基于多Agent仿真解析处理剩余污泥的微生物电解池种群互作关系

【背景】微生物电化学系统耦合了电化学反应和厌氧消化过程,在处理剩余污泥同时实现能源回收,成为具有应用前景的技术之一。揭示电活性生物膜和活性污泥种群互作机制,有助于进一步调控和强化系统性能。高通量核酸测序技术研究微生物群落具有投入大、耗时长和不可预测的缺点,开展微生物群落动态仿真可以更有效地预测群落结构与功能。【目的】研究厌氧消化和生物电化学系统的微生物种间热力学与动力学的演化规律。在考虑电子供体、电子受体、温度、pH值等生态条件下,分析底物的电子流向及微生物群落结构的动态变化。【方法】通过对剩余污泥处理的微生物电解池(Microbial electrolytic cell,MEC)建立一个多Agent仿真(Multi-agent-based simulation,MAS)模型,评估MEC对底物氧化电子转移的能量效率和传质效率,模拟微生物群落结构实时变化,同时耦合动力学和热力学分析;揭示影响MES运行的电子流向决定性因素及相应的微生物种群,为复杂污染物生物处理系统中种间互作和动力学研究提供基础依据。【结果】通过MAS模拟,确定MEC污泥处理工艺的最佳能量传递效率与传质效率为η=0.2,ε=0.5,MAS结合热力学与动力学参数模拟微生物的群落动态与实验组有较高的吻合性。在长期的运行中,微生物电化学系统中丙酮酸没有积累。【结论】证实了MAS结合热力学与动力学参数可以预测微生物的群落动态,并进行实时监测。研究表明多Agent仿真为微生物群落结构动态变化提供了一种新的研究方法,该方法与高通量核酸测序技术进行校验和联用,为人工和自然生态系统中微生物种群预测与评估研究提供一个新的手段。     

颅内压动力学仿真

颅内压(Intracranial Pressure,ICP)研究在临床上有十分重要的意义。生理上由于内外多种原因会引起颅内压变化,而同时心搏、呼吸、以及神经调节等的影响也会使颅内压出现波动。本研究在动物(犬)实验结果的基础上,建立了反映颅内压变化的集中参数数学模型。模型中包括了脑血管床、脑脊液的生成和吸收、颅脑顺应性等模块以及这些模块之间的相互作用。脑血管顺应性是表征脑血管弹性程度的重要参量,仿真采用指数拟合的脑血管容积压力实验关系来表示脑血管顺应性。模型较好地模拟了颅内压动力学以及颅内压的波动,模型参数的变化和动物实验状况的变化相吻合,可以为临床颅内压监护及诊疗提供一定的参考。     

家蝇幼虫开发生态工程系统动力学仿真的研究

家蝇（Ｍｕｓｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ）幼虫以营养成分全、蛋白质含量高而逐渐引起人们重视,具有很高的开发利用价值和广阔的前景。系统动力学的发展为研究复杂系统提供了有效途径［１,２］。本文试用系统动力学方法建立家蝇幼虫开发生态工程仿真模型,以期解决这一研究...     

汽车碰撞中的人体动力学仿真

将多则体系统动力学中的Ｌ－Ｅ法与经典碰撞理论相结合,推导了树形系统下的Ｌ－Ｅ碰撞动力学方程,并运用面向对象的编程方法开发出汽车碰撞中人体动力学仿真软件,成功地仿真出汽车碰撞后人体运动响应．     

基于能值及系统动力学的中新天津生态城可持续发展模式情景分析

可持续发展动态评价是确保我国第一个国际合作建设的中新天津生态城项目成功的关键基础之一.在对中新天津生态城自然经济状况、功能结构和规划建设指标体系等分析基础上,将能值分析和系统动力学方法相结合,基于功能流视角将生态城系统划分为能物流、货币流及人口流子系统,构建了中新天津生态城可持续发展的能值评价指标体系及系统动力学模型,设计了惯性情景、科技情景、经济情景、环保情景及协调发展情景等5种生态城发展情景,并对各情景下的可持续发展状况进行了仿真和动态评价分析.结果表明：在经济与环境协调发展情景下,中新天津生态城的GDP、能值积累量、货币积累量均呈稳步增长趋势,能值废弃率、废弃物能值比、环境负载率等较小,能值可持续指标(ESI)和生态效率指数(UEI)均处于较低水平,但比其他几种方案更具活力,是中新天津生态城的最佳发展模式.     

