Antifungal activity of some mediterranean algae

Summary The antifungal activity of 15 mediterranean algae species on some dermatophyte strains (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, C. guillermondii, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata) has been tested following a modification of Aubert's technique.Among the algae species studied, Falkenbergia rufolanosa is the most active in front of all the fungi tested.     

Antifungal activity of helenin and isohelenin

Two sesquiterpene lactones, helenin and isohelenin, were examined for their activity against 16 species of fungi. These compounds varied greatly in their antifungal activities. At concentrations of 10 μg/ml, the lactones strongly inhibited the growth of Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichothecium roseum, while other fungi were only inhibited by considerably higher levels (100–1000 μg/ml). It is suggested that these secondary plant metabolites might be of potential use as antifungal agents, especially if their activity and specificity could further be enhanced through modifications in their chemical structure.     

Antifungal activity of a novel chromene dimer

The activity on Aspergillus spp. growth and on ochratoxin A production of two novel chromene dimers (3) was evaluated. The results of the bioassays indicate that the chromene dimer 3a inhibited mycelia growth by approximately 50% (EC₅₀) at 140.1 μmol L⁻¹ for A. niger, 384.2 μmol L⁻¹ for A. carbonarius, 69.1 μmol L⁻¹ for A. alliaceus and 559.1 μmol L⁻¹ for A. ochraceus. When applied at concentrations of 2 mmol L⁻¹, 3a totally inhibited the growth of all Aspergillus spp. tested. Furthermore, ochratoxin A production by A. alliaceus was reduced by about 94% with a 200 μmol L⁻¹ solution of this compound. A moderate inhibitory effect was observed for the analogous structure 3b on ochratoxin A production but not in mycelia growth. No inhibition was registered for compounds 2a and 2b, used as synthetic precursors of the dimeric species 3.     

Antifungal activity of substituted aurones

Novel antifungals are in high demand as there is a growing resistance to antifungals currently in use. In particular, opportunistic fungal infections caused by Candida spp. are on the rise with infections by this genus accounting for the most severe fungal infections following chemotherapy, implantation procedures, and in patients with HIV/AIDS. A series of simple aurone analogs were synthesized and screened for antifungal activity versus Candida spp. Several compounds displayed activity at 100 μM, with two having IC₅₀ values below 20 μM for three species of Candida. One of the compounds tested here also exhibits anti-biofilm activity for mid-maturation growth.     

Antifungal activity of some Brazilian Hypericum species

Crude methanolic extracts and fractions from the aerial parts of seven species of Hypericum (H. caprifoliatum Cham. and Schltdl., H. carinatum Griseb., H. connatum Lam., H. ternum A. St.-Hil., H. myrianthum Cham. and Schltdl., H. piriai Arechav. and H. polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt) growing in southern Brazil were analyzed for their in vitro antifungal activity against a panel of standardized and clinical opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi, including dermatophytes, by the agar dilution method. Chloroform and hexane extracts of H. ternum showed the greatest activity among extracts tested.     

Antifungal metabolites from the rhizospheric Penicillium sp. YIM PH 30003 associated with Panax notoginseng

Two new N-benzoylamino acids, peniginseng A-B (1–2), and two new fatty acids, peniciginseng A-B (5–6), were isolated during the fermentation of Penicillium sp. YIM PH30003, an endophytic fungus associated with Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. Their structures were assigned based on a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectral data. The N-benzoylamino acids (1–4) might share similar biosynthetic pathways with the rare siderophore pistillarin. Compounds 1–10 showed antifungal activities (MICs 16–128 μg/mL) against Fusarium solani, the pathogenic fungus of P. notoginseng.     

抗菌肽Rs-AFP_2的原核表达及抑菌活性

为了明确人工合成的萝卜抗菌肽Rs-AFP2基因编码产物是否对一些重要农作物病原真菌有抑制作用,本文将该基因编码序列亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1上,构建成GST-Rs-AFP2融合蛋白表达载体。经异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,获得了以包涵体形式表达的GST-Rs-AFP2重组蛋白。经过裂解、洗涤、溶解、复性、离心等处理,获得了纯化的GST-Rs-AFP2融合蛋白。对重要作物病原真菌进行体外抑菌分析的结果表明,Rs-AFP2可以显著抑制水稻纹枯病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、小麦根腐病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝生长,说明Rs-AFP2可作为上述植物病害抗性基因育种的潜在基因。     

青霉TS67菌株活性产物的抗真菌作用

本文初步探讨了青霉TS67(Penicillum sp.)的发酵活性产物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用机理,实验结果表明,用其50%的发酵液分别处理玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢菌(Bipolarismaydis)和大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)120 h后,菌丝生长的抑制率分别为77.78%和70.30%,对孢子产生的抑制率分别达58.8%和73.5%:同时发现用50%发酵液处理病原茵的无性繁殖孢子12 h后,孢子萌发抑制率分别达78.3%和62.O%.经显微镜观察抗菌活性物质处理后的菌丝体,发现菌丝体表面瘤状畸形、菌丝生长顶端不规则膨胀、内部发生原生质浓缩,初步推测青霉TS67主要通过影响植物病原真菌的细胞壁而实现抑制作用.     

