水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片CO2／H2O交换参数的影响

Changes of CO2/H2O exchange parameters were continually measuredin winter wheat under different water stress stages.The results showed that photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of winter wheat in water stress conditions were obviously lower than that in non-stress conditions.After water stress,both of them slowly increased and even overtook that on sufficient irrigation treatment. Responses of winter wheat to water stress in different growth stages were different.To some extent, water stress can improve crop water use efficiency,speed up the process of milking.Under water stress condition,stomatal conductance limited diurnal changes of photosynthesis and transpiration in the morning but not in the afternoon.Transpiration is more sensitive to water stress than photosynthesis.     

氧化苦参碱对H2O2诱导的L6成肌细胞凋亡的影响

研究氧化苦参碱对L₆大鼠成肌细胞H<>sub>2O₂凋亡的影响．采用过氧化氢损伤L₆大鼠成肌细胞的方法,建立L₆大鼠成肌细胞H₂O₂凋亡模型．使用剂量为0.3,0.15,0.75 g/L的氧化苦参碱处理细胞．应用MTT法统计存活率和流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及凋亡率,用DAPI荧光染色、HE染色以及Bax和Bcl-2抗体鉴定损伤程度,Western blot检测蛋白质差异．结果表明,H₂O₂损伤的成肌细胞存活率降低,凋亡率增加．各种剂量氧化苦参碱能提高成肌细胞的存活率,促使Bcl-2增高,Bax降低．对成肌细胞的保护程度随氧化苦参碱剂量增加而增强,在剂量为0.3 g/L时,效果显著,其次是0.15、0.75 g/L的氧化苦参碱．其生理生化机制是氧化苦参碱保护₂O₂通过NFκB信号通路造成的大鼠成肌细胞凋亡模型．结果显示,氧化苦参碱具有作为新的抗氧化药物的潜力．     

Hydrogen-bonding assemblies constructed from metalloligand building blocks and H2O

New hydrogen-bonding assemblies were synthesized from the reaction of a metalloligand, [Cu(2,4-pydca)₂]²⁻ (L^Cu) (2,4-pydca = 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylate), with a Fe^II ion or an imidazole in an aqueous medium and crystallographically characterized. The obtained compounds, [Fe(H₂O)₆][Cu(2,4-pydca)₂] (1) and [Cu(2,4-pydca)(imidazole)₂] · 2H₂O (2), have metalloligand dimer units, [Cu₂(2,4-pydca)₄]⁴⁻ and [Cu₂(2,4-pydca)₂(imidazole)₄], respectively, each of which assembles by π-π (1) and hydrogen-bonding (2) interactions to form 1-D metalloligand arrays. The 1-D metalloligand arrays are linked by rich hydrogen-bonding interactions via H₂O molecules.     

水分胁迫诱导玉米叶片质外体产生H2O2机理

通过组织化学染色、电镜观察、酶活性分析对水分胁迫诱导玉米叶片质外体产生H2O2进行了研究。结果表明:水分胁迫能够诱导玉米叶片内源ABA的积累,ABA参与了水分胁迫诱导的玉米叶片H2O2的产生,质膜NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁过氧化物酶(POD)以及质外体多胺氧化酶(PAO)是水分胁迫诱导玉米细胞在质外体产生H2O2的来源,其中质膜NADPH氧化酶是主要来源;内源ABA的积累参与了水分胁迫激活的质膜NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁POD和质外体PAO活性的提高。研究认为,水分胁迫诱导玉米细胞在质外体产生H2O2可能是由于水分胁迫下内源ABA的积累通过激活质膜NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁POD以及质外体PAO的活性而实现的。     

土壤中反硝化酶活性变化与N2O排放的关系

研究施肥条件下,土壤反硝化酶活性硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性及羟胺还原酶(HyR)活性在玉米生长季节中的变化及其与土壤含水量、硝态氮含量、N₂O排放之间的关系。结果表明,3种还原酶都有明显的季节变化规律并受土壤水分含量及施肥的影响。通过研究3种反硝化酶活性与土壤含水量及N₂O排放量之间的关系后指出,反硝化酶活性变化可作为一个区分旱田N₂O产生途径的指标.     