吉林省大安市生态环境规划系统动力学仿真模型

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件,经济、社会发展的物质基础。如何保护和建设好生态环境,合理开发利用自然资源,是当今世界所面临的共同问题。针对吉林西部研究区的特点,要使生态环境和经济协调发展,必须统筹规划,突出土地盐碱地治理的重点,实施土、林、水综合治理。根据农业生态环境系统多目标、多层次、多变量、非线性的特点,应用系统动力学的原理与方法,建立系统动力学仿真模型,模拟封闭系统的动态变化,定量预测系统行为。并以吉林省大安市为例,采用系统动力学方法,开展了该区生态环境规划仿真研究,经过模型调控对比,提出了适合经济发展的最佳方案。     

跳动心脏的心电仿真模型建构

以往的心电仿真研究都没有考虑在一个心动周期内,因为心脏跳动而引起的偶极子位置变化的实际情况,从而造成其结果输出的不可避免的误差,在心脏电生理和心脏动力学分析的基础上,对原有的心脏电仿真模型施加动力学影响,从而构建了新的跳动心脏模型。在这两个模型上进行了正常心脏和心肌缺血心脏的仿真试验后,对比两个心电模型的仿真输出,发现新的心脏模型有效提高了仿真精度,对于严重心肌缺血和轻微心肌缺血的识别分别有不同程度的改善。这项研究证实了动力学因素 在心电模型建构中的重要性,为心电正问题和逆问题研究的进一步开展 提供了新的思路和方向。     

水稻开花抗寒性频率的研究

本文用不同的抗感品种的开花期资料,以动力学模拟方法计算了不同品种,不同稻穗,不同枝梗的开花的动力学方程,获得了方程中各参数．根据动力方程中各参数,计算了品种间,穗间,枝梗间的抗性差异与固有频率,频率,衰减因子和相角之间的关系,进一步证明了过去在穗枝梗上的抗性趋势结论,同时又获得了一些新的结论．这表明了水稻在低温下的抗性差异在动力学系统中是与频率,衰减因子和相角有关,这个结论在国内外的抗性文献中未见报道。     

固定化酵母酒精生成动力学及其数学模型

本文采用解析法对海藻酸钙为载体,以葡萄糖为底物进行酒精连续发酵的管式反应器内所呈现的固定化K字酵母酒精发酵动力学进行了较为系统的研究,建立了由6个方程组成的酒精生成动力学数学模型,并对此模型进行了应用方面的研究。结果表明：此动力学呈现葡萄糖的反竞争性和酒精非竞争性联合抑制的不可逆特征,其数学模型在所涉及的参数拟合及分别在不同反应器和浓度扩展时的发酵过程所进行的实际校验中,最大的算术平均百分误差为13．8l％,在薯干糖化液的发酵动力学应用中,具有平均差为8．28％之良好预测精度,同时,通过模型中参数式计算得葡萄糖抑制的浓度范围为130—450g／L,而酒精抑制的浓度范围是3．07—16．45％(v／v)。     

周期性静滴给药的稳态动力学研究

对线性一定模型的药物,周期静滴给药的动力学模型为一分段连续函数,本文对其动态动力学特征进行了研究,得到了稳态浓度的ｃ－ｔ方程以及一次给药和多次给药动力学参数之间的关系。为预测稳态浓度提供了依据,在此基础上对给药方案的拟定进行了讨论。     

THE MECHANISM OF AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION INFERRED FROM CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD-AQUEOUS HUMOR DYNAMICS