Antifungal activity of three spermidine conjugates

Three tri-substituted spermidines, di-p-coumaroyl-caffeoylspermidine, tri-caffeoylspermidine and tri-p-coumaroylspermidine, isolated from pollen of Quercus alba, were examined for antifungal activity. Both di-p-coumaroyl-caffeoylspermidine and tri-p-coumaroylspermidine reduced mycelial growth of the oat leaf stripe pathogen, Pyrenophora avenae and reduced powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) infection of barley seedlings when applied as a post-inoculation treatment. When used as a pre-inoculation treatment, only di-p-coumaroyl-caffeoylspermidine reduced powdery mildew infection significantly. Growth of P. avenae in the presence of 100 microM di-p-coumaroyl-caffeoylspermidine reduced activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), and led to a reduction in the incorporation of labelled ornithine into spermidine. The other two spermidine conjugates increased AdoMetDC activity and the flux label from ornithine into spermine in P. avenae significantly.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Boron‐Containing Thiosemicarbazones

Addition of thiosemicarbazide, 4‐allylthiosemicarbazide, and 4‐phenylthiosemicarbazide to (formylphenyl)boronic acids affords a series of thiosemicarbazones containing boronic acids. Addition of 2‐formylphenylboronic acid to the thiosemicarbazides gave the corresponding cyclic 2,3,1‐benzodiazaborines. All new compounds have been investigated for potential antifungal activity.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of functionalized 2,3-spirostane isomers

Invasive fungal infections are a major complication for individuals with compromised immune systems. One of the most significant challenges in the treatment of invasive fungal infections is the increased resistance of many organisms to widely used antifungals, making the development of novel antifungal agents essential. Many naturally occurring products have been found to be effective antimicrobial agents. In particular, saponins with spirostane glycosidic moieties—isolated from plant or marine species—have been shown to possess a range of antimicrobial properties. In this report, we outline a novel approach to the synthesis of a number of functionalized spirostane molecules that can be further used as building blocks for novel spirostane-linked glycosides and present results from the in vitro screenings of the antifungal potential of each derivative against four fungal species, including Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata, and the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.     

bmy基因敲除对解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426溶血性及抗菌活性的影响

Iturin家族环脂肽对于红色毛癣菌等病原真菌具有较强的抑菌活性,有潜力成为治疗皮肤疾病的新型抗真菌药物。解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426菌株能够产生环脂肽fengycins和iturin家族的bacillomycin D,但该菌株发酵液具有溶血活性。为确定bacillomycin D是否为引发溶血作用的主要物质,本文利用同源重组基因敲除技术,构建解淀粉芽孢杆菌bmy基因缺失菌株,抑制bacillomycin D的合成,研究对其溶血性及抗菌活性的影响。突变菌株发酵液中未检测到bacillomycin D产生,且发酵液的溶血性及抗菌活性明显减小,表明bacillomycin D与该菌的溶血活性及抑菌活性密切相关。     

Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans

In this study, the antifungal effects of silver nano-particles (nano-Ag) and their mode of action were investigated. Nano-Ag showed antifungal effects on fungi tested with low hemolytic effects against human erythrocytes. To elucidate the antifungal mode of action of nano-Ag, flow cytometry analysis, a glucose-release test, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the change in membrane dynamics using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), as a plasma membrane probe, were performed with Candida albicans. The results suggest nano-Ag may exert an antifungal activity by disrupting the structure of the cell membrane and inhibiting the normal budding process due to the destruction of the membrane integrity. The present study indicates nano-Ag has considerable antifungal activity, deserving further investigation for clinical applications. K.-J. Kim and W. S. Sung contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.     

Role of structure and pH in cyclization of allene oxide fatty acids: implications for the reaction mechanism

Incubations of allene oxide synthases of flax or maize with the E,E-isomers of the 13- and 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid (E,E-13- and E,E-9-HPOD, respectively) at pH 7.5 afforded substantial yields of trans-disubstituted cyclopentenones. Under the conditions used, (Z,E)-HPODs were converted mainly into -ketols and afforded only trace amount of cyclopentenones. These findings indicated that changing the double bond geometry from Z to E dramatically increased the rate of formation of the pericyclic pentadienyl cation intermediate necessary for electrocyclization of 18:2-allene oxides and thus the yield of cyclopentenones. The well-known cyclization of the homoallylic allene oxide (12,13-EOT) derived from -linolenic acid 13-hydroperoxide (E,Z-13-HPOT) into cis-12-oxo-10,15-phytodienoic acid was suppressed at pH below neutral and was not observable at pH 4.5. In contrast, cyclization of the allene oxide ((9E)-12,13-EOD) derived from (E,E)-13-HPOD was slightly favoured at low pH. The finding that the cyclizations of 12,13-EOT and (9E)-12,13-EOD were differently affected by changes in pH suggested that the mechanisms of cyclization of these allene oxides are distinct.     

