华南地方稻种资源初级核心种质构建

根据核心种质理论,以表型调查数据为基础,按照丁颖水稻分类体系与系统聚类取样相结合的方法,并通过多重比较确定了适宜的取样规模,最终从4020份华南地方稻种中筛选出436份材料构建了初级核心种质,中选比例10.8％。利用表型保留比例、多样性指数、表型频率方差和变异系数等重要参数对初级核心样品代表性进行检验。结果表明,所选初级核心样品很好地代表了原种质的遗传多样性和变异幅度。     

云南稻种资源核心种质库构建及其利用前景

以6121份云南地方稻种资源为研究对象,开展了云南稻种核心种质的取样策略及技术体系研究,以及云南稻种资源多样性、籼粳6大生态群、地理分布系统及图集、优异种质系统发生规律等研究。初步建立了云南稻种资源核心种质构建体系,筛选出998份初级核心样品,表型上约代表了云南稻种资源98％的多样性,并论述了该体系的利用前景。     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

云南稻种核心种质不同生态群间分蘖初期耐热性鉴定

对1281份云南稻种核心种质分蘖初期耐热性鉴定结果表明(1)初步筛选出分蘖初期耐热品种283份,其中1级耐热品种2份,分别是矮子糯和团结糯,3级281份,两者共占22.1%.(2)明确云南不同生态群间耐热性的差异,其强弱依次为爪哇群＞晚籼群＞早中籼群＞冬籼群＞普通群＞光壳群.(3)耐热性强弱与籼粳、水陆、有无颖毛密切相关,而与粘糯关系不大.     

云南地方稻核心种质氮磷高效性

采用盆栽试验以红壤设置不施磷（有效磷0．02mg·kg^-1）和施磷（有效磷69．76mg·kg^-1）、不施氮（有效氮156．7mg·kg^-1）和施氮（232．18mg·kg^-1）4种处理,以16个形态性状的相对指标用SPSS软件分析了来自云南省16个州548份云南稻核心种质氮磷高效的地带性特征,结果表明：低有效磷胁迫下云南稻核心种质形态性状生态差异磷效应明显高于氮效应;提出了茎蘖数、秆重、生物产量、根重、全株重和穗重共6个相对指标既可作为云南稻核心种质磷高效和氮高效基因型筛选的理想指标,又能反映州市间核心种质氮磷高效的地带性特征。聚类分析显示云南16个州市稻核心种质氮高效和磷高效特性划分为3个地带性区域,并与山脉水系、土壤肥力、生态因子和遗传多样性有关。     

利用SSR标记构建江西稻种资源核心种质库的研究

以3187份江西地方稻种资源为材料,依据籼粳、早中晚、粘糯、糙米色和谷粒形状等5个质量性状进行分组,组内按8个稻作区再分为不同的亚组。利用SSR标记对各亚组和组内种质资源进行遗传多样性和聚类分析,建立了包括296份种质的江西地方稻种资源核心种质库,占资源总数的9.28%。     

云南地方稻种持久抗瘟性的研究

1996～1999年,在不同纬度、不同海拔和不同稻作生态类型的重病区设立5个持久抗性稻瘟病鉴定圃。试验材料为云南的74份地方稻种资源,其中粳稻56份,籼稻18份(含野生稻3份)。通过多个抗性组分进行了系统研究,初步表明大白谷(粳、墨江县)、毫弄早(籼、勐海县)、毫玉浪(籼、勐海县)、疣粒野生稻(野、西双版纳自治州)等具有持久抗瘟性能;其中疣粒野生稻高抗细菌性条斑病,对白叶枯病抗性为0级,接近免疫,中抗稻瘟病。通过对品种多抗性组分分析和品种抗性系统聚类分析,提出在不同生态类型时、空动态的病叶片上的产孢量和病斑表型可作为简易、快速鉴定持久抗瘟性指标。     

云南布朗族地区种植的地方稻种及其分布特点

对云南省4个县选择20个布朗族聚居村的622户布朗族农户,采用参与式问卷调查和实地考察相结合的方法,调查其种植的地方稻种,分析村级和户级水平的地方稻种分布特点.共调查收集到地方稻种资源53个,其中有色稻种和糯稻种各14个(各占26.4%).318户种植地方稻种,占被调查农户总数的51.1%;种植地方稻种的面积占总稻作面积的30.0%;种植地方稻种的村级丰富度平均为5.64,最高达9;而户级丰富度平均为1.29,最高达4.种植地方稻种的村级均匀度平均为0.548,户级均匀度平均为0.172.地方稻种数量在调查县间差异显著,西双版纳州勐海县27个(50.9%)>临沦市双江县17个(32.1%)>普洱市墨江县9个(17.0%)>保山市施甸县0个.在乡镇级水平上,拥有地方稻种资源最丰富的是西双版纳州勐海县西定乡22个,然后依次为临沧市双江县邦丙乡9个、临沧市双江县大文乡和普洱市墨江县景星乡均为8个、勐海县布朗山乡5个、墨江县新抚乡1个.各地区种植地方稻种数量存在较大差异的主要因素是复杂的农业生态环境、丰富的民族文化习俗和多样的饮食习惯.     

