Chaconia heliconiae and C. clusiae sp. novae from French Guiana with notes on the genus Chaconia (Uredinales/Pucciniales) in the neotropics

Chaconia clusiae on Clusia cf. palmicida (Clusiaceae) and C. heliconiae on Heliconia psittacorum, H. bihai and Heliconia sp. (Heliconiaceae) are described as new from French Guiana in northern South America. Clusiaceae and Heliconiaceae are new host families for members of Chaconia, Heliconiaceae is the first one from Monocotyledoneae. Chaconia clusiae, C. heliconiae and C. maprouneae formed tuberous to worm-like D-haustoria originating from haustorial mother cells that were part of the intercellular parasitic mycelium. A key to the recognized Chaconia spp. is provided.     

中国海南省锈菌资料补编

补充记载了采自海南省的9种锈菌。甲竹Bambusa remotiflora上的华南柄锈菌Puccinia austrosinensis、大花紫薇Lagerstroemia speciosa上的紫薇夏孢锈菌Uredo lagerstroemiae和海南薯Ipomoea sumatrana上的宽乳单胞锈菌Uromyces latimammatus为新种;厚叶素馨Jasminum pentaneurum上的巴氏查科锈菌Chaconia butleri、猪肚木Canthium horridum上的鱼骨木驼孢锈菌Hemileia canthii、牛筋果Harrisonia perforata上的牛筋果无眠多胞锈菌Kuehneola harrisoniae、毛咀签Gouania javanica上的椴叶咀签柄锈菌Puccinia gouaniae-tiliaefoliae、蒲桃Syzygium jambos上的番石榴柄锈菌Puccinia psidii以及象草Pennisetum purpureum上的钝叶草柄锈菌Puccinia stenotaphri为中国新记录。引证的标本均保存于中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

New species, reports, observations and taxonomical changes of southern African rust fungi (Uredinales)

This work presents research on the diversity of the southern African rust mycobiota (Uredinales). It describes new species, lists new reports and adds new information on several rust fungi. Puccinia cornurediata, Puccinia dioscoreae-mundtii, Puccinia horti-kirstenboschi, Puccinia othonnoides, Puccinia rapipes, Puccinia subindumentana, Uredo otholobii and Uromyces lotononidicola are described as new; Puccinia verwoerdiana is assigned to Puccinia lycii as a synonym, and Uredo lotononi to U. lotononidicola. Comprehensive accounts and keys are presented for Puccinia species on Lycium (Solanaceae), Helichrysum and Othonna (Asteraceae). Puccinia butleri and Uromyces bidenticola are new reports for South Africa, and Puccinia spinulosa is new for Namibia. So far, the latter species has only been known from Madagascar, and P. butleri from the Indian subcontinent. Taxonomical novelties are P. cornurediata R. Berndt; P. dioscoreae-mundtii R. Berndt, A.R. Wood & E. Uhlmann; P. horti-kirstenboschi R. Berndt & E. Uhlmann; P. othonnoides R. Berndt, A.R. Wood & E. Uhlmann; P. rapipes R. Berndt & E. Uhlmann; P. subindumentana R. Berndt; U. otholobii R. Berndt, A.R. Wood & E. Uhlmann and U. lotononidicola R. Berndt     

Rust fungi causing galls, witches' brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina

Conspicuous galls and witches' brooms frequently are symptoms of rust infections on plant hosts in the ecologically diverse northwestern region of Argentina. These symptoms are caused by systemic or locally systemic spermogonial-aecial infections, although uredinial and telial infections also might be involved. Sixteen species of rust fungi are treated in this paper, most of which cause a plant response that results in enlarged growth. Ypsilospora tucumanensis J.R. Hern. & J.F. Hennen on Inga edulis is described as a species new to science. Puccinia cordiae Arthur is cited as a new record for Argentina. These rusts also are included: Chaconia ingae, Gerwasia imperialis, Kuehneola loeseneriana, Prospodium appendiculatum, Prospodium elegans, Prospodium perornatum, Puccinia bougainvilleae, Puccinia pampeana, Ravenelia argentinica, Ravenelia hieronymi, Ravenelia papillosa, Ravenelia spegazziniana, Uromyces cestri and Uropyxis rickiana. For some of the scientific names, lectotype specimens have been designated.     