Antifungal activity of rice Pex5p, a receptor for peroxisomal matrix proteins

We have purified a novel antifungal protein from blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)-treated rice leaves using consecutive chromatographies on CM-Sepharose ion-change, Affi-gel blue, and HPLC gel filtration columns. We determined the N-terminal peptide sequence of the purified protein and subjected it to the NCBI/BLAST database and found the protein to be a partial fragment of the peroxisomal receptor protein in rice (OsPex5p). After cloning two cDNAs encoding OsPEX5L and OsPEX5S genes that are splice variants of OsPEX5 from a rice leaf cDNA library, we investigated their antifungal properties. The recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and found to significantly inhibit cell growth of various pathogenic fungal strains. mRNA expression of the OsPEX5L gene was induced by diverse external stresses such as rice blast fungus, fungal elicitor, and other signaling molecules including H(2)O(2), abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. These results suggest that the peroxisomal receptor protein, OsPex5p, plays a critical role in the rice defense system against diverse external stresses including fungal pathogenic attack.     

Antifungal activity of amniotic fluid against different Candida species

BackgroundAlthough Candida is a commensal of the urogenital tract, intrauterine fungal infections are extremely uncommon in clinical practice.AimsIn the present work we evaluated whether amniotic fluid (AF) possesses direct antifungal activity against clinical isolates of Candida albicans and other Candida species.MethodsA total of 23 AF samples from pregnant women with gestational age of 38–41 weeks were obtained under aseptic conditions by the aspiration of the amniotic sac during cesarean section. Different Candida species were inoculated in amniotic fluid and Sabouraud broth, used as control, and were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Quantitative cultures of test samples and controls were performed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h.ResultsAF collected from 23 pregnant women had consistent and significant inhibitory activity against all Candida isolates tested. Nonetheless, a complete inhibition of growth by all 23 AF samples tested was observed only against Candida glabrata.ConclusionsIt is likely that the antifungal activity of the AF against C. albicans, C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis observed in vitro also exists in vivo, contributing to protect against intrauterine fungal infections.     

Antifungal potentiality of some plant extracts against Fusarium sp.

Abstract

Aqueous extracts of 46 plants belonging to 32 different families of the plant kingdom were screened for antifungal activity against eight important species of Fusarium viz., Fusarium equiseti, F. moniliforme, F. semitectum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani and F. lateritium. The test fungi were isolated from maize, paddy and sorghum seeds collected from Mysore district, Mysore, India. Among the several plants screened only 12 plants have recorded significant antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of aqueous extracts varied among the test pathogens and was compared with that of the synthetic fungicides Blitox, Captan, Dithane M-45 and Thiram. F. proliferatum, which showed high susceptibility for the aqueous extracts, was tested using different solvent extracts viz., petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts of all the 12 plants. The results revealed that these plants could be exploited for ecofriendly management of the diseases caused by the test fungal pathogens and seed biodeterioration during storage.     

Antifungal trichothecene sesquiterpenes obtained from the culture broth of marine-derived Trichoderma cf. brevicompactum and their structure-activity relationship

Two new trichothecene sesquiterpenes, trichobreols D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the culture broth of marine-derived Trichoderma cf. brevicompactum together with trichobreol A (3). The structures of 1 and 2 were assigned on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compound 1 inhibited the growth of two yeast-like fungi, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, with equivalent MIC values (6.3 μg/mL), while 2 gave MIC values of 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. The antifungal activities of five semisynthetic derivatives (4–8) prepared from 3 were evaluated and compared to investigate the preliminary structure-activity relationship.     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF-66环二肽的分离纯化及抑菌活性研究

植物真菌病害给农业生产带来了巨大损失,因此对高效、低毒、低残留的生物农药的开发迫在眉睫。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF-66（Burkholderia cepacia CF-66）对真菌类病原菌具有强烈的抑制作用。其发酵液经减压浓缩和乙酸乙酯萃取得到粗提液,粗提液经反复硅胶柱层析和反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）多步柱层析,首次分离纯化得到一种环二肽——cyclo(Phe-Pro)(cFP)。利用气质联用（GC-MS）系统和HPLC进行定性和定量,结果表明分离纯化物质呈单峰,纯度较高且经标准曲线算出其浓度约为15 mg/ml。MIC值的测定结果表明该物质对立枯丝核菌、黄瓜菌核、玉米弯孢病菌等植物病原菌及冻土毛霉、黄曲霉、米根霉等食品腐败菌均具有较强的抑制作用。经显微镜观察发现,该物质可使丝状真菌菌丝生长异常,菌丝由光滑细长变得粗糙、弯曲、短粗且顶端膨大呈泡状。