云南不同种皮色地方稻种的总黄酮含量及其对种子萌发的影响

为了解不同种皮色地方稻种的总黄酮含量与其种子萌发品质的相关性,测定了17份云南地方稻种谷粒、糙米和谷壳的总黄酮含量,以及谷粒和糙米的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数4项萌发指标。结果表明,红皮和紫皮谷粒及糙米的总黄酮含量显著、极显著高于白皮,而谷壳的总黄酮含量则无明显差异。红皮谷粒的4项萌发指标均高于紫皮和白皮,但仅红皮与白皮谷粒之间的发芽势差异达到极显著水平;红皮糙米的4项萌发指标极显著地高于紫米和白米,且除发芽指数外,紫米的其他3项萌发指标显著或极显著地高于白米,表明有色种皮谷粒、糙米的总黄酮含量较高,其萌发指标也相应较高。相关分析表明,谷粒的总黄酮含量与4项萌发指标之间没有明显的相关性,但糙米的总黄酮含量则与4项萌发指标呈显著正相关;谷壳的黄酮含量与种子萌发无关,而糙米的黄酮含量则显著地影响种子的萌发特性。     

云南当前种植地方稻种SSR遗传多样性分析

本研究选用20对SSR引物对2007～2008年间从云南省56个县（区）收集的416份地方稻种进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到116个等位变异,每个位点变幅为3～13,平均为5.8个;SSR引物多态性信息含量PIC指数平均为0.681,最小为RM18的0.349到最大RM6748的为0.891;56个县的PIC变幅为0.025～0.679,平均为0.381,勐海县的PIC最高,广南县等仅有1份参试材料的8个县的PIC最低。聚类结果表明,在遗传一致度为0.362处将56个县分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类包括勐海等54个县,在阈值为0.499处又分为两个亚类,其中亚类Ⅰ-1包括36个县,亚类Ⅰ-2包括18个县,第Ⅱ类仅包括思茅区,第Ⅲ类仅包括河口县;楚雄州的牟定县与姚安县的遗传一致度最大,为0.943,大姚县与姚安县的遗传一致度也较高,为0.925,思茅区与宁蒗县的遗传一致度最小,为0.033,各县（区）的遗传一致度与地理位置有一定的相关性。本研究结果表明云南当前种植的地方稻种具有丰富的遗传多样性,但分布很不均匀,遗传多样性主要集中在西双版纳,德宏,普洱,临沧和红河5个州市。     

几个水稻品种抽穗期主效基因与微效基因的定位研究

在构建２张ＲＦＬＰ图谱的基础上,定位分析了控制水稻抽穗期的主效基因和微效基因。在特三矮２号／Ｃ．Ｂ．群体中定位到２个主效基因和２个微效基因。该２个主基因分别位于第３、８染色体上,累加贡献率约达５０％,加性效应值分别为７天和６天,而分别位于第１、１２染色体的２个微效基因的贡献率仅分别为８．３％和９．６％,加性效应值仅为３天和４天。在外引２号／Ｃ．Ｂ．群体中定位了２个连锁于第６染色体的主效基因和１个位于第８染色体的微效基因,该２个主效基因的贡献率分别为３５．５％和２７．４％,来自外引２号的该２个基因其效应均为明显推迟抽穗,因而可推测它们为感光性基因,微效基因的贡献率仅为８．９％,基因效应值较小。     

云南稻核心种质BC1F2代形态性状的遗传变异

在昆明孕穗期平均温度18.1℃的自然低温下,以云南当家品种滇屯502和合系35作轮回亲本,以548份云南稻核心种质为供体亲本配制的杂种BC1F2(458份)为材料,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质杂种后代形态性状遗传变异研究。结果表明:(1)杂种BC1F2具有丰富的形态多样性,结实率、实粒数、秕粒数、穗颈长等形态性状都表现出较大的变异,平均多样性指数也较高。(2)籼粳间、稻作区间单一性状变异趋势基本一致,但多样性指数存在一定差异。     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