The rust fungi of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luzuriaga</Emphasis> (Luzuriagaceae) with description of a new species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia luzuriagae-polyphyllae</Emphasis>

Three species of rust fungi (Uredinales), Puccinia perforans, P. fuegiana (= Uromyces skottsbergii), and Aecidium callixenis have been described on members of Luzuriaga (Luzuriagaceae). Puccinia luzuriagae-polyphyllae is added as a new species on Luzuriaga polyphylla from Chile. The rust had been confused hitherto with P. perforans occurring on L. radicans. Both species differ from P. fuegiana on L. marginata by the absence of a uredinial state and several telial characters. The investigated collections of Puccinia species on Luzuriaga indicate that each is restricted to a single host species. A determination key is presented.     

A contribution to the rust flora (Uredinales) of southern Africa,with an emphasis on Namibia

Five new rust species are described and hitherto unknown spore states for the following seven species are reported: Puccinia desertorum on Evolvulus alsinoides, Uromyces comptus on Merremia bipinnatipartita, Puccinia halsei on Acacia hereroensis, Ravenelia transvaalensis on Acacia mellifera, Puccinia abutili on Abutilon angulatum, on Abutilon cf. austroafricanum, and on Abutilon cf. rehmannii, Puccinia lycii on Lycium sp. and Puccinia turgida on Lycium europaeum and on Lycium cf. oxycarpum. We also examined Uredo combreticola on Combretum cf. engleri, on Combretum hereroense, and on Combretum zeyheri, Puccinia afra on Lycium sp., and Uredopeltis cf. chevalieri on Grewia flavescens. All mentioned rust fungi are described in detail and are shown by line drawings. Selected species are illustrated with SEM-photographs. Part 220 in the series “Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes” from the Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen     

Fungal spores record Iroquoian and Canadian agriculture in 2nd millennium a.d. sediment of Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada

Pollen analysis identified domestic Zea mays (corn, maize), Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Cucurbita pepo (squash) accompanied by spores of fungi, many of which cause crop diseases, such as Ustilago maydis (=U. zeae, corn smut), Puccinia sorghi (corn rust), Uromyces appendiculatus (bean rust) and Puccinia graminis (wheat rust). Spores were most abundant in two intervals, ca. a.d. 1300 to ca. 1500 when prehistoric Iroquoian agriculture flourished near the lake and since 1830, when historic Triticum aestivum (wheat) agriculture began. In addition to dispersal by wind, Branta canadensis (Canada goose) also transported fungal spores to the lake via their dung. Spores of fungi that parasitize crop plants may be more abundant than pollen of their host plants and therefore spores may more readily indicate ancient agriculture.     

Additions to the rust fungi of South Africa

This paper presents new species, combinations, national reports and host records for the South African rust fungi (Uredinales/Pucciniales). Endophyllum mpenjatiense on cf. Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), Phakopsora combretorum (anamorph Uredo combreticola) on the new host Combretum apiculatum (Combretaceae) and Uredo sekhukhunensis on Ziziphus mucronata (Rhamnaceae) are described as new species. Dietelia cardiospermi and E. metalasiae are proposed as new combinations to replace Aecidium cardiospermi on Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) and A. metalasiae on Metalasia spp. (Asteraceae), respectively. Four species are new records for South Africa: Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae on Antidesma venosum (Euphorbiaceae), Phakopsora ziziphi-vulgaris on Z. mucronata, and Uromyces cypericola and Puccinia subcoronata, both on a new host, Cyperus albostriatus (Cyperaceae). The record of P. subcoronata is the first one from outside the New World. Puccinia scirpi is reported as a possible addition to the South African rust fungi. New host records and observations are presented for Pucciniastrum agrimoniae that is recorded on two new host genera and species, Cliffortia odorata and Leucosidea sericea (Rosaceae), Uromyces cypericola whose urediniospores are described for the first time, Phakopsora stratosa in that spermogonia and Uredo-like aecia were discovered, and for Sphaerophragmium dalbergiae in that characters of the urediniospores are re-evaluated. A lectotype is selected for Aecidium garckeanum and spermogonia are reported for this rust for the first time. The rust fungi of Ehrharta (Poaceae) are discussed and critically evaluated in the light of spore morphology and host species.     