The importance of considering the effect of a possible flow out of the anterior chamber before inferring any mechanism of aqueous humor formation from the relative concentration of a substance in the aqueous humor and plasma under equilibrium conditions has been stressed. Several processes to account for the chemical equilibria between aqueous humor and blood based on the ultrafiltration and secretion hypotheses with a possible simultaneous loss of aqueous humor by flow have been outlined. On the basis of these processes, equations were formulated which would relate the rates of transfer into and out of the anterior chamber to the ratio of concentration of a substance in the aqueous to that in the blood at various intervals after its introduction into the blood. The explanation of equilibrium ratios above and below one for aqueous constituents is made apparent from the mathematical formulations. For each substance tested a determination was made of the best fit when the concentration in the aqueous humor is plotted against time. This fit was obtained by plotting the rate of transfer in against the rate of transfer out of the anterior chamber for all of the experimentally found concentration ratios on the basis of both the ultrafiltration and secretory hypotheses. Two sets of values were obtained from these calculations, one set for each hypothesis. The substantial agreement of all the experimental data with an assumed rate of leakage out of the anterior chamber of approximately 4 c. mm. per minute was shown to be compatible only with the idea that all the monovalent electrolytes tested entered the anterior chamber as a result of secretory process. It could not be decided from these chemical studies whether the non-electrolytes and the one multivalent electrolyte tested enter the anterior chamber by ultrafiltration or secretion. Experimental findings from other sources were cited which would suggest that non-electrolytes enter the anterior chamber as a result of ultrafiltration. The implications of the mechanism outlined in the paper with respect to intraocular pressure have been discussed. Supplementary evidence from the literature has been given in support of the conclusions presented here.     

Modeling passive mechanical interaction between aqueous humor and iris.

Certain forms of glaucoma are associated with displacement of the iris from its normal contour. We present here a mathematical model of the coupled aqueous humor-iris system that accountsfor the contribution of aqueous humor flow and passive iris deformability to the iris contour. The aqueous humor is modeled as a Newtonian fluid, and the iris is modeled as a linear elastic solid. The resulting coupled equation set is solved by the finite element method with mesh motion in response to iris displacement accomplished by tracking a pseudo-solid overlying the aqueous humor. The model is used to predict the iris contour in healthy and diseased eyes. The results compare favorably with clinical observations, supporting the hypothesis that passive iris deformation can produce the iris contours observed using ultrasound biomicroscopy.     

Role of oxygen and nitrogen species in experimental uveitis: anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic antioxidant ebselen

This study was aimed at examining the role of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species in a model of experimental uveitis upon intravitreal injection of bacterial endotoxin to albino New Zealand rabbits. The inflammatory response was evaluated in terms of: (i) the integrity of the blood aqueous barrier (protein and cell content in samples of aqueous humor), (ii) histopathological changes of the eyes, (iii) clinical evaluation (with a score index based on clinical symptoms), and (iv) the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), in aqueous humor, as a marker of oxidative stress. Betamethasone was used as reference treatment, superoxide dismutase as quencher of superoxide anion, L-N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-esther (L-NAME) and chlorpromazine as nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, and ebselen, a glutathione peroxidase mimic, as peroxynitrite reductant. All the substances were injected subconjunctivally to the rabbits immediately after the intravitreal endotoxin injection. Ebselen was the only treatment able to decrease MDA concentration to control values, exerting an effect similar to that elicited by L-NAME on the rest of the parameters tested. The data presented render ebselen a notable choice for the treatment of uveitis, with implications for clinical trials.     

Purinergic signaling in the rabbit ciliary body epithelium

In the past forty years, a wealth of information has accumulated that points to the presence of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in the anterior segment of the eye and a number of hypotheses have been introduced to describe the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor flow. However, in the absence of a generally accepted model for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aqueous humor formation by the ciliary body epithelium, efforts to identify the signal transduction pathway(s) responsible for regulation of the ion and water transport have not been successful. This article briefly reviews the evidence for (i). the presence in aqueous humor of adenine nucleotides, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine, their metabolic product, (ii). the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor dynamics, and (iii). the expression of ecto-nucleotidases, receptors, and second messengers that may mediate such regulation. Finally, a model for the regulation of aqueous humor formation by adenosine and ATP is proposed.     

