高产光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇工程菌株构建与发酵优化

[目的]构建能够专一性合成光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的大肠杆菌工程菌,并进行发酵条件优化。[方法]将来源于多粘芽孢杆菌的(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因bdh,来源于阴沟肠杆菌的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶基因bud B和α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因bud A与表达载体p Tr C99A连接,导入大肠杆菌中构建人工合成途径。筛选最适的培养基和发酵条件,提高(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的产量、产率和得率。[结果]获得高效合成(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的工程菌株GXASB,筛选到最适碳源及其浓度为120 g/L木薯淀粉,最适pH为6.5,最适接种量为10%,在发酵罐中进行同步糖化法发酵,(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量达到105.28 g/L,光学纯为99.1%,得率为0.47 g/g,生产强度为1.95 g/(L·h)。[结论]在大肠杆菌中表达基因簇bud B-bud A-bdh能够专一性合成光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇,经优化发酵条件后,能够显著提高(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的合成效率。同时工程菌能够利用非粮原料木薯淀粉高效生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇,补料发酵产量达到105.28 g/L,为使用廉价原料工业化生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇提供参考。     

1,3-丙二醇发酵过程中乳酸抑制的研究

目的:研究乳酸对克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌(Klebsiella pneumonia)产1,3-丙二醇的影响。方法:通过在摇瓶和反应器水平下分析不同菌株(包含无乳酸、2,3-丁二醇产生的基因敲除菌)的乳酸代谢特性。结果:前期添加6 g/L的乳酸使1,3-丙二醇的产量降低了19%,而发酵10h后添加乳酸几乎不表现出抑制作用。通过对乳酸敲除菌株的代谢分析发现,发酵后期能够消耗培养基中的乳酸,这在一定程度上也反映了菌体发酵后期对乳酸的耐受性。结论:乳酸的抑制作用主要发生在1,3-丙二醇发酵的前期。解除了一株无副产物2,3-丁二醇生产株前期乳酸的过早积累后,1,3-丙二醇的的产量提高了56%。     

pH与溶氧控制对解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇的影响

首次利用一株安全菌株解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵生物柴油副产物粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇。溶氧和pH是影响微生物法生产2,3-丁二醇的最主要因素。结果表明,发酵过程中不控制pH更有利于2,3-丁二醇合成;采用三阶段控制搅拌转速策略,2,3-丁二醇产量最大值达到?38.1?g/L,生产强度达到1.06?g/(L·h),与恒定转速获得的最好结果相比较,分别提高了14.8%和63.1%。采用脉冲流加发酵时,2,3-丁二醇产量达到71.2 g/L,2,3-丁二醇生产强度达到0.99 g/(L·h),这是目前报道的利用粗甘油合成2,3-丁二醇的最高产量。     

一种简单的高产2,3-丁二醇发酵生产方法

利用一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellasp.LN145)在以葡萄糖和磷酸氢二铵为主要成分的培养基中发酵生产2,3-丁二醇。在补料发酵培养过程中,通过补糖,2,3-丁二醇和3-羟基丁酮的最大产量分别达到了84.0 g/L和10.5 g/L,二醇的摩尔转化率达到理论水平的91%,转化速率达到1.8 g/(L.h)。     

地衣芽孢杆菌高产2,3-丁二醇菌株的选育和发酵研究

目前2,3-丁二醇生产菌株大部分为致病菌,对人类健康和环境具有一定威胁。从牛奶样品中分离到1株产2,3-丁二醇的芽孢杆菌127-7,分析其16S rRNA基因序列,确定该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。进一步对菌株127-7进行紫外诱变,筛选耐受高浓度葡萄糖和高产乙偶姻的菌株。摇瓶发酵结果显示,突变株BL41的2,3-丁二醇产量较出发菌株127-7提高了41.1%。对发酵副产物分析发现,不控制发酵液pH可以显著降低乳酸产量,2,3-丁二醇产量在72 h达到81.4 g/L。进一步调整补糖策略,维持最低残糖浓度为30 g/L,菌株BL41产2,3-丁二醇83.4 g/L,最高产率为1.9 g/L·h,发酵时间缩短至46 h。结果表明,地衣芽胞杆菌BL41可以作为候选菌株,用于工业规模2,3-丁二醇的生产。     

