鞭毛蛋白FliC突变体/HPV 18 L2N融合蛋白的表达与纯化

目的:人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的持续性感染导致女性宫颈癌的发生。HPV的次要衣壳蛋白L2可以诱发交叉中和多种型别HPV的中和抗体,但是单独免疫L2诱发的抗体滴度较低。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白FliC是一种有效的佐剂。删除FliC超变区域的突变体可与外源抗原融合表达并且显著增强外源抗原特异性抗体的产生。本研究旨在构建鞭毛蛋白FliC超变区删除突变体与HPV 18 L2N(aa.13-154)的融合基因,通过大肠杆菌原核表达系统表达FliC突变体与HPV 18 L2N的融合蛋白并纯化,为研究鞭毛蛋白的佐剂活性及新型HPV 18L2疫苗奠定基础。方法:以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白编码基因fliC为模板,通过重叠PCR法构建删除fliC D3区域(fliC△D3)、D3+CD2a区域(fliC△D3CD2a)、D3+D2区域(fliC△D2D3)的突变体,同时将HPV 18 L2N基因插入置换突变体的超变区删除区域。含有重组基因的表达载体在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定分析。表达的融合蛋白经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析纯化及Q-Sepharose离子交换层析去除内毒素。纯化后的融合蛋白经Native-PAGE鉴定分析,通过鲎试剂凝胶法测量蛋白溶液中的内毒素含量。结果:构建了pET22b-fliC△D3/18 L2N、pET22b-fliC△D3CD2a/18L2N、pET22b-fliC△D2D3/18 L2N重组载体。重组载体在大肠杆菌以包涵体形式高效表达,且主要以单体形式存在。结论:通过原核表达及层析法纯化,成功获得了无热源、高纯度的鞭毛蛋白FliC突变体与HPV 18 L2N的融合蛋白,为增强HPV L2免疫原性提供了一种新的途径,为进一步研制HPV 18 L2疫苗奠定了基础。     

新型佐剂——鞭毛蛋白及其突变体的原核表达和纯化

目的:改构鞭毛蛋白可变区,并优化目的蛋白表达与纯化参数,为评价并获得新型高效蛋白佐剂奠定基础。方法:以鼠伤寒沙门菌基因组为模板钓取2种鞭毛蛋白FljB和FliC的编码基因,分别构建FljB和FliC及其对应的删除可变区的突变体BNLC和CNLC的表达载体,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,并纯化目的蛋白。结果与结论:原初鞭毛蛋白FljB和FliC均以胞内可溶形式表达,而改造后的鞭毛蛋白BNLC和CNLC则以包涵体形式表达。通过优化纯化条件,分别建立了针对4种蛋白的纯化方法,得到无热源、纯度大于95%的目的蛋白,为进一步研究鞭毛蛋白的结构与佐剂效应的关系奠定了基础。     

新型抗体结合蛋白CBD—SPG的设计与表达

设计并表达可用于纯化IgG的新型高栽量抗体结合蛋白CBD—SPG。利用基因重组技术将纤维素结合结构域（Cellulose Binding Domain,CBD）基因插入到表达载体pET28a—SPG中,获得重组质粒pET28a—CBD—SPG,并转化大肠杆菌曰位J（DE3）。IPTG诱导CBD—SPG融合蛋白表达,并用SDS—PAGE和Westernblot对表达产物进行鉴定。重组表达质粒pET28a—CBD-SPG经双酶切及测序验证无误;表达产物经SDS．PAGE和WesternBlot分析表明融合蛋白的表观分子量约为40kD;CBD—SPG具有良好的结合纤维素和抗体的能力,晶体纤维素Avicelphl01对CBD—SPG的载量可达11．61mg／g（w／w）。成功构建并运用原核系统表达CBD-SPG;CBD—SPG在保持良好抗体结合能力的同时,更具有了结合纤维素的能力,有望成为一种新型的亲和材料。     

果蝇心脏发育标记基因Hand多克隆抗体的制备

制备果蝇心脏标记基因Hand抗体对研究果蝇心脏发育具有重要意义。从果蝇体内提取出总RNA,反转录得到果蝇的cDNA,将其作为模板PCR得到Hand基因部分片段,将片段连接到pET-28a上,构建重组质粒pET一28a—Hand,将重组质粒转化rosetta受体菌,IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经镍柱纯化,SDS—PAGE电泳分析,结果表明Hand基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达的Hand融合蛋白分子量大约为24kD,经镍柱纯化后获得了高纯度可溶性的Hand蛋白。     

重组酶Exo、Beta和Gam在大肠杆菌中的表达与纯化

目的:构建exo、beta和gam基因的原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达、制备重组酶Exo、Beta和Gam。方法:将exo、beta和gam基因分别构建在原核表达载体pEGKG和pET28a上,分别转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和DH5α,经IPTG诱导后,在大肠杆菌中获得可溶性表达蛋白,用柱层析方法纯化蛋白。结果:构建了原核表达质粒pET28a-exo、pET28a-beta、pET28a-gam和pEGKG-exo、pEGKG-beta、pEGKG-gam;SDS-PAGE结果表明重组酶融合蛋白His-Exo、GST-Exo、His-Beta、GST-Beta、His-Gam、GST-Gam得到可溶性表达;用His标签抗体和GST标签抗体通过Western印迹方法检测到纯化后的融合蛋白。结论:在大肠杆菌中诱导表达了λ噬菌体重组酶,并纯化获得了一定量的纯度较好的蛋白,为下一步制备检测用多克隆抗体奠定了基础。     

