黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮表面糙度特征及影响因素

地表糙度是影响地表径流和侵蚀过程的重要属性.生物结皮在干旱半干旱区广泛分布,是地表糙度的影响因子之一.本文采用链条法测定了黄土丘陵区不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度特征,分析了不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度对坡向、土壤含水量和冻融作用的响应及其与各理化性质的相关性,初步探索了生物结皮对地表糙度的影响及其相关因素.结果表明: 生物结皮显著改变地表糙度,随着生物结皮从藻结皮向藓结皮演替,其糙度先降低后增加,生物结皮发育形成10年以后,其表面糙度基本趋于稳定;研究区早期形成的藻结皮表面糙度较裸土降低47.0%,深色藻结皮(藓类盖度<20%)较裸土降低20.4%,混生结皮(藓类盖度为20%～60%)和苔藓结皮(藓类盖度>70%)表面糙度与深色藻结皮基本一致;坡向对发育10年以上的生物结皮表面糙度的影响不显著;土壤含水量影响地表糙度特征.研究区浅色藻结皮表面糙度随水分变化较为剧烈;随着生物结皮发育,深色藻结皮、混生结皮和苔藓结皮表面糙度随水分的变化趋于平缓.冻融增加了生物结皮表面糙度.浅色藻结皮经两次冻融后表面糙度增加29.7%;深色藻结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮表面糙度的影响需经过反复冻融才有所体现.生物结皮表面糙度与藓结皮盖度呈显著正相关(P＜0.1).     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

生物土壤结皮(BSCs)是荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分,是该区土壤碳循环及碳平衡的关键影响因素。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下土壤碳矿化过程及其对温度(10℃、25℃和35℃)和水分(土壤含水量10%和25%)变化响应特征,分析了土壤碳矿化过程与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:(1)结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤有机碳矿化过程,藻类、地衣和藓类结皮覆盖的土壤碳矿化速率和CO₂-C累积释放量均显著高于去除结皮的土壤,不同类型BSCs覆盖土壤和去除结皮土壤之间均表现为藓类结皮土壤>地衣结皮土壤>藻类结皮。(2)含结皮层土壤的平均和最大矿化速率均随温度升高和水分增加而逐渐增大,有结皮覆盖的土壤和去除结皮的土壤对温度和水分变化的响应规律相同。(3)有结皮土壤和去除结皮土壤碳矿化速率的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)与结皮类型密切相关,均表现为藓类结皮>地衣结皮>藻类结皮。结果表明生物土壤结皮由以藻类为主向以藓类为主的演变进一步促进了土壤碳矿化过程,结皮对土壤碳循环的调控作用受水热等环境因子的共同影响。     

三峡库区苔藓生物结皮对土壤水分入渗的影响

在三峡库区王家桥小流域选取以苔藓为优势种的生物结皮样地,以附近无结皮发育的裸地为对照,设计5个盖度水平(1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%),采用环刀法测定土壤入渗过程,研究生物结皮盖度对入渗过程的影响。结果表明: 与裸地相比,生物结皮发育可显著提高表层土壤粘结力、孔隙度、黏粒含量、水稳性团聚体和有机碳含量,显著降低土壤容重和砂粒含量。生物结皮促进了土壤水分入渗,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率和累积入渗量可达裸地的2.0倍及以上,土壤入渗性能随结皮盖度的增大呈先增加后减小的变化规律,在40%～60%盖度下最大。通径分析显示,土壤初始入渗率主要受结皮盖度、土壤容重和有机碳含量的影响,稳定入渗率主要受结皮盖度和土壤容重的影响。Horton模型对三峡库区生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分入渗过程拟合效果最佳。     

典型黑土耕作区土壤结构对季节性冻融的响应

以东北典型黑土耕作区土壤为研究对象,通过对一季冻融交替后土壤团聚体、土壤楔入阻力、容重、孔隙度、饱和度、广义土壤结构指数等指标的测定和分析,对比研究了季节性冻融对黑土耕作土壤结构特征的影响.结果表明:季节性冻融加剧了黑土耕作区土壤风干团聚体的分散,但显著降低了水稳性团聚体的破坏率(P0.05),表现出促进其团聚的作用;季节性冻融后黑土土壤楔入阻力降低了15.45%;容重趋于一致,在1.10～1.11g.cm-3之间;固相比例持续增加,总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度均不同程度降低;土壤饱和度总体增加了13.06%,削弱了土壤潜在贮水能力.季节性冻融改善了耕作区的土壤结构,使之更适于耕作.虽然季节性冻融增强了土壤团聚体的抗蚀性,却削弱了土壤的抗冲性,增加了黑土水蚀发生的风险.     