The reaction of cytochrome c with [Fe(EDTA)(H2O)]

The interaction of horse ferricytochrome c with the reagents [Fe(EDTA)(H₂O)]⁻ and [Cr(CN)₆]³⁻ were studied at pH 7 and 25°C by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Two binding regions near to the heme crevice of cytochrome c were identified. Both regions bound both reagents but they exhibited different selectivities.

The relevance of this finding to the electron-transfer function of cytochrome c is discussed.     

Systemic induction of H2O2 in pea seedlings pretreated by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid

Pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) were used as materials to test the timings and compartments of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) triggered by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). The results showed that H₂O₂ could be systemically induced by wounding and exogenous JA. H₂O₂ increased within 1 h and reached the peak 3–5 h after wounding in either the wounded leaves or the unwounded leaves adjacent to the wounded ones and the inferior leaves far from the wounded ones. After this, H₂O₂ decreased and recovered to the control level 12 h after wounding. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, however, were rapidly increased by wounding. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, could significantly inhibit H₂O₂ burst that was mediated by wounding and exogenous JA. Assay of H₂O₂ subcellular location showed that H₂O₂ in response to wounding and exogenous JA was predominantly accumulated in plasma membrane, cell wall and apoplasmic space. Numerous JA (gold particles) was found via immunogold electron microscopy to be located in cell wall and phloem zones of mesophyll cell after wounding.     

Determination of muscle protein synthesis rates in fish using H2O and H NMR analysis of alanine

Following administration of deuterated water (²H₂O), the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of a given endogenous protein can be estimated by ²H-enrichment quantification of its alanine residues. Currently, this is measured by mass spectrometry following a derivatization procedure. Muscle FSR was measured by ¹H/²H NMR analysis of alanine from seabass kept for 6 days in 5% ²H-enriched saltwater, following acid hydrolysis and amino acid isolation by cation-exchange chromatography of muscle tissue. The analysis is simple and robust, and provides precise measurements of excess alanine ²H-enrichment in the 0.1–0.4% range from 50 mmol of alanine recovered from muscle protein.     

H2O2诱导的2BS早老细胞中自噬体增多

自噬在细胞复制性衰老中起着重要的作用.然而,早老细胞中的自噬现象基本无相关的报道.本文通过外源性过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的诱导,构建人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS细胞）早老模型.首先,通过SA-β-gal染色,验证细胞早老;从形态学和特异标志分子及雷帕霉素作用的靶位点(mTOR)信号通路不同角度检测自噬的变化,其中形态学检测包括丹（磺）酰戊二胺(MDC)自噬分子定量法及电镜自噬超微结构的观察;特异标志分子LC3的检测包括GFP-LC3自噬定位法和免疫印迹法检测LC3;及检测mTOR信号通路下游激酶p70S6蛋白的表达变化.结果表明,过氧化氢诱导的早老细胞中自噬体相对年轻细胞明显增多,且具有保护早老细胞的作用.     

小麦根系过氧化氢积累与耐盐性的关系

以抗盐性不同的2个小麦品系为材料,对其在盐胁迫下根细胞膜的膜渗透率,MDA含量,H2O2积累以及POD,SOD相对活性进行了分析和对比。结果表明：盐胁迫下抗性低的小麦品系93029#POD活性下降,导致活性氧积累而引起膜脂的过氧化作用;而抗盐性强的906#,在盐胁迫下。POD活性显著升高,没有明显的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化现象,植物的抗盐性与其活性氧代谢和H2O2水平有关,抗必品系具有较高的清除活性氧的能力,使得H2O2浓度处于较低的水平,不对细胞造成伤害,外施Ca^2 和Vc可部分缓解盐害。     

Temperature-sensitive paramagnetic liposomes for image-guided drug delivery: Mn versus [Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)]

Temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSLs) loaded with doxorubicin (Dox), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging contrast agents (CAs), either manganese (Mn^2 +) or [Gd(HPDO3A)(H₂O)], provide the advantage of drug delivery under MR image guidance. Encapsulated MRI CAs have low longitudinal relaxivity (r₁) due to limited transmembrane water exchange. Upon triggered release at hyperthermic temperature, the r₁ will increase and hence, provides a means to monitor drug distribution in situ. Here, the effects of encapsulated CAs on the phospholipid bilayer and the resulting change in r₁ were investigated using MR titration studies and ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) profiles. Our results show that Mn^2 + interacted with the phospholipid bilayer of TSLs and consequently, reduced doxorubicin retention capability at 37 °C within the interior of the liposomes over time. Despite that, Mn^2 +-phospholipid interaction resulted in higher r₁ increase, from 5.1 ± 1.3 mM^− 1 s^− 1 before heating to 32.2 ± 3 mM^− 1 s^− 1 after heating at 60 MHz and 37 °C as compared to TSL(Gd,Dox) where the longitudinal relaxivities before and after heating were 1.2 ± 0.3 mM^− 1 s^− 1 and 4.4 ± 0.3 mM^− 1 s^− 1, respectively. Upon heating, Dox was released from TSL(Mn,Dox) and complexation of Mn^2 + to Dox resulted in a similar Mn^2 + release profile. From 25 to 38 °C, r₁ of [Gd(HPDO3A)(H₂O)] gradually increased due to increase transmembrane water exchange, while no Dox release was observed. From 38 °C, the release of [Gd(HPDO3A)(H₂O)] and Dox was irreversible and the release profiles coincided. By understanding the non-covalent interactions between the MRI CAs and phospholipid bilayer, the properties of the paramagnetic TSLs can be tailored for MR guided drug delivery.     

Generation of H2O2 in Brain Mitochondria

Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria using succinate and glycerol-1-phosphate as substrates has been demonstrated. Earlier workers were unable to detect this activity in sucrose-Tris buffer. We found that this was due to a lag in the expression of activity in sucrose medium. Using phosphate buffer (50 mM), good rates are now obtained. Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria required the presence of antimycin A and was dependent on the substrates succinate and glycerol-1-phosphate. Low rates were obtained with NAD+-linked substrates and none with choline, glutamate, and NADH. The Km and Vmax values for H2O2 generation were considerably lower than the corresponding values for the respective dehydrogenase activity, measured by dye reduction. Oxygen-radical scavengers inhibited H2O2 generation, suggesting oxygen radical involvement. Depletion of ubiquinone from mitochondria resulted in loss of H2O2 generation. Reconstitution of such depleted particles with ubiquinone restored the capacity to generate H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Levels of H2O2 production were found to be maximal in cerebellum. Brain mitochondria from rabbit, hamster, mouse, and guinea pig also have the capacity to generate H2O2 on oxidation of glycerol-1-phosphate.     

植物排放N2O和CH4的研究

N₂O和CH₄是2种重要的温室气体, 但其排放源尚未得到充分鉴别。1990年和2006年先后报道植物能排放N₂O和CH₄, 并日益受到广泛的关注。然而, 迄今为止对植物排放这2种气体的研究均是分开单独进行的。该文以8种陆生草本植物为研究对象, 首次同步考察了新鲜离体植物地上部排放N₂O和CH₄的通量。研究结果表明: 8种植物均能排放这2种气体。其中, 黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、抱茎苦荬菜(Ixeridium sonchifolium)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)的CH₄通量较高, 分别为165.38、 52.28和21.64 ngCH₄·g^–1dw·h^–1; 抱茎苦荬菜、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)、大豆(Glycine max)和菠菜的N₂O通量较高, 分别为7.19、6.92、5.44和4.05 ngN₂O·g^–1dw·h^–1。研究结果不仅为植物本身既能排放N₂O又能排放CH₄在植物中可能具有普遍性提供了进一步的实验依据, 而且为深入研究其机理找到了几种适宜的植物种(如抱茎苦荬菜、菠菜)。     

