韩国赫坎按蚊复合体3成员种核糖体DNA内转录间隔2区的比较(英文)

本文对韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊核糖体DNA (rDNA)内转录间隔 2区 (ITS2 )序列进行了比较研究。用PCR扩增的rDNA ITS2片段直接测序 ,每种蚊测定 3个个体 ,结果显示 :韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊的rDNA ITS2序列长度分别为 4 6 8bp、 4 51bp和 4 53bp ,GC含量分别为 4 4 .87%、 4 6 .2 %和 4 5.7% ,3种按蚊序列差异范围为 12 .16 %— 30 .74 %。研究表明 ,rDNA ITS2序列差异可用于韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊的分子鉴别。     

我国赫坎按蚊复合体成员种的rDNA-ITS2区序列差异及系统发育分析

测定了我国赫坎按蚊复合体 9成员种的核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区 (rDNA ITS2 )序列 ,根据序列差异分析各蚊种间的系统发育关系。结果显示 :( 1 )ITS2区序列最长的是中华按蚊 ( 4 6 8bp) ,最短的是克劳按蚊和赫坎按蚊 ( 4 36bp) ;GC含量为 4 4 9%～ 4 6 8% ;( 2 )发现该复合体 4成员种的ITS2区序列存在种内个体间差异 ,幅度为 0～ 3 8% ,明显小于种间差异 ;( 3)将各蚊种的ITS2区序列进行同源排序比较 ,发现其变异大多是简单重复单元的拷贝数不同 ;种间差异性最大的是克劳按蚊与嗜人按蚊( 32 3% ) ,最小的是贵阳按蚊与凉山按蚊 ( 9 0 % )平均差异率为 2 2 3% ;( 4 )根据ITS2区序列特征 ,用 3种方法构建的树状图拟合一致。以上结果表明赫坎按蚊复合体各成员种rDNA ITS2序列在种内非常保守 ,以种间序列差异分析为基础的分子鉴别技术是甄别蚊种分类地位混淆和错误的有效方法。     

基于mtDNA-COI基因序列的雷氏按蚊分子群体遗传结构研究

【目的】探讨我国雷氏按蚊Anopheles lesteri的群体差异和分化程度。【方法】采用PCR方法, 从分子水平鉴别了采自我国和韩国的雷氏按蚊共9个群体139个样本, 扩增其线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因, 并进行序列测定和分析。【结果】本研究共获得49个单倍型, 各单倍型呈高水平的平行演化, 来自云南群体的单倍型显示是扩张的源头。分子变异等级分析(AMOVA)的计算结果显示, 群体内变异占总变异的比例（64.95%）大于群体间（35.05%）, FST值为0.3504, 各群体间出现遗传分化。Mantel检验结果显示基因流水平与地理距离呈负相关关系（R²＝0.1322）, 群体遗传结构符合距离隔离模型。【结论】雷氏按蚊韩国和辽宁群体与其他分布地群体间差异大, 已出现明显分化, 我国其他分布地群体间的遗传差异小。     

中国赫坎按蚊类群的六种按蚊的杂交和染色体的观察

本文报告了赫坎按蚊类群中的中华按蚊(ASS)、长浮按蚊(ACF)、嗜人按蚊(AAP)、大窄按蚊(ADZ)、小宽按蚊(AXK)以及四川的八代按蚊(AYS)与辽宁的AYL品系的杂交和唾腺染色体的观察。结果表明,中华按蚊和长浮按蚊,嗜人按蚊和大窄按蚊之间不存在生殖隔离。因此,长浮按蚊和大窄按蚊可能不是独立的物种:小宽按蚊和四川的八代按蚊不存在生殖隔离;小宽按蚊和辽宁的AYL品系以及AYL品系和四川的八代按蚊却存在生殖隔离。因此,AYL品系可能为新种,而小宽按蚊新种能否成立,有待进一步研究。     

按蚊属一新种(双翅目:蚊科)