冻融对温带森林土壤碳、氮矿化作用的影响

秋末春初,中高纬度和高海拔地区普遍存在冻融现象。随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤碳/氮循环过程的影响日益受到重视。本研究以长白山地区典型阔叶红松林(Pinus koraiensis)、白桦林(Betula platyphylla)和长白山落叶松林(Larix olgensis)土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟控制试验,研究低含水量(40%)和高含水量(过饱和)条件下,冻融循环(-10~10℃)对不同林型土壤碳/氮矿化作用的影响。结果表明,在不同含水量条件下(低含水量条件下的阔叶红松林土壤除外),冻融处理均显著降低土壤有机碳矿化速率,且土壤碳矿化速率随冻融次数的增加而显著降低。冻融与土壤水分对氮矿化存在交互影响;在低含水量条件下,冻融促进土壤氮矿化作用;但在高含水量条件下,该影响不一致。本研究表明,秋末和春初的冻融循环对长白山地区森林土壤碳、氮矿化过程有重要影响,且其影响程度很大程度上取决于冻融频率和土壤含水量。     

青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮对浅层土壤水热过程的影响

生物结皮在高寒地区广泛发育,是影响冻土环境的重要因素之一。为了解高寒冻土区生物结皮对浅层土壤水热过程的影响,以黄河源区玛多县季节冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,采用定位监测的方法,分析了统一地貌单元内两种不同类型的生物结皮对浅层（0–50cm）土壤水温变化的影响。研究结果表明（1）生物结皮对冻土浅层土壤水热过程有显著的影响,其影响效果不仅与土壤的冻结融化状态有关,还与生物结皮的类型密切相关：1）在冻结状态下,生物结皮对土壤水分和温度均没有显著影响;而在融化期,两种类型生物结皮与裸地相比,增加了不同土层土壤未冻水含量,同时降低了浅层土体温度。其中深色藻结皮增加了5–15cm土层土壤含水量（1~5.4 %）,而浅色藻结皮增加了30cm土层土壤含水量（5~12 %）,且深色藻结皮的降温效应（1.1~2.1 ℃）显著高于浅色藻结皮（0.8℃~1.3 ℃）。（2）生物结皮覆盖下冻土浅层土壤中未冻水含量与土壤温度呈复杂的耦合作用。根据土壤温度变化,土壤中未冻水含量与温度的变化关系可分为三个阶段：T< -4℃时,土壤处于完全冻结状态,深色藻结皮覆盖下,土壤未冻水含量保持在4.3%左右;土壤温度T< 4℃,土壤未冻水含量与土壤温度呈正相关关系;土壤温度T > 4℃,土壤未冻水含水量与土壤温度呈负相关关系。即-4 < T < 4℃时,土壤温度影响土壤含水量,随着土壤温度升高土壤未冻水含量增加;土壤温度T > 4℃,水热相互耦合,随着土壤温度升高,土壤中未冻水含量的降低。同时土壤含水量影响土壤温度, 随着土壤含水量的增加,土壤温度降低。研究结果揭示了高寒草甸退化过程中生物结皮对冻土浅层土壤水热过程的重要影响,这一研究结果将为后期冻土区生态修复提供理论依据。     

固沙植被区两类结皮斑块土壤呼吸对不同频率干湿交替的响应

由降水的不连续性引起的土壤干湿交替是荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的重要影响因素。本文研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘天然固沙植被区以藓类和藻类为优势的2类结皮斑块土壤呼吸对相同总降雨量(20 mm)不同降雨频率(10和20 d)条件下的多重干湿交替的响应。结果表明:2类结皮斑块土壤呼吸速率均在降雨后迅速升高,并在0.5~2 h达到峰值,然后逐渐下降并恢复到降雨前水平;随着干湿交替过程的依次进行,土壤呼吸速率峰值、平均值以及累积碳释放量均呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但随着干旱期的延长,这种减小的程度降低;两类结皮斑块土壤10 d循环条件下的累积碳释放量均低于20 d循环;相同条件下的藓类结皮斑块土壤碳释放量均高于藻类结皮斑块土壤。说明地表覆盖和干湿交替频率均是影响荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸对干湿交替响应的重要因素。     