代谢甘油高产乳酸的菌种选育及培养基优化

分离出一株可高效利用甘油生产乳酸的菌株, 经过生理生化和16S rDNA分子鉴定, 确定其属于大肠埃希氏菌, 命名为Escherichia coli AC-521。通过五因素四水平正交试验, 优化了其最佳发酵培养基成分为初始甘油70 g/L, 酵母粉4 g/L, 蛋白胨7 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 10 g/L, K2HPO4 2.5 g/L。利用该最佳条件的5 L发酵罐批式补料发酵实验表明: 该菌株发酵80 h后, 乳酸产量可达到74.5 g/L, 得率为0.87 mol/mol甘油。     

耐高糖高产2,3-丁二醇产酸克雷伯氏杆菌的选育

以产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca) ME-UD-3为出发菌株,经紫外线及硫酸二乙酯复合诱变后分别在葡萄糖浓度逐渐提高的液体培养基中进行富集培养,筛选获得了一株耐高糖的2,3-丁二醇高产突变菌株K. oxytoca ME-UD-3-4;该菌株的初始葡萄糖耐受浓度从出发菌株的120g/L提高到300g/L以上,在初始葡萄糖浓度为95 g/L的条件下发酵培养,与出发菌株相比发酵时间缩短了8h,2,3-丁二醇的产量由原来的38.5g/L提高到43.0g/L,生产强度从0.80 g/L·h提高到1.08 g/L·h,转化率达到了理论值的91%。     

乙酸、糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛对产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵生产2,3-丁二醇的影响

为了解产酸克雷伯氏菌对木质纤维素水解液中主要抑制物的耐受和代谢,考察了产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵生产2,3-丁二醇(2,3-butanediol,2,3-BDO)过程中对3种发酵抑制物乙酸、糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural HMF)的耐受以及抑制物浓度的变化,检测了糠醛和HMF的代谢产物.结果表明:产酸克雷伯氏菌对乙酸、糠醛和HMF的耐受浓度分别为30 g/L、4 g/L和5 g/L.并且部分乙酸可作为生产2,3-丁二醇的底物,在0～30 g/L浓度范围内可提高2,3-丁二醇的产量.发酵过程中产酸克雷伯氏菌可将HMF和糠醛全部转化,其中约70％HMF被转化为2,5-呋喃二甲醇,30％HMF和全部糠醛被菌体代谢.研究表明在木质纤维素水解液生产2,3-丁二醇的脱毒过程中可优先考虑脱除糠醛,一定浓度的乙酸可以不用脱除.     

代谢工程改造多粘芽孢杆菌及合成光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇

(R,R)-2,3-BD是一种重要的四碳平台化合物,在液晶材料、高附加值手性化合物,尤其是不对称合成光学纯药物等方面有天然优势.将来源于多粘芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)DSM 365的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶(α-acetolactate synthase)基因 alsS、α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(α-acetolactate decarboxylase)基因alsD和(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶(2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase)基因R,R-bdh与表达载体pMA5连接,导入多粘芽孢杆菌P.polymyxa DSM 365中加强(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的主代谢途径,构建可高效合成(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的多粘芽孢杆菌工程菌株DM-5.利用工程菌株DM-5补料分批发酵60 h,(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量达54.91 g/L,得率为0.52 g/g,生产强度为0.92 g·L-1·h-1,与野生菌株相比(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量增加19.66％,且副产物甲醇浓度不变,乙醇、乙偶姻积累下降.本研究结果表明,在多粘芽孢杆菌中过量表达关键基因alsS、alsD和R,R-bdh 能够显著提高(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的产量和生产强度,为多粘芽孢杆菌的代谢工程改造和工业化生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇提供参考.     