记述采自云南思茅市水塘内按蚊1新种,讨论了新种与近缘种的鉴别特征。模式标本保存于云南省寄生虫病防治所。     

我国赫坎按蚊类群的研究

本文报告作者等在1962—1965年对我国代表性地区赫坎按蚊类群的初步研究结果。通过对不同地区各种按蚊生活史各期,包括卵、幼虫、蛹皮和成虫比较系统的研究,认为我国的赫坎按蚊类群至少包括9种按蚊,即赫坎按蚊、八代按蚊、拟中华按蚊、中华按蚊、贵阳按蚊、印度按蚊、带足按蚊、雷氏按蚊嗜人新亚种和江苏按蚊新种。文内对各种按蚊的形态作了简要的描述,提出了它们的主要鉴别特征、个体变异及地理变异,并试列出本类群内各种按蚊的成虫、蛹、幼虫及卵的检索表,以供现场的调查与防治工作参考应用。根据我们的调查结果,并综合有关文献报道,本文扼要地叙述了我国赫坎按蚊类群各种按蚊的地理分布、主要习性和它们对丝虫病和疟疾传播的关系。为我国两种重要蚊媒传染病的流行病学与防治提供了理论依据。     

四川省赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种卵形态鉴别的可靠性研究

本文论证用蚊卵形态鉴别四川省赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种的可靠性。中华按蚊同嗜人按蚊、筠连接蚊、八代按蚊、贵阳按蚊,凉山按蚊同嗜人按蚊等,用卵形态鉴别比较可靠;其余各蚊种之间卵形态鉴别不完全可靠,必须结合蚊虫生活史中其他阶段的形态进行鉴别;卵甲板定同卵宽、甲板定同浮囊内缘间距离、浮囊内缘至甲板边缘距离同甲板宽等的比值,以及甲板的形状等卵外部形态,在赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种之间的鉴别上占有比较重要的地位。     

我国按蚊新纪录——雪足按蚊形态记述

雪足按蚊Anopheles nivipes(Theobald),1903隶属于环斑按蚊种团,曾被视为菲律宾按蚊的问种异名。Reid(1967,1968)和Klein等(1984)研究证明是两个独立种。作者从海南岛的成蚊和幼虫标本中发现有雪足按蚊,该蚊种为我国新记录。雪足按蚊成蚊和幼虫与近缘种非律宾按蚊和An.pallidus形态特征很近似,其主要鉴别特征如下表:表雪足按蚊与近缘种主要鉴别特征特征雪足按蚊菲律宾按蚊An.pallidus成蚊Ⅴ1分脉前黑斑较长,伸达或超过前缘脉的肩黑斑末端短,与前缘脉的等长或稍长常有变异Ⅴ3端部黑斑较长,为其附近缘缨长的2倍较长,约为附近缘缨长的2倍较…     

云南巴拉巴按蚊的修订及描记

李凤荪和吴希澄(1934)早期记载了我国的白踝按蚊。邓达等(1974)根据广东海南岛的标本.将我国白踝按蚊改定为巴拉巴按蚊。同年,陆宝麟编著按蚊鉴定手册检索表列出了巴拉巴按蚊的鉴别特征。Peyton和Harrison(1979,1980)对泰国巴拉巴按蚊成虫、蛹和幼虫的标本作了形态特征的鉴定,并与巴拉巴克岛和巴拉望的模式标本比较,将泰国巴拉巴按蚊定为新种——大劣按蚊Anopheles(Cellia)dirus。翌年,他们又对台湾巴拉巴按蚊进行了研究后,将白踝按蚊台湾亚种升为种——台湾按蚊Anopheles(Cellia)takasagoensis(Morishita 1946)。最近,邓达等(1982)又将海南岛巴拉巴按蚊订正为大劣按蚊。     

大劣按蚊四龄幼虫吞食四种按蚊幼虫的实验室观察

大劣按蚊四龄幼虫会吞食其它按蚊的一龄幼虫,在文献中未见有详细报道,在按蚊饲养中,我们对大劣按蚊吞食按蚊幼虫的情况作了较细致的观察,现报道如下。1 材料和方法大劣按蚊(Ancpheles dirus)采自海南,驯化成功后我所引入饲养;中华按蚊(An.sinensis)系1987年采自思茅城郊,实验室驯化品系;嗜人按蚊(An.anthropophagus)由贵阳     

The effect of larval competition on development time and adult size in the seaweed fly,Coelopa frigida

Summary The effect of larval competition on adult size and egg to adult development time has been investigated in laboratory populations of the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida. Increased larval density results in longer development times and smaller adults, suggesting a strong interference element to the competition. This may be due to a limiting rate of food supply rather than interactions between larvae. The relationship between development time and size suggests that both these characters are involved in control of the onset of pupation. C. frigida is polymorphic for an inversion on chromosome I. Differences in relative viability between the karyotypes are not related to the development time or size differences.     