水稻微核心种质氮素利用率相关性状的鉴定评价及其相关分析

以中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,在低氮水平下进行了水稻氮素利用率相关性状的鏊定评价,分析了产量和氮素利用率相关性状的相关关系.结果表明,秸秆舍氮率和单株秸秆含氮量变幅分别为0.56%～1.85%和0.04～0.61 g,子粒舍氮率和单株子粒舍氮量变幅分别为1.28%～3.23%和0.02～1.04 g,植株舍氮量变幅为0.10～1.30 g,氮素子粒产量利用率和氮素生物产量利用率变幅分别为3.85～57.52 s/g和17.56～104.02 g/g,氮素收获指数变幅为7.05%～88.58%.氮素利用率相关性状在品种闻存在较大的差异.秸秆合氮率与舍氮量、子粒含氮率与含氮量和植株含氮量在粳稻和籼稻亚种间没有显著差异;氮素生物产量利用率籼稻略大于粳稻,但差异不显著;氮素子粒产量利用率与氮素收获指数在粳稻和籼稻亚种间存在较明显的差异.氮素子粒产量利用率、氮素收获指数与结实率、单株子粒重和单株有效穗数均呈板显著正相关;认为在低氮水平下,结实率、单株子粒重和单株有效穗数可以作为耐低氮与氮高效水稻种质的筛选指标.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for heading date and plant height in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Lemont and Teqing are both semidwarf rice varieties that differ in heading date by only 6 days. However, when Lemont and Teqing are crossed there is transgressive segregation for both heading date (HD) and plant height (PH). By testing 2418 F₄ lines with 113 well-distributed RFLP markers, we identified and mapped chromosomal regions that were largely responsible for this transgressive segregation. QHd3a, a QTL from Lemont that gives 8 days earlier heading, was identified on chromosome 3 approximately 3 cM from the marker RG348. Another QTL with a large effect, QHd8a, which gives 7 days earlier heading, was identified on chromosome 8 of Teqing between RG20 and RG1034. Along with a QTL, QHd9a with a phenotypic effect of 3.5 days, these genomic regions collectively explain 76.5% of the observed phenotypic variance in heading date. Four QTLs which altered plant height from 4 to 7 cm were also mapped; these collectively explain 48.8% of the observed phenotypic variation in plant height. None of the QTLs for plant height mapped to chromosome 1, the location of the semidwarf gene sd-1. All three of the HD loci mapped to approximately the same genomic locations as PH QTLs, and in all cases, there was a reduction in height of approximately 1 cm for every day of earlier heading. The correspondence between the HD and some of the PH loci suggests that genes at these chromosome locations may have pleiotropic effects on both HD and PH. The observed heterosis in the F₁ plants for HD can be largely explained by the dominance for earliness of the identified HD loci and distribution of earlier heading alleles in the parents. However, overdominance observed at one of the PH QTL may, at least in part, be responsible for the observed heterosis in PH.     

水稻体细胞无性系变异

水稻体细胞无性系变异研究取得了很大进展 ,获得了大量抗病、抗逆、优质、矮杆等突变体。对这些突变体遗传分析表明 ,大多数突变性状由 1对或 2对基因控制。水稻体细胞无性系变异的发生与基因型、性状、继代时间、培养方式等有关 ,并具有内在的机制 ,点突变和反转录转座子插入可能是引起水稻无性系变异的两个重要原因。     

Effects of Low Temperature on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

After low temperature (16℃) treatment, the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and FBPase activity tended to decrease and ratio of chlorophyll a/b, stomatal resistance, sucrose and starch content tended to increase in rice flag leaves at heading stage. However, the Pi content and water potential did not show pronounced change. The flag leaf chloroplasts contained large starch grains after three days at low temperature. The recovery of net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaves which had recieved stress at 16℃ for three days and transferred to normal nature condition was gradually increased. It almost came up to the value of control after five days. However, the decrease in stomatal resistance was rapid. It was almost lowered to the value of control after one day. Under normal nature comdition for five days, the chlorophyll content and FBPase activity reached near to the value of control. Meanwhile, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b, the sucrose and starch content almost declined to the value of control. The large starch grain in flag leaf chloroplast also disappeared. According to the experimental results, we discussed the relationship between the above-mentioned various changes and net photosynthetic rate We suggested that the effect of low temperature on photosynthesis might be one of factors in yield-reduction of rice.     

A Primary Study on the Test-Tube Fertilization of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

With improving the method of sterilization and pollination, the percentage of seed set of rice in test-tube fertilization is enhanced to 75%.     

Diallel analysis of heading date in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The genetics of heading date was investigated in an 8×8 diallel set of crosses involving diverse rice cultivars. Wr, Vr graph analysis revealed the presence of a complementary type of non-allelic interaction which apparently affected the position and slope of the regression line such as if there were overdominance. Omission of two interacting parents resulted in a 6×6 subset of diallel crosses from which, as observed in the Wr, Vr graph, the non-allelic interaction had disappeared and the regression line exhibited partial dominance. Estimates of the genetic components of variation were in close conformity with the results obtained from the Wr, Vr graph: the average degree of dominance, as measured by (H₁/D)^1/2, was in overdominance range in the interacting 8×8 set of diallel crosses whereas it was reduced to partial dominance in the non-interacting 6×6 set of crosses. Further analysis by a standardized deviations graph indicated that earliness was controlled, on the average, by an excess of dominant alleles.