苔藓和凋落物对祁连山青海云杉林土壤呼吸的影响

于2012—2014年生长季在青海云杉林下开展了地表覆盖物(苔藓和凋落物)对林下土壤呼吸速率影响的研究。采用LI8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统对苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖和裸土(去除地表覆盖物)的土壤呼吸进行观测,对比分析林下3种覆盖处理下的土壤呼吸差异。结果表明:苔藓覆盖土壤、凋落物覆盖土壤和裸土土壤的呼吸速率年均值分别为(3.88±0.26)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),(3.31±0.19)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),(2.28±0.31)μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),三者之间具有极显著差异,3组处理的地表相对湿度、土壤含水量、土壤温度和地表温度间均没有显著差异,但苔藓组和凋落物组的土壤温度分别比裸土组高8.13%和10.24%;3组处理的土壤呼吸速率均与温度呈显著指数相关性(0.53≤R~2≤0.91),且与土壤温度的相关性更高;苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))分别为5.47,3.67,均高于裸土土壤呼吸的Q_(10)(2.23);裸土土壤呼吸与土壤含水量(VWC)呈高斯函数关系,VWC=34%是临界值,苔藓覆盖、凋落物覆盖土壤的呼吸速率与土壤含水量均呈线性负相关关系;苔藓和凋落物对裸土土壤呼吸的月均贡献率分别为29.33%和24.06%,可见,苔藓和凋落物在青海云杉林生态系统呼吸中起重要作用。     

黄土丘陵区草本植物覆盖下生物结皮对坡面径流流速的削减作用

生物结皮是干旱半干旱地区的常见地被物,与植物共同影响坡面径流及流速。迄今鲜有研究关注植物和生物结皮共同覆盖对流速的影响,是干旱半干旱地区坡面侵蚀驱动因素研究的薄弱环节。本研究以黄土丘陵区退耕草地为对象,通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究草本植物覆盖下有无生物结皮及不同组成生物结皮(多藻少藓、多藓少藻和藓)对径流流速的影响。结果表明: 植物和植物+生物结皮覆盖显著降低了流速,植物覆盖较裸土降低70.7%,植物+生物结皮覆盖较裸土降低83.1%;植物和生物结皮共同覆盖下,植物和生物结皮对径流流速的削减效益分别为70.7%和12.4%。植物覆盖下生物结皮对流速的影响程度与其组成有关,多藻少藓结皮、多藓少藻结皮和藓结皮对流速的削减效益分别为11.5%、12.4%和19.4%。流速与藓盖度呈显著负相关,与藻盖度呈显著正相关,藓结皮盖度(x)与流速(y)的关系式为:y=-2.081x+0.03(R²=0.469)。当植物盖度一定时(40%±10%),生物结皮组成中藓盖度是影响共同覆盖坡面流速的关键因子。综上,草本植物覆盖下生物结皮有显著减缓流速的作用,且作用程度与其组成有关。表明在研究退耕草地坡面侵蚀动力机制时,生物结皮的作用应予以考虑。     

沙埋对干旱沙区生物结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘自然植被区生长的两种典型生物结皮——藓类和藻类-地衣混生结皮覆盖土壤为对象,通过设置0(对照)、1 mm(浅层)和10 mm(深层)沙埋处理,研究了沙埋对该区结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的影响,并通过测定沙埋后土壤温度、水分的变化,初步探讨了沙埋影响生物结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的环境机制.结果表明: 沙埋显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的CO₂释放通量和CH₄吸收通量(P<0.05);但对N₂O通量的影响因沙埋厚度和结皮类型的不同而异:深层沙埋(10 mm)显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O吸收通量,浅层沙埋(1 mm)仅显著降低了藓类结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O吸收通量,而对混生结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O通量影响不显著.沙埋显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的表层温度和0~5 cm深土壤湿度,从而增加了其CO₂释放通量.但是沙埋引起的土壤温湿度的变化与CH₄和N₂O通量变化的相关性不显著,说明沙埋引起的土壤温湿度变化不是影响其CH₄和N₂O通量的关键因子.     