DIFFERENCES IN SEQUENCES OF RIBOSOMAL DNA SECOND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER AMONG THREE MEMBERS OF ANOPHELES HYRCANUS COMPLEX FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Abstract  Differences in sequences of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS) among Anopheles sinensis, An. lesteri and An. yatsushiroensis from Korea were compared. The PCR amplified rDNA-ITS2 fragments were sequenced directly. Three samples of each species were individually determined.
Lengths of the ITS2 regions were 468bp in An sinensis , 451bp in An lesteri and 453bp in An yatsushiroenesis and GC contents were 44.87 % 46.2 % and 45.7 % respectively. Variations of the sequences ranged from 12.16 % to 30.7 % among the three species. The differences of the rDNA-ITS2 sequences would be useful for molecular identification of the three members of Anopheles hycanus complex from Korea.     

Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea

Three anopheline mosquitoes in Korea were studied for their abilities as vectors for Plasmodium vivax. The female mosquitoes of Anopheles lesteri, An. pullus and An. sinensis were allowed to suck malaria patient blood until fully fed, and they were then bred for 2 weeks to develop from malaria parasites to sporozoites. The result from the above confirmed the sporozoites in one An. lesteri of one individual and five An. sinensis of six individuals. We also confirmed that An. sinensis was the main vector to transmit malaria and An. lesteri as well as An. sinensis were able to carry Korean malaria parasites. Therefore, we propose that diversified study is needed to manage malaria projects.     

Do time, heterochromatin, NORs, or chromosomal rearrangements correlate with distribution of interstitial telomeric repeats in Sigmodon (cotton rats)?

We studied the chromosomal distribution of telomere repeats (TTAGGG)(n) in 8 species of Sigmodon (cotton rats) using chromosome paints fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) from Sigmodon hispidus. In 2 species with the proposed primitive karyotype for the genus, telomere repeats were restricted to telomeric sites. But in the other 6 species that include 3 with proposed primitive karyotypes and 3 with highly rearranged karyotypes, telomere repeats were found on both telomeric sites and within interstitial telomeric sites (ITSs). To explain the distribution of ITS in Sigmodon, we gather data from C-bands, silver nitrate staining, G-bands, and chromosomal paint data from previous published studies. We did find some correlation with ITS and heterochromatin, euchromatic chromosomal rearrangements, and nucleolar organizing regions. No one type of chromosomal structure explains all ITS in Sigmodon. Multiple explanations and mechanisms for movement of intragenomic sequences are required to explain ITS in this genus. We rejected the hypothesis that age of a lineage correlates with the presence of ITS using divergence time estimate analyses. This multigene phylogeny places species with ITS (S. arizonae, S. fulviventer, S. hispidus, S. mascotensis, S. ochrognathus, and S. toltecus) in the clade with a species without ITS (S. hirsutus). Lineages with ITS (S. arizonae and S. mascotensis) arose independently from a lineage absent of ITS (S. hirsutus) around 0.67 to 0.83 Ma. The rearranged karyotypes of S. mascotensis and S. arizonae appear to be an independently derived autapomorphic characters, supporting a fast rate of chromosomal changes that vary among species.     

Chromosome lesions in amniotic fluid cell cultures

Summary The frequencies of chromosome lesions were determined on 3537 mitoses in samples of varying sizes from cultures of 25 amniotic fluid specimens taken from patients at cytogenetic risk. The average percentage values of aberrant cells, including and excluding gaps, were 12.5 and 4.9, respectively. The corresponding values for fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal adult donors, calculated under the same laboratory conditions, were 5.0 (including gaps) and 2.4 (excluding gaps) and 2.4 (including gaps) and 1.0 (excluding gaps), respectively. The hypothesis of a correlation between the increased incidence of chromosome lesions and the occurrence of abnormal karyotypes in amniotic fluid cell cultures is discussed.     