A global survey of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia</Emphasis>-rust on Cucurbitaceae

In this paper, all known autoecious Puccinia species (rust fungi, Uredinales) on Cucurbitaceae are described and most of them illustrated. A key and information on their host range and distribution is presented. Four species, Puccinia antennata, P. arbor-miraculensis, P. hieroglyphica, and P. rhytidioderma are proposed as new. P. momordicae and P. trochomeriae are recognised as valid species different from P. cephalandrae. Uredo melothriae is a new combination for Uromyces melothriae. P. cucumeris is a new report for Namibia, P. momordicae for Zimbabwe and P. vanderystii for Kenya. The species appear to be host specific with regard to host tribes, but P. citrulli and P. cucumeris may pass tribal boundaries. Most species are morphologically very similar and are characterised by a unique set of teliospore characters. They are therefore regarded as a natural group. The distribution of this group in semiarid habitats, mainly from southern Africa to India, is discussed.     

中国西北地区锈菌补记

报道了柄锈菌科4个中国新记录,它们是:大西洋胶锈菌Gymnosporangium atlanticum、多被银莲花柄锈菌Puccinia anemones-raddeanae、隐秘柄锈菌Puccinia aphanicondra和旱金莲单胞锈菌Uromyces tropaeoli。每个种的形态特征描述和线条图是基于本国标本。附有简要讨论。     

Observations on the ultrastructure of the uredinial stage ofPuccinia polypogonis onPolypogon monspeliensis

The ultrastructure of the uredinial stage of the rust fungus,Puccinia polypogonis onPolypogon monspeliensis is described, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This study examined the urediniospores, intercellular hyphae, and haustoria of the fungus. The formation and structure of urediniospores is similar to those of otherPuccinia species. The ultrastructure of intercellular hyphae and haustoria is similar to those of other rust fungi, but with some differences. No modifications are observed in the wall of the haustorial mother cells during penetration. A collar is found only around old haustoria. In most cases, one nucleus is detected inside the haustorial body and no nucleoli are seen in the nuclei of intercellular hyphae and haustoria. The host-parasite interface, including extrahaustorial matrix and extrahaustorial membrane, is also discussed and compared with those of other rust fungi.     

Materials for the rust flora of Japan VI

Ten rust species are reported with new information on range of distribution and host relations. Among these,Puccinia fagopyricola andUromyces junci were new to Japan, andAecidium araliae was newly found in northern Honshu. Additional collections were made ofBlastospora smilacis, Puccinia malvacearum andP. orbicula in northern Honshu. New hosts were added toColeosporium solidaginis, C. tussilaginis, Phragmidium miyakeanum andPuccinia caricis, and a new Japanese host toPuccinia malvacearum.V: Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan29: 471–478, 1988.     

Histological Observations on Uromyces phaseoli and Puccinia recondita Infection in Allopurinol-treated Susceptible Plants

The development of rust after administering allopurinol, a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase, via roots was studied at the histological level in leaves of susceptible‘Pinto 111’bean plants inoculated with Uromyces phaseoli and‘Thatcher',‘Mentana’and‘Leopardo’wheat plants challenged with Puccinia recondita. A marked reduction and delay in fungal growth was observed in allopurinol-treated plants starting between 24 h and 48 h post-inoculation, i.e. after differentiation of the first haustoria (onset of the biotrophic plant-parasite relationship). Infection hyphae often grew twisted and convoluted in treated hosts, sometimes producing small, irregularly shaped colonies. Differentiation of subepidermal stromata in fungal colonies was delayed and restricted by the treatment and uredospore yield severely reduced. Allopurinol administration also tended to increase the proportion of haustoria which became embedded in thick translucent sheaths during the late stages of infection. These results support the view that plant xanthine oxidoreductase activity is necessary for biotrophic development of rust fungi and suggest that the inhibition of this enzyme, which impairs the pathogen metabolism, may favour some natural host responses to attack such as haustorial sheath formation.     

Putative natural hybrid between Puccinia lagenophorae and an unknown rust fungus on Senecio madagascariensis in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Several specimens of an aecial rust fungus were collected on Senecio madagascariensis during a field survey carried out in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. As telia were not present in the specimens collected, DNA sequence analyses were undertaken to determine the identity of the rust species. ITS and β-tub1 sequencing confirmed that one of the isolates recovered is Puccinia lagenophorae sensu lato. On the other hand, sequencing and RFLP analysis revealed the presence of two divergent copies of ITS and β-tub1 in all the other six isolates investigated. In both phylogenetic trees, one copy of the gene region grouped within a well supported clade with sequences of P. lagenophorae accessions from different geographical origins and hosts, and the Australian rusts Puccinia saccardoi and Puccinia stylidii. The other copy of these gene regions grouped within a separate clade comprising European accessions of Puccinia dioicae (ITS) and Uromyces sommerfeltii (β-tub1) that occur on Asteraceae hosts. Multiple copies of these gene regions were not observed in Australian isolates of P. lagenophorae. Our study provides some evidence that an interspecific hybrid rust fungus, with P. lagenophorae as one of its parents, may occur on S. madagascariensis in South Africa. The identity of the other parent remains unknown.     

