllum sp. endobionts. There are up to three endobiotic rugosans per stromatoporoid host. Stromatoporoid hosts were beneficial for symbiotic rugosans as elevated substrates on a seafloor that offered a higher tier for feeding; they also offered enhanced substrate stability. Stromatoporoids of the end‐Ordovician mass‐extinction recovery fauna hosted a diverse fauna of symbiotic endobionts. There were few if any negative effects of this mass extinction on the symbiotic endobionts. 相似文献
15.
The origin and significance of the Lentas unit in southern Crete (Greece) is still subject to controversies. New stratigraphical and palaeontological results allow correlations with the classical Pindos-type series in Greece. In particular, new datings from reworked fossiliferous limestone pebbles within the Lentas unit are presented. These data concern especially the carbonate microfacies and carbonate microfossils from the latest Early Permian (i.e., from the late Kungurian Substage or Misellina Zone). For the first time in Greece, this period is recognized as being rich in foraminifers and calcareous algae. These fossils are described; especially, two dasycladales Likanella (?) cretae nov. sp. and Uragiellopsis bonneauii nov. sp. are established. The presence of these reworked Palaeotethyan sediments at the base of the Lentas unit suggests a derivation from the Palaeotethyan active margin (arc/fore-arc series). 相似文献
16.
Anne‐Christine Da Silva Stephen Kershaw Frédéric Boulvain Benoit L. M. Hubert Bruno Mistiaen Alan Reynolds Joachim Reitner 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2014,47(3):365-375
This paper records the first example of a demosponge spicule framework in a single specimen of a Devonian stromatoporoid from the Frasnian of southern Belgium. The small sample (2.5 × 2 cm) is a component in a brecciated carbonate from a carbonate mound in La Boverie Quarry 30 km east of Dinant. Because of the small size of the sample, generic identification is not confirmed, but the stromatoporoid basal skeleton is similar to the genus Stromatopora. The spicules are arranged in the calcified skeleton, but not in the gallery space, and are recrystallized as multi‐crystalline calcite. The spicules fall into two size ranges: 10–20 μm diameter and 500–2000 μm long for the large ones and between 5–15 μm diameter and 50–100 μm length for the small ones. In tangential section, the spicules are circular, they have a simple structure, and no axial canal has been preserved. The large spicules are always monaxons, straight or slightly curved styles or strongyles. The spicules most closely resemble halichondrid/axinellid demosponge spicules and are important rare evidence of the existence of spicules in Palaeozoic stromatoporoids, reinforcing the interpretation that stromatoporoids were sponges. The basal skeleton may have had an aragonitic spherulitic mineralogy. Furthermore, the spicules indicate that this stromatoporoid sample is a demosponge. 相似文献
17.
The structure of microbial communities of brown algae, red algae, and of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa, healthy and affected with rotten thallus, were comparatively investigated; 61 strains of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated and characterized. Most of them were identified to the genus level, some Vibrio spp., to the species level according to their phenotypic properties and the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids. The composition of the microflora of two species of brown algae was different. In Chordaria flagelliformis, Pseudomonas spp. prevailed, and in Desmarestia viridis, Bacillus spp. The composition of the microflora of two red algae, G. verrucosa and Camphylaephora hyphaeoides, differed mainly in the ratio of prevailing groups of bacteria. The most abundant were bacteria of the CFB cluster and pseudoalteromonads. In addition, the following bacteria were found on the surface of the algae: Sulfitobacter spp., Halomonas spp., Acinetobacter sp., Planococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Agromyces sp. From tissues of the affected G. verrucosa, only vibrios were isolated, both agarolytic and nonagarolytic. The existence of specific bacterial communities characteristic of different species of algae is suggested and the relation of Vibrio sp. to the pathological process in the tissues of G. verrucosa is supposed. 相似文献
18.
A new boring ctenostome bryozoan without calcareous skeleton, Orbignyopora opulenta sp. nov. (Vesiculariida, Eurystomata), is described from deposits of the Middle Callovian of the Moscow Region. A pioneering
micro-ct examination of a colony of this species reveals its diagnostic features hidden in the shell substratum: shape, size,
and distinctive features in the budding of zooids and stolons, and also tubular processes (tubulets) developed on the frontal
surface of autozooids. The diagnosis of the genus Orbignyopora is added by dimorphism of autozooids (A-zooids and B-zooids) and spindly kenozooids. 相似文献
19.
A new assemblage of calcareous algae and microproblematica is reported from the Changxing Formation at the Liangfengya section in Chongqing, South China. This assemblage comprises eighteen species of seven genera, including three genera of gymnocodiaceaens (Gymnocodium, Permocalculus, and Tauridium), three genera of dasycladaleans (Epimastopora, Macroporella, and Mizzia), and one genus of microproblematica (Pseudovermiporella). A new algal species, Tauridium elongatum nov. sp., is described. Quantitative analysis indicates that the last occurrences of 22% of the species (4 out of 18) fall into a 52 cm thick interval of the uppermost Changhsingian. No calcareous algae are found in the Permian-Triassic boundary (P-T boundary) beds and the overlying Feixianguan Formation. Four out of 10 species have a stratigraphic abundance greater than 10% and all vanished in the uppermost Changhsingian. An abrupt extinction for calcareous algae occurred in the Clarkina yini conodont Zone. 相似文献
20.
The lower Senonian of Central Aquitaine includes few calcareous algae, alone green algae, while the upper Senonian admits nothing but numerous red algae.A new species has been discovered (Lithothamnium villaegranis n. sp.). Solenomeris, generally frequent in the Paleocene deposits, has been identified in the maestrichtian levels. 相似文献