Metabolism of angiotensin I by guinea pig aqueous humor

We investigated the degradation of angiotensin I (Ang I) by guinea pig aqueous humor at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and assessed the activity of responsible enzymes using various enzyme inhibitors. The aqueous humor was incubated with Ang I in the presence or absence of an enzyme inhibitor at 37 degrees C for the appropriate time period. The resulting peptides were analyzed by a Beckman HPLC system with a Waters microBondapak C18 analytical column using a 30-min increasing linear gradient of 10 to 40% acetonitrile containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and H2O containing 0.05% TFA at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was done by absorbance at 214 nm. Angiotensin II (Ang II) was a major product (39.3+/-4.10 nmol x h(-1) mL(-1), n = 5) of Ang I hydrolysis. Traces of angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin IV, and angiotensin 1-7 were also produced. Chymostatin (0.05 mmol/L), EDTA (1 mmol/L), enalaprilat (0.1 mmol/L), and ebelacton B (0.01 mmol/L) inhibited generation of Ang II from Ang I by guinea pig aqueous humor by 89+/-4.6, 56+/-7.6, 33+/-5.1, 20+/-6.5%, respectively. Our findings indicate that guinea pig aqueous humor contains several enzymes that can form Ang II. The chymostatin-sensitive type of enzyme was the most active one found in guinea pig aqueous humor. Angiotensin I converting enzyme, carboxypeptidase A, and deamidase may also contribute to angiotensin II formation in guinea pig ocular fluid.     

Thin-film coupled fluid-solid analysis of flow through the Ahmed glaucoma drainage device

The Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) is a popular glaucoma drainage device, allowing maintenance of normal intraocular pressure in patients with reduced trabecular outflow facility. The uniquely attractive feature of the AGV, in contrast to other available drainage devices, is its variable resistance in response to changes in flow rate. As a result of this variable resistance, the AGV maintains a pressure drop between 7 and 12 mm Hg for a wide range of aqueous humor flow rates. In this paper, we demonstrate that the nonlinear behavior of the AGV is a direct result of the flexibility of the valve material. Due to the thin geometry of the system, the leaflets of the AGV were modeled using the von Kármán plate theory coupled to a Reynolds lubrication theory model of the aqueous humor flow through the valve. The resulting two-dimensional coupled steady-state partial differential equation system was solved by the finite element method. The Poisson's ratio of the valve was set to 0.45, and the modulus was regressed to experimental data, giving a best-fit value 4.2 MPa. Simulation results compared favorably with previous experimental studies and our own pressure-drop/flow-rate data. For an in vitro flow of 1.6 microL/min, we calculated a pressure drop of 5.8 mm Hg and measured a pressure drop of 5.2 +/- 0.4 mm Hg. As flow rate was increased, pressure drop rose in a strongly sublinear fashion, with a flow rate of 20 microL/min giving a predicted pressure drop of only 10.9 mm Hg and a measured pressure drop of 10.5 +/- 1.1 mm Hg. The AGV model was then applied to simulate in vivo conditions. For an aqueous humor flow rate of 1.5-3.0 microL/min, the calculated pressure drops were 5.3 and 6.3 mm Hg.     

Simultaneous determination of timolol maleate, rosuvastatin calcium and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceuticals and physiological fluids using HPLC-UV

A novel HPLC-UV method was developed for the simultaneous determination of timolol (TM), rosuvastatin (RST), and diclofenac sodium (DS) in pharmaceuticals, human plasma and aqueous humor using naproxen sodium as internal standard (IS). The target compounds were analyzed on Hypersil BDS C(18) column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), applying 0.2% triethylamine (TEA) and acetonitrile (ACN) (40:60, v/v), in isocratic mode as mobile phase, pH 2.75 adjusted with 85% phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The column oven temperature was kept at 45°C and the peak response was monitored at 284 nm after injecting a 50 μl sample into HPLC system. The direct liquid-liquid extraction procedure was applied to human plasma and bovine aqueous humor samples using mobile phase as an extraction solvent after deproteination with methanol. The different HPLC experimental parameters were optimized and the method was validated according to standard guidelines. The recoveries of the suggested method in human plasma were 98.72, 96.04, and 95.14%, for TM, RST, and DS, while in aqueous humor were 94.99, and 98.23%, for TM, and DS, respectively. The LOD values were found to be 0.800, 0.500, and 0.250 ng/ml, for TM, RST, and DS, respectively, while their respective LOQ values were 2.00, 1.50, and 1.00 ng/ml. The co-efficient of variation (CV) were in the range of 0.1492-1.1729% and 1.0516-4.0104%, for intra-day and inter-day studies, respectively. The method was found accurate in human plasma and bovine aqueous humor and will be applied for the quantification of these compounds in plasma, and aqueous humor samples using animal models and in pharmaceuticals.     