不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下风沙土的入渗特征及模拟

干旱荒漠区广泛分布的生物土壤结皮(BSCs)对土壤水分入渗过程有重要影响。以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的BSCs为研究对象,基于野外采样与室内模拟实验等方法,探究藓类、地衣和藻等3种类型BSCs覆盖下沙土的入渗特征。结果表明:与无结皮覆盖的风沙土对照,3种类型BSCs均显著降低了沙土初渗速率,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮覆盖下初渗速率降低幅度依次为36.10%、46.42%、50.39%;藓类结皮、地衣结皮(P0.05)和藻结皮(P0.05)均明显降低了沙土稳渗速率,降低幅度依次为16.50%、33.98%和35.92%;3种类型BSCs均限制了湿润锋在沙土的推进过程,表现为:藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的渗漏时间分别为裸沙对照的2.13、3.04和2.98倍;各类型BSCs均减小了沙土累积入渗量,阻碍了沙土水分入渗,与裸沙对照相比,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的1 h累积入渗量分别降低16.10%、28.56%和26.56%。在实验条件下,Kostiakov模型最适用于模拟不同类型BSCs覆盖下土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型模拟效果次之。     

Interactive Effects of Three Ecosystem Engineers on Infiltration in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Grassland

The redistribution of water in semi-arid environments is critical for the maintenance and survival of vegetation patches. We used a systems approach to examine the interactive effects of three engineers—Stipa tenacissima, biological soil crusts, and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)—on infiltration processes in a model gypseous semi-arid Mediterranean grassland. We measured the early (sorptivity) and later (steady-state infiltration) stages of infiltration at two supply potentials using disk permeameters, which allowed us to determine the relative effects of different engineers and soil micropores on water flow through large macropores. We detected few effects under tension when flow was restricted to matrix pores, but under ponding, sorptivity and steady-state infiltration adjacent to Stipa tussocks were 2–3 times higher than in intact or rabbit-disturbed biological soil crusts. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that both Stipa and biological soil crust cover exerted substantial and equal positive effects on infiltration under ponding, whereas indirectly, rabbit disturbance negatively affected infiltration by reducing crust cover. Under tension, when macropores were prevented from conducting water, Stipa had a direct negative effect and biological soil crust cover was relatively unimportant. More complex SEM models demonstrated that (1) Stipa primarily influenced biological soil crusts by reducing their richness, (2) rabbits exerted a small negative effect on crust richness, and (3) lichens were negatively, and mosses positively, correlated with a derived “infiltration” axis. Our results highlight the importance of biological soil crusts as key players in the maintenance of infiltration processes in Stipa grasslands, and demonstrate the modulating role played by rabbits through their surface disturbances.     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

冻融交替后不同尺度黑土结构变化特征

冻融交替是改变黑土结构、加剧土壤侵蚀的重要因子。以典型黑土区耕作土壤为研究对象,采用野外季节性冻融循环与室内模拟冻融循环相结合、X射线计算机断层摄影(CT)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)相结合的方法,通过水分物理性质、团聚体破坏率、孔隙数目、孔隙面积、孔隙成圆率、孔隙Feret直径的测定与分析,研究了冻融交替后0—40 cm、40—80 cm和120—160 cm3个土层以及田间季节性冻融环刀、室内模拟冻融CT扫描和室内模拟冻融SEM3种方式下黑土结构特征的变化规律。结果表明:冻融交替能够对不同土层和不同尺度的耕地黑土结构产生不同程度的影响。季节性冻融后,表层土壤容重升高,非毛管孔隙度和持水能力显著降低(P0.05),40—80 cm土层团聚体破坏率增加40.97%(P0.05),土壤抗蚀性有所削弱,120—160 cm土壤没有受到季节性冻融的显著影响。CT扫描尺度上,3个土层均以1—2 mm径级的孔隙数目为最多,形状也相对规则、接近圆形;冻融循环没有对表层土壤大孔隙结构产生影响,却能够显著降低40—80 cm土层范围内大孔隙面积以及Feret直径(P0.05)。SEM扫描显示冻融后土壤表面粗糙度增加,颗粒松散、脱离,孔壁断裂,证明了冻融交替对土壤微结构的破坏作用;同时结合电子能谱的元素分析可知冻融交替能够改变土壤颗粒表面化学特征。     

Germination and seed water status of four grasses on moss-dominated biological soil crusts from arid lands