Carotenoid biosynthesis and the evolution of carotenogenesis genes in rust fungi

Diseases caused by rust fungi pose a significant threat to global plant production. Although carotenoid pigments are produced in spores of nearly all rust species, the corresponding biosynthesis pathway(s) have not been investigated. Here, candidate genes for carotenoid biosynthesis in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) were identified, cloned and functionally complemented using specifically engineered strains of Escherichia coli. A part of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in rust fungi was elucidated, with only two genes, CrtYB and CrtI, catalysing the reactions from geranyl–geranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to γ-carotene. The CrtYB gene encodes a bi-functional lycopene cyclase/phytoene synthase, which catalyses the condensation of two GGPP into phytoene, as well as the cyclisation of the ψ-end of lycopene to form γ-carotene. The CrtI gene encodes a phytoene desaturase that carries out four successive desaturations of phytoene, through the intermediates phytofluene and neurosporene to lycopene. The evolution of carotenoid pigmentation in rust fungi, including Pgt, P. graminis avenae, P. graminis secalis (Pgs), P. graminis lolli, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, P. striiformis f. sp. pseudohordei, P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, the “scabrum” rust (putative hybrids between Pgt and Pgs), P. triticina, and P. hordei, was investigated by phylogenetic analysis. Both CrtYB and CrtI were found to be closely related among rust fungi, other pathogenic fungi, and some aphids. Our results provide a springboard to increase the understanding of the physiological role(s) of carotenoid pigments in rust fungi, to better understand evolution within the Pucciniales, and to develop robust molecular diagnostics for rust fungi.     

Rust fungi in the subantarctic islands of New Zealand

Twenty-four species of rust fungi known from Auckland Islands and Campbell Island are listed, together with details of their host plants. Several species are recorded for the first time in these subantarctic islands. Four species are newly described and illustrated, viz., Milesia polystichi-vestiti on Polystichum vestitum (Dryopteridaceae), Petersonia dracophylli on Dracophyllum longifolium (Epacridaceae), Puccinia austrina on Isolepis habra (Cyperaceae), and Puccinia chathamica on Carex trifida (Cyperaceae). Uredo inflatus is transferred to Uromyces (as Uromyces inflatus comb. nov.) following recognition of the spores on Anisotome latifolia (Apiaceae) as teliospores.     

Ultrastructural Studies of the Intercellular Hypha aud Haustorium of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici

The ultrastructure of intercellular hyphae and D-hati-storia of P. recondita f.sp. tritici, and the host response to haustorial invasion, was investigated. The intercellular hyphae share common characteristics with those of other uredial stage rust fungi. Anastomosis was observed between intercellular hyphae. Two nucleoli were frequently observed in a single nucleus in the haustorium, indicating possible nuclear fusion between the two nuclei in D-haustoria of this fungus. The close association of host organelles, such as the nucleus, Golgi bodies, endo-plasmic reticulum, vesicles and mitochondria, with the developing haustorium, is described.     

On some rust fungi (Uredinales) collected in an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha woodland, Mauna Loa Road, Big Island, Hawaii

Nine species of rust fungi (Uredinales) were found during a 1-day field study in an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha woodland in Volcanoes National Park on Big Island, Hawaii. Two species, both found on Acacia koa, are native (endemic) rusts whereas 7 species are nonnative on nonnative hosts, highlighting the high proportion of introduced species in the Hawaiian flora even in more or less natural habitats. One species, Uromyces linearis on Panicum repens, constitutes the first record of this rust for the Hawaiian archipelago, bringing the total to 93 species on the islands, 70 (75.3%) of which are introduced. The species records are annotated with emphasis on the geographic origin of each taxon. In addition, the study has led to the molecular reevaluation of the genus Racospermyces, indicating that it is synonymous with Endoraecium, and six new combinations are proposed for the species previously placed in Racospermyces. The high number of introduced species in Hawaii coupled with the paucity of native species when compared to other global regions is discussed.