粘质沙雷氏菌产2,3-丁二醇培养基的优化

研究了各种碳源、氮源、柠檬酸及无机盐对细胞生长与产物形成的影响,通过单因子、正交及中心组合设计响应面分析优化发酵培养基。结果表明在培养基中添加柠檬酸不但可以促进细胞生长与糖耗速度,还可以缩短发酵周期,提高2,3-丁二醇的产量。采用优化后的培养基,2,3-丁二醇的产量由14.03g/L增加到39.27g/L,提高了近3倍。     

Production of 2,3-Butanediol from Sucrose by a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella</Emphasis> Species

Chemical 2,3-butanediol is an important platform compound possessing diverse industrial applications. So far, it is mainly produced by using petrochemical feedstock which is associated with high cost and adverse environmental impacts. Hence, finding alternative routes (e.g., via fermentation using renewable carbon sources) to produce 2,3-butanediol are urgently needed. In this study, we report a wild-type Klebsiella sp. strain XRM21, which is capable of producing 2,3-butanediol from a wide variety of carbon sources including glucose, sucrose, xylose, and glycerol. Among them, fermentation of sucrose leads to the highest production of 2,3-butanediol. To maximize the production of 2,3-butanediol, fermentation conditions were first optimized for strain XMR21 by using response surface methodology (RSM) in batch reactors. Subsequently, a fed-batch fermentation strategy was designed based on the optimized parameters, where 91.2 g/L of 2,3-butanediol could be produced from substrate sucrose dosing in 100 g/L for three times. Moreover, random mutagenesis of stain XMR21 resulted in a highly productive mutant strain, capable of producing 119.4 and 22.5 g/L of 2,3-butanediol and ethanol under optimized fed-batch fermentation process within 65 h with a total productivity of 2.18 g/L/h, which is comparable to the reported highest 2,3-butanediol concentration produced by previous strains. This study provides a potential strategy to produce industrially important 2,3-butanediol from low-cost sucrose.     

The rebalanced pathway significantly enhances acetoin production by disruption of acetoin reductase gene and moderate-expression of a new water-forming NADH oxidase in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis produces acetoin as a major extracellular product. However, the by-products of 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid and ethanol were accompanied in the NADH-dependent pathways. In this work, metabolic engineering strategies were proposed to redistribute the carbon flux to acetoin by manipulation the NADH levels. We first knocked out the acetoin reductase gene bdhA to block the main flux from acetoin to 2,3-butanediol. Then, among four putative candidates, we successfully screened an active water-forming NADH oxidase, YODC. Moderate-expression of YODC in the bdhA disrupted B. subtilis weakened the NADH-linked pathways to by-product pools of acetoin. Through these strategies, acetoin production was improved to 56.7 g/l with an increase of 35.3%, while the production of 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid and ethanol were decreased by 92.3%, 70.1% and 75.0%, respectively, simultaneously the fermentation duration was decreased 1.7-fold. Acetoin productivity by B. subtilis was improved to 0.639 g/(l h).     

2,3-丁二醇代谢途径关键酶基因敲除对克雷伯氏菌发酵产1,3-丙二醇的影响

2,3-丁二醇是克雷伯氏菌发酵产1,3-丙二醇的主要副产物,为减少2,3-丁二醇的产生,利用Red重组技术对克雷伯氏菌2,3-丁二醇合成途径关键酶基因budC和budA进行了敲除。突变株发酵性能实验结果表明,所获得的两株突变株生长性能受到不同程度的影响;budC基因的缺失使菌株1,3-丙二醇产量提高了10%,2,3-丁二醇降低为原来的70%,而budA基因缺失则使菌株无2,3-丁二醇和1,3-丙二醇的产生,但乳酸、琥珀酸、乙醇和乙酸的产量较出发菌株都有明显增长。通过进一步对budC基因缺失菌株主要产物分析,推测在该菌中存在2,3-丁二醇回补途径,这一结果为低副产物克雷伯氏菌的改造提供了新依据。     