Kinetic studies on the first dihydrogen aquacomplex, [Ru(H2)(H2O)5]: Formation under H2 pressure and catalytic H/D isotope exchange in water

The ruthenium(II) hexaaqua complex [Ru(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with dihydrogen under pressure to give the η²-dihydrogen ruthenium(II) pentaaqua complex [Ru(H₂)(H₂O)₅]²⁺.The complex was characterized by ¹H, ²H and ¹⁷O NMR: δ_H = −7.65 ppm, J_HD = 31.2 Hz, δ_O = −80.4 ppm (trans to H₂) and δ_O = −177.4 ppm (cis to H₂).The H-H distance in coordinated dihydrogen was estimated to 0.889 Å from J_HD, which is close to the value obtained from DFT calculations (0.940 Å).Kinetic studies were performed by ¹H and ²H NMR as well as by UV-Vis spectroscopy, yielding the complex formation rate and equilibrium constants: k_f = (1.7 ± 0.2) × 10⁻³ kg mol⁻¹ s⁻¹ and K_eq = 4.0 ± 0.5 mol kg⁻¹.The complex formation rate with dihydrogen is close to values reported for other ligands and thus it is assumed that the reaction with dihydrogen follows the same mechanisn (I_d).In deuterated water, one can observe that [Ru(H₂)(H₂O)₅]²⁺ catalyses the hydrogen exchange between the solvent and the dissolved dihydrogen.A hydride is proposed as the intermediate for this exchange.Using isotope labeling, the rate constant for the hydrogen exchange on the η²-dihydrogen ligand was determined as k₁ = (0.24 ± 0.04) × 10⁻³ s⁻¹.The upper and lower limits of the pK_a of the coordinated dihydrogen ligand have been estimated:3 < pK_a < 14.     

植物释放N2O速率及施肥的影响

采用开放式箱法和乙炔抑制技术,研究了大豆、春小麦和谷子3种植物不同生育期的N₂O释放速率以及施肥对春小麦N₂O释放速率的影响.研究发现,3种植物N₂O释放速率不同,但都具有在生长发育的前期阶段逐渐增加,至开花期前后达到高峰,然后又迅速下降的相似变化规律.在相应生育期,大豆表现出比谷子和春小麦更高的N₂O释放速率.不同的施肥量造成春小麦不同的生长状况,其N₂O释放速率也随之不同,过量施肥引起N₂O释放速率增加.     

H2S and its role in redox signaling

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has emerged as an important gaseous signaling molecule that is produced endogenously by enzymes in the sulfur metabolic network. H₂S exerts its effects on multiple physiological processes important under both normal and pathological conditions. These functions include neuromodulation, regulation of blood pressure and cardiac function, inflammation, cellular energetics and apoptosis. Despite the recognition of its biological importance and its beneficial effects, the mechanism of H₂S action and the regulation of its tissue levels remain unclear in part owing to its chemical and physical properties that render handling and analysis challenging. Furthermore, the multitude of potential H₂S effects has made it difficult to dissect its signaling mechanism and to identify specific targets. In this review, we focus on H₂S metabolism and provide an overview of the recent literature that sheds some light on its mechanism of action in cellular redox signaling in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Thiol-Based Redox Processes.     

Reactivity of [Ru(hedtra)(H2O)] with thio-amino acids and protease inhibition

Reaction of [Ru^III(hedtra)(H₂O)] (hedtra = N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate) with thio-amino acids, L (L = cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione and penicilamine), was studied kinetically. Kinetic studies were performed at different concentrations of reactants, pH and temperature. Based on the kinetic results, it is suggested that the formation of S-bound substituted product takes place in a rapid ligand dependent rate determining step. Kinetic data and activation parameters are accounted for operation of an associative mechanism and discussed in reference to the data reported earlier for edta⁴⁻ (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) complex of ruthenium(III). Results of cysteine protease inhibition studies revealed that inhibition activities of Ru-pac complexes are enzyme specific.     