Biological soil crusts dominated by drought-tolerant mosses are commonly found through arid and semiarid steppe communities of the northern Great Basin of North America. We conducted growth chamber experiments to investigate the effects of these crusts on the germination of four grasses: Festuca idahoensis, Festuca ovina, Elymus wawawaiensis and Bromus tectorum. For each of these species, we recorded germination time courses on bare soil and two types of biological soil crusts; one composed predominantly of the tall moss Tortula ruralis and the other dominated by the short moss Bryum argenteum. On the short-moss crust, the final germination percentage was about half of that on bare soil. Also, the mean germination time was 4 days longer on short-mosses than on bare soil. In contrast to the short-moss crust, the tall-moss crust did not reduce the final germination percentage but increased the mean germination time. Similar results were observed in the four grasses studied. To investigate the mechanism by which moss crusts affected germination, we analyzed the water status of seeds on bare soil and moss crusts. Six days after seeding, the water content of seeds on bare soil was approximately twice that of seeds on tall- or short-moss crust. Analysis of the time course of changes in seed weight and water potential in Bromus tectorum revealed that overtime seeds on tall mosses reached higher water content than those on short mosses. The increase in the water content of seeds on tall mosses occurred as the seeds gradually fell through the moss canopy. Taken together, our results indicate that biological soil crusts with distinct structural characteristics can have different effects on seed germination. Furthermore, this study revealed that a biological soil crust dominated by short mosses had a negative effect on seed water status and significantly reduced seed germination.     

Crust Composition and Disturbance Drive Infiltration Through Biological Soil Crusts in Semiarid Ecosystems

Soil crusts influence many soil parameters that affect how water moves into and through the soil, and therefore, critically influence water availability, erosion processes, nutrient fluxes, and vegetation distribution patterns in semiarid ecosystems. Soil crusts are quite sensitive to disturbance, and their alteration can lead to modification of the local hydrological regime, thus affecting general functioning of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different types of soil crusts, physical, and biological in different developmental stages, as well as the impact of their disturbance, on infiltration. This was assessed by means of rainfall simulations conducted in two semiarid ecosystems in southeast Spain characterized by different lithologies, topographies, and soil crust distributions. Two consecutive rainfall simulation experiments (50 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity), the first on dry soil and the second on wet soil, were carried out in microplots (0.25 m²) containing the most representative soil crust types at each site, each crust type subjected to three disturbance treatments: (a) undisturbed, (b) trampling, and (c) removal. Infiltration in the crusts was higher on coarse- than on fine-textured soils and almost two times greater on dry than on wet soil. Biological soil crusts (BSC) showed higher infiltration rates than physical soil crusts (PSC). Within BSC, infiltration increased as cyanobacterial biomass increased and was the highest in moss crusts. However, late-successional crustose and squamulose lichen crusts showed very low infiltration rates. Trampling reduced infiltration rates, especially when soil was wet, whereas crust removal enhanced infiltration. But this increase in infiltration after removing the crust decreased over time as the soil sealed again due to raindrop impact, making runoff rates in the scraped microplots approach those registered in the respective undisturbed crust types. Our results demonstrate that water redistribution in semiarid ecosystems strongly depends on the type of crusts that occupy the interplant spaces and the characteristics of the soils which they overly, as well as the antecedent moisture conditions of the soil. Disturbance of these crust patches results in increased runoff and erosion, which has important consequences on general ecosystem functioning.     

物理结皮和生物结皮的斥水特征及其对水分入渗的影响

土壤结皮是一种常见的自然现象,但由于结皮形成机制的不同,会产生不同的亲水性和斥水性,从而影响土壤的水力学特征与水文循环。本研究利用水滴穿透时间法测定了野外不同植被下物理结皮和生物结皮的斥水特征,利用扫描电镜观测了结皮的表面形态,并用微型入渗装置测定了结皮及其对照土壤的入渗特征。结果表明: 1)物理结皮的平均水滴穿透时间(WDPT)为3.3 s,对照为0.9 s,表现为亲水性;生物结皮的平均WDPT介于20.9～140.9 s,是无结皮的2.8～19倍,其中君迁子和刺槐林下的生物结皮平均WDPT分别为134.5和140.9 s。2)与对照相比,物理结皮累积入渗量、平均入渗速率和吸湿力分别降低了0～4.3%、3.5%～5.1%和27.2%～90.1%,生物结皮分别降低了0～25%、1.4%～28.2%和36.0%～84.9%。3)无论是否存在结皮,利用Philip模型拟合处理入渗数据均存在“曲棍球状”曲线;曲线上斥水性停止时间(WRCT)之前,点源微入渗以水平方向上的扩散为主,WRCT点以后以垂直方向上的入渗为主,土壤结皮的形成延长了该转折点的形成时间。综上,物理结皮是无机矿质颗粒堵塞了表层土壤,不影响斥水性的变化;生物结皮表现为斥水性有机物对土壤结构的影响,增强了其斥水性。物理结皮和生物结皮均会降低土壤的累积入渗量和平均入渗速率,但物理结皮主要影响土壤的吸湿力,对稳定入渗速率影响不大;生物结皮不仅降低了土壤吸湿力,还增加了稳定入渗速率。     

Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Seed Bank, Germination and Establishment of Two Annual Plant Species in the Tengger Desert (N China)

The presence of biological soil crusts can affect the germination and survival of vascular plants, but the reasons are not well investigated. We have conducted a field investigation and greenhouse experiments to test the effect of crusts on two desert annual plants, which occur on the stabilized dunes of the Tengger Desert in N China. The results showed that biological soil crusts negatively influenced the seed bank of Eragrostis poaeoides and Bassia dasyphylla. The important effect of biological soil crusts on seed germination and establishment were performed indirectly through reducing the amount of germinating seeds. Field investigation and experimental results with regard to the seed bank indicated that higher seedling density was found in disturbed crust soil and bare soil surface than in intact crust soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that the effects of biological soil crusts on germination and establishment of the two plants are not obvious in moist condition, while disturbed crusts are more favorable to seed germination in dry treatment. Significant differences in biomass were found between disturbed crust soil and bare soil. Survival and growth of the two annual plants were enhanced in both algal and moss crusts during the season of rainfall or in moist environment, but crusts did not affect seedling survival in the dry period. The small seeded E. poaeoides has higher germination than larger-seeded B. dasyphylla in crust soils, but B. dasyphylla has a relatively higher survival rate than E. poaeoides in crust soils.     

生物结皮粗糙特征——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

摘要：空气动力粗糙度可以反映地表气流与下垫面的相互作用。古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,其间广泛分布的生物结皮在稳定地表和改善环境方面意义重大。对未经扰动的4种类型生物结皮进行表面微形态观察,并通过风洞实验确定动力粗糙度Z0和摩阻风速u*,结果表明：（1）不同生物结皮类型,其组成和表面微形态等都具有明显差异。藻结皮以表面致密光滑为显著特征,由藻类分泌物和藻丝体粘结细粒物质所形成;地衣结皮表面藻类和真菌形成的叶状体匍匐沙面生长,呈现三维生长方式,形成有明显凹凸的壳状覆被;苔藓结皮以苔藓植物体密集丛生为特点,地上部分出现了茎叶分化,有一定的柔韧性。（2）就动力粗糙度的大小而言,是按地衣结皮>藻类－地衣结皮>苔藓结皮>藻结皮的顺序排列的,Z0平均值依次为（6.5890.850）mm、（4.1790.239）mm、（2.5420.357）mm和（0.3930.220）mm,与定床裸沙面的（0.0420.019）mm相比,生物结皮Z0值提高了10—150倍。随着风速的增大Z0值有所减小,其中以地衣结皮的减小趋势较为明显。（3）由风速廓线对比发现,四类生物结皮对气流阻滞作用的差异主要局限于4 cm以下的高度范围,风速越大这种差异也越大。各类生物结皮摩阻风速u*随风速增大而增大,其中藻结皮的增大速率明显低于其它三类结皮,说明藻结皮随风速增大的阻滞效应较其它三类结皮要差。（4）在净风条件下,地衣结皮具有最好的防风效果,其次为藻类－地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,藻结皮最差。当生物结皮破损后,床面结构和气流性质将发生变化,对空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速产生的影响将有待于进行更深入的研究。     

Germination and seedling establishment of two annual grasses on lichen-dominated biological soil crusts

Biological soil crusts dominated by lichens are common components of shrub-steppe ecosystems in northwestern US. We conducted growth chamber experiments to investigate the effects of these crusts on seed germination and initial seedling establishment of two annual grasses; the highly invasive exotic Bromus tectorum L. and the native Vulpia microstachys Nutt. We recorded germination time courses on bare soil and two types of biological soil crusts; one composed predominantly of the lichen Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. (lichen crust) and the other comprised of an assortment of lichens and mosses (mixed crust). Final germination on the lichen crust for both grass species was about a third of that on the bare soil surface. Mean germination time (MGT) was 3–4 days longer on the lichen crust compared with the bare soil. In contrast, there was no difference in germination percentage or MGT between the mixed crust and bare soil, and results were similar for both grass species. For both species, root penetration of germinating seeds on the lichen crust was lower than on the bare soil or mixed crust surfaces. The combined effects of the lichen crust on germination and root penetration resulted in an overall reduction in seedling establishment of 78% for V. microstachys and 85% for B. tectorum relative to the bare soil treatment. Our results clearly demonstrate that lichen-dominated biological soil crust can inhibit germination and root penetration, but the extent of these effects depends on the composition of the crust. Responsible Editor: Tibor Kalapos