Proteomics of the aqueous humor in healthy New Zealand rabbits

There are several physiological roles postulated for aqueous humor, a liquid located in the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye, such as maintenance of the intraocular pressure, provision of nutrients, and removal of metabolic waste from neighboring tissues and provision of an immune response and protection during inflammation and infection. To link these function to specific or classes of proteins, identification of the aqueous humor proteome is essential. Aqueous humor obtained from healthy New Zealand white rabbits was analyzed using three synergistic protein separation methods: 1-D gel electrophoresis, 2-DE, and 1-DLC (RPLC) prior to protein identification by MS. As each of these separation methods separates intact proteins based on different physical properties (pIs, molecular weights, hydrophobicity, solubility, etc.) the proteome coverage is expanded. This was confirmed, since overlap between all three separation technologies was only about 8.2% with many proteins found uniquely by a single method. Although the most dominant protein presented in normal aqueous humor is albumin, by using this extensive separation/MS strategy, additional proteins were identified in total amount of 98 nonredundant proteins (plus an additional ten proteins for consideration). This expands the current protein identifications by approximately 65%. The aqueous humor proteome comprises a specific selection of cellular and plasma based proteins and can almost exclusively be divided into four functional groups: cell-cell interactions/wound healing, proteases and protease inhibitors, antioxidant protection, and antibacterial/anti-inflammatory proteins.     

Development and validation of a new reversed-phase ion pairing liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for penciclovir analysis in plasma and aqueous humor

A simple, sensitive and reliable HPLC ion-pairing method with fluorescence detection, was developed for penciclovir determination in plasma and aqueous humor, with a Zorbax SB-aq C18 (100 mmx2.1 mm) column. Plasma samples were treated by solid-phase extraction with Oasis MCX (30 mg) cartridges. Ganciclovir, an antiviral drug structurally related to penciclovir, was used as internal standard (I.S.). Aqueous humor samples were directly injected into the chromatographic system. Separation was performed by a gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer 50mM containing 5mM of sodium octanesulfonate, pH 2.0, at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The method was validated and showed good performances in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision and trueness. Quantification limit was obtained at 0.05 microg/ml for aqueous humor and at 0.1 microg/ml for plasma. Finally, the proposed analytical method was used to measure penciclovir in clinical samples for a pharmacokinetic study, after oral administration of famciclovir.     

Investigation of saccadic eye movement effects on the fluid dynamic in the anterior chamber

The aqueous humor (AH) flow in the anterior chamber (AC) due to saccadic movements is investigated in this research. The continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations in 3D and unsteady forms are solved numerically and the saccadic motion was modeled by the dynamic mesh technique. Firstly, the numerical model was validated for the saccadic movement of a spherical cavity with analytic solutions and experimental data where excellent agreement was observed. Then, two types of periodic and realistic saccadic motions of the AC are simulated, whereby the flow field is computed for various saccade amplitudes and the results are reported for different times. The results show that the acting shear stress on the corneal endothelial cells from AH due to saccadic movements is much higher than that due to normal AH flow by buoyancy induced due to temperature gradient. This shear stress is higher on the central region of the cornea. The results also depict that eye saccade imposes a 3D complicated flow field in the AC consist of various vortex structures. Finally, the enchantment of heat transfer in the AC by AH mixing as a result of saccadic motion is investigated.