间作对旱地CO2和N2O排放影响的研究进展

农田温室气体排放是近年来科学界的研究热点,采用合适的种植模式是减少农田温室气体排放的有效途径之一.本文综述了作物间作对旱地土壤CO₂和N₂O排放的影响及机理.合理间作能够提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进不同作物秸秆向SOC转化、降低SOC矿化速率,从而减少CO₂排放.禾本科与豆科作物间作能够在维持作物产量的情况下,减少化学氮肥投入、土壤有效氮残留及还田秸秆产生的无机氮,降低N₂O排放.间作作物的互作、田间小气候环境的改善也是影响土壤温室气体排放的重要因素.今后,要增加土壤温室气体监测时长并对影响因子进行综合、全面的分析,尤其是从分子水平探究间作模式下土壤微生物对温室气体产生过程的作用机理,为构建环境友好型农业模式提供科学依据.     

Synthesis and structure of a lead(II)-citrate: {Na(H2O)3}[Pb5(C6H5O7)3(C6H6O7)(H2O)3]·9.5H2O

The reaction of lead(II) nitrate with trisodium citrate Na₃(C₆H₅O₇) in a 1:22.5 ratio at pH 4.8 provides crystals of {Na(H₂O)₃}[Pb₅(H₂O)₃(C₆H₅O₇)₃(C₆H₆O₇)]·9.5H₂O (1). The structure of 1 is two-dimensional and exhibits five distinct Pb(II) sites and four different modes of citrate bonding. The five lead sites all display hemidirected coordination geometries, that is, irregular distribution of neighboring oxygen atoms resulting in obvious gaps in the coordination spheres. Consequently, the lead coordination geometries exhibit proximal bonding to a number of oxygen donors, as well as distal interactions with nearest neighbors. The coordination numbers vary from 8 to 10, with ‘5+3’, ‘5+4’, ‘6+4’ and ‘7+3’ coordination modes where the first number refers to the proximal ligands and the second to the distal set. The four crystallographically distinct citrate groups include three with deprotonated carboxylate groups (C₆H₅O₇)³⁻ and one with a single protonated carboxyl group (C₆H₆O₇)². The citrate ligands bridge 3, 5, 7 and 7 lead sites. Three of the citrate groups exhibit tridentate chelation coordination to a lead site through two carboxylate oxygen donors and the hydroxyl groups. One citrate group projects an uncoordinated -OH group and a pendant protonated carboxyl group into the interlamellar domain. This latter carboxyl group coordinates to a sodium cation, which exhibits five coordinate geometry defined by three aqua ligands and the carbonyl oxygen of the -CO₂H groups in the basal plane and a citrate -OH donor in the apical position.     

Effect of Na+ and K+ Ions on the Initial Crystallization Process of Lysozyme in the Presence of D2O and H2O

In the initial stage of the crystallization of egg-white lysozyme, monomeric lysozyme aggregated rapidly to form a nucleus in the presence of high salt concentrations. In the present studies, we examined the initial aggregation process of lysozyme (initial crystallization process of lysozyme) in D₂O/H₂O with sodium ions or potassium ions, and investigated the relationship between the surface hydrophobicity and the aggregation rate of lysozyme. The effect of sodium ions or potassium ions on the initial aggregation process of lysozyme in D₂O was clearly different from H₂O. The initial aggregation rate of lysozyme in H₂O was slower than in D₂O. In the case of H₂O, the initial aggregation rate was about the same in both ions. But in the case of D₂O, the initial aggregation rate was affected by the ion species and the value was lower in potassium ions than in sodium ions. These results suggest that the interaction between lysozyme molecules is stronger in D₂O than in H₂O. Furthermore, sodium ions have a stronger effect on the interaction than potassium ions in the case of D₂O. There was a good correlation among the initial aggregation rate, surface hydrophobicity, and -potential of lysozyme. The hydrophobic interaction may be an important active force in the initial aggregation process of lysozyme.