我国大家鼠(Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)的亚种分化

大家鼠在国内的亚种分化迄今并未定论,争议的焦点主要反映在:1)socer与caraco等亚种如何划分。Allen(1940)将从河北至甘肃,四川,云南,福建的大家鼠视为scoer。Ellerman et al.(1951)却认为除福建外我国大陆上的大家鼠均属caraco,而socer则为异名;2)东南部的大家鼠,Howell(1929)认为广州、厦门、福建标本应订socer;Allen(1940)也将福建标本订为 socer,但指出东南部大家鼠值得进一步研究;Ellerman et al.(1951)和Dan Van Tien(1966)却都主张福建、广东标本应属norvegicus;3)海南岛的大家鼠尚未订亚种(黑田长礼,1940)。 本文所用标本473号,成体和亚成体,随机取自全国23个省区,各省区标本数目分别列于表1。用数理统计方法对比不同类群间的性状差异,从而研究其地理变异性。     

Morphology of early fetal deaths and their chromosomal characteristics

The morphologic features of a consecutive series of 3,472 singleton spontaneous abortions are described. Of the total, 21% consisted of well-formed fetuses (over 30 mm long), 27.9% had no identifiable fetal tissues, 34.2% consisted of fetal membranes only, and the remainder, 16.8%, consisted of a variety of embryonic types. The rate of focal malformations among embryos over 10 mm in length and among fetuses was 16.4%. The overall rate of chromosome anomalies in the 1,356 karyotyped specimens was 39.8%. The vast majority, 94%, occurred in embryos less than 30 mm, and in specimens whose development had not proceeded beyond differentiation of fetal membranes. The rate of chromosome anomalies among nonmalformed fetuses (greater than 30 mm) was only 1.7%. However, the presence of limited embryonic development was not a good predictor of the presence of a chromosome anomaly. Slightly over half (56%) of all specimens less than 30 mm long had chromosome anomalies; for individual classes of such specimens the rate ranged from 45% to 81%. The morphologic category with the highest rate of karyotypic anomalies had an excess of monosomy X abortuses. A gradient of developmental level could be associated with the degree of intrauterine mortality of each chromosome anomaly; i.e., conceptuses with karyotypes that occur at term had a greater degree of embryonic development than karyotypes that are never seen among term births. Thus, trisomies 13, 18, and 21 were more often associated with fetuses, and less often with tissue fragments than other trisomies. Focal malformations were multiple and severe in abortuses with triploidy, trisomies 13 and 18, and monosomy X and mild in trisomy 21. With the exception of monosomy X the malformations were similar to, and not more severe than those reported from, term births with the same anomaly. The high rate of intrauterine mortality in conceptuses with chromosome anomalies could be ascribed to their failure to develop past the embryonic stages. However, the presence of an equally large fraction of chromosomally normal abortions with the same degree of rudimentary development suggests the existence of early and profound developmental problems that are not associated with anomalies of the chromosome complement.     

中国边境地区蚊虫群落的研究

对我国边境地区的１５个省区的蚊虫群落的优势种组成及分布,集中性指数,多样性指数和均匀度指数进行了分析,结果表明,蚊虫优势种共有１２种,包括背点伊蚊,刺扰伊蚊,哈萨克斯坦伊蚊,白蚊伊蚊,圆斑伊蚊,凶小库蚊,三带喙库蚊,致倦库蚊,淡色库蚊,薛氏库蚊,中华按蚊,骚扰阿蚊,优势种的分布在各地存在差异,蚊虫多样性指数的变化顺序为：云南〉浙江〉广西〉辽宁〉福建〉江苏〉广东〉天津〉山东〉西藏〉内蒙古〉新疆〉吉林     

Systematics of malaria vectors with particular reference to the Anopheles punctulatus group

The appearance of groups and complexes of closely related cryptic or sibling species in many of the anopheline taxa has impeded studies on malaria transmission and the evaluation of control strategies which have relied on morphological characters to identify the vector species involved. The advantages of morphological identification are low cost, speed and simplicity, which allow large numbers of specimens to be processed rapidly in the field. The need for accurate identification is crucial, as time and money may be wasted in studying and controlling species of no medical importance. Various techniques such as cross-mating, chromosome studies and allozyme analysis have been developed to resolve problems of identifying sibling species, though none, as yet, can match the speed and simplicity afforded by morphology markers. The latest of these identification methods comes from advances that have been made in DNA-based technology. Although costly and requiring fairly sophisticated laboratory support, methods such as DNA probe hybridisation and PCR are the quickest and most user-friendly to date. The use of DNA has other advantages in the study of intraspecific differences and in providing characters for phylogenetic studies. This review looks at the development of DNA-based techniques for taxonomic and systematic studies of anopheline mosquitoes. The Anopheles punctulatus group of the southwest Pacific is featured as an example of how this technology has been applied and how it has progressed.