产酸克雷伯氏杆菌发酵产2，3-丁二醇的培养基优化

采用不同设计方法相结合的策略对耐高糖产酸克雷伯氏杆菌（Klebsiella oxytoca）ME—UD-3-4发酵产2,3-丁二醇的培养基进行优化。首先在单因素实验的基础上采用Plackett—Burrnan设计法对影响ME—UD-3-4发酵产2,3-丁二醇的相关因素进行研究,筛选到3种有显著效应的因素（P〈0．05）：葡萄糖、玉米浆和MgSO4·7H2O。然后利用响应曲面法（Response Surface Methodology,RSM）对这3种因素的最佳水平范围进一步探讨;对得到的回归模型进行分析,得最佳条件（g／L）：葡萄糖220、玉米浆19和MgSO4·7H2O 0．4;在最佳条件下,发酵80h,2,3-丁二醇产量从原来的57．3 g／L提高到86．1 g／L,生产强度由0．72g／（L·h）提高到1．08g/（L·h）。     

Efficient production of 2,3-butanediol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating ethanol and glycerol production and redox rebalancing

2,3-Butanediol is a promising valuable chemical that can be used in various areas as a liquid fuel and a platform chemical. Here, 2,3-butanediol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was improved stepwise by eliminating byproduct formation and redox rebalancing. By introducing heterologous 2,3-butanediol biosynthetic pathway and deleting competing pathways producing ethanol and glycerol, metabolic flux was successfully redirected to 2,3-butanediol. In addition, the resulting redox cofactor imbalance was restored by overexpressing water-forming NADH oxidase (NoxE) from Lactococcus lactis. In a flask fed-batch fermentation with optimized conditions, the engineered adh1Δadh2Δadh3Δadh4Δadh5Δgpd1Δgpd2Δ strain overexpressing Bacillus subtilis α-acetolactate synthase (AlsS) and α-acetolactate decarboxylase (AlsD), S. cerevisiae 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh1), and L. lactis NoxE from a single multigene-expression vector produced 72.9 g/L 2,3-butanediol with the highest yield (0.41 g/g glucose) and productivity (1.43 g/(L·h)) ever reported in S. cerevisiae.     

2，3-丁二醇的发酵及盐析分离工艺

采用克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae CICC 10011）发酵生产2,3-丁二醇,并对2,3-丁二醇的盐析分离工艺进行了考察。通过实验确定了以葡萄糖为底物微氧批式流加发酵的条件,发酵液中2,3-丁二醇和3-羟基丁酮的质量浓度分别为90．98g/L和12．40g/L,2,3-丁二醇的摩尔转化率为82．7％,生产强度达到2．1g/（L·h）。对发酵液中2,3-丁二醇的盐析分离研究表明,K2HPO4和K3PO4对2,3-丁二醇的盐析效果优于K2CO3。当发酵液浓缩70％后,加入质量分数为45％的K,HPO4,2,3-丁二醇的分配系数达到9．10,回收率为79．37％;上相中2,3-丁二醇的质量浓度达到420g／L;此时3-羟基丁酮的分配系数和回收率分别为11．9和83．48％。     

Improved method for simultaneous determination of alcohols, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid or 2,3-butanediol in biological samples

A rapid and sample procedure was developed to determine, by gas-liquid chromatography, the concentrations of C₂---C₄ alcohols, C₂---C₆ volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid or 2,3-butanediol in fermentation liquids. both lactic acid and 2,3-butanediol are oxidized to acetaldehyde by periodic acid and acetaldehyde was eluted before ethanol. A complete separation of the alcohols and acids was performed in <15 min on a column packed with 80/100 Chromosorb WAW, having GP 10% SP-1200/1% H₃PO₄ as the liquid phase. The method was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid and fermentation products from microbial cultures. The detection limits for all compounds were <0.13 nmol · injection⁻¹.     

Interesting starter culture strains for controlled cocoa bean fermentation revealed by simulated cocoa pulp fermentations of cocoa-specific lactic acid bacteria

Among various lactic acid bacterial strains tested, cocoa-specific strains of Lactobacillus fermentum were best adapted to the cocoa pulp ecosystem. They fermented glucose to lactic acid and acetic acid, reduced fructose to mannitol, and converted citric acid into lactic acid and 2,3-butanediol.