HPV16 L2肽段偶联AP205 VLP的原核表达及免疫原性分析

目的:将编码HPV16衣壳蛋白L2的65～71、112～120免疫优势表位连接到RNA噬菌体衣壳蛋白AP205氮端,组装形成病毒样颗粒,通过在大肠杆菌中实现表达及纯化,对其免疫原性进行研究。方法:合成编码AP205衣壳蛋白基因和HPV16 L2的65～71、112～120位氨基酸表位的基因序列,PCR连接并克隆至pET30a(+)原核表达载体,构建重组表达质粒pET30-AP205-HPV16ΔL2,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DH3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达。表达蛋白经凝胶层析纯化及SDS-PAGE、Western blot等理化性质检测,免疫接种ICR小鼠,通过间接ELISA法检测其免疫原性。结果:成功构建重组表达质粒,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶性表达,透射电镜观察可见典型病毒样颗粒,该VLP在动物实验中表现出较好的免疫原性。结论:成功将HPV16 L2表位偶联AP205以形成VLP,在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性表达。     

犬冠状病毒大熊猫株核蛋白基因的克隆、序列分析及其在E.coli中的高效表达

首次对犬冠状病毒大熊猫株(CCVGP)核蛋白(N)基因进行了克隆和序列测定。本实验根据GenBank中报道的CCV Insavc-1株N蛋白基因序列,设计了一对特异性引物,对分离的CCVGP野毒株进行了RT—PCR扩增。将扩增的PCR产物纯化回收后与pGEM—T连接得到重组质粒pTN,进行核苷酸序列测定。结果该基因全长1146bp,编码382个氨基酸;与CCV标准毒株Insavc—1N基因相比,核苷酸的同源性为92．6％,推导的氨基酸的同源性为93．2％。在推导的N蛋白N端156—179位存在一个SRXX富集区,与小鼠肝炎病毒N蛋白相应区域相同,推测可能是RNA结合区。预测的GP株N蛋白疏水性和抗原表位与Insavc—1株N蛋白存在细微的差异。将pTN双酶切,回收目的基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET8a中构建了重组质粒pETN,转化大肠杆茵BL21,用IFTG进行了诱导表达。结果重组菌菌体裂解物经SDS—PAGE电泳可检测到相对分子量为48KD的重组蛋白,免疫印迹法证实该重组蛋白可以与CCV多克隆抗体发生特异性反应。经凝胶薄层扫描分析,重组N蛋白表达量可占菌体蛋白的49．3％,表达的蛋白纯化后可用于建立检测大熊猫CCV抗体间接ELISA用的包被抗原。     

EB病毒早期蛋白P54的原核表达及其免疫原性的研究

PCR法获得编码EB病毒早期蛋白P54的基因BMRFl,序列分析后亚克隆入原核表达载体pET30a。表达质粒pET30a-BMRF1在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株中经IPTG诱导后表达了P54抗原,SDS—PAGE表明其相对分子质量为51000;采用镍离子亲和柱纯化重组蛋白。Western印迹结果表明纯化蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠后产生了P54特异性抗体。间接免疫荧光表明免疫血清可以识别激活的Raji细胞中表达的P54蛋白。以上结果表明构建了原核表达质粒pET30a-BMRF1并在大肠杆菌细胞中成功表达EB病毒早期蛋白P54,表达蛋白具有很好的抗原性和免疫原性。     

具有增强蛋白质表达活性序列ER3的筛选及其功能区域的初步鉴定

目的:利用构建的增强子样序列筛选载体,筛选在大肠杆菌中增强外源蛋白质表达的序列,并利用删除突变体初步鉴定其功能区域。方法:以氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)基因序列与人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)主要衣壳蛋白基因L1的截短序列L11连接作为报告基因,从采集的样品中筛选增强子样序列,通过蛋白质表达来检测其增强活性,并通过构建删除突变体来初步鉴定其功能区域。结果:成功筛选到一条增强子样序列,可使检测载体氯霉素抗体提高11倍,融合蛋白表达水平提高2.26倍,其功能区域主要集中在1~265bp。结论:从收集的样品中成功筛选出一个增强子序列,能提高外源基因在大肠杆菌中的表达。     

鲎血细胞中脂多糖结合蛋白TALF在大肠杆菌中的表达研究

TALF(Tachyleus antilipoposaccharide factor)对细菌内毒素（LPS）的核心部分有抑制作用。研究TALF cDNA基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,首先将TALF cDNA基因分别插入大肠杆菌表达载体pGEX-4T-2、pET22b、pET28a中,构建重组表达质粒,转化于大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。结果表明克隆于pET22b、pET28a中的TALF cDNA基因没有表达,而融合了GST的TALF基因（GST-TALF）能够在大肠杆菌中表达,并形成包涵体。从1L培养基中可获得4mg纯度为91%的GST-TALF融合蛋白。经复性和纯化后的融合蛋白GST-TALF几乎检测不到抑菌活性及LPS中和活性,但该融合蛋白经凝血酶消化后表现出明显的体外抑菌活性及LPS中和活性。     

人乳头瘤病毒11型L2NE7E6融合蛋白的原核表达及其诱发的T细胞免疫反应

目的:在原核表达系统中表达人乳头瘤病毒11型(HPV11)L2NE7E6融合蛋白,纯化蛋白后免疫小鼠,检测其诱发的T细胞免疫水平,并筛选HPV11 E6、E7特异的T细胞表位肽。方法:用重叠PCR方法构建HPV11L2NE7E6融合基因并插入原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白L2NE7E6,用SDS-PAGE和West-ern印迹鉴定融合蛋白的表达。Q柱纯化蛋白后免疫C57BL/6小鼠,分别用覆盖HPV11 E6和E7蛋白序列的肽库,采用酶联免疫斑点法(ELISPOT)检测其诱发的E7、E6特异的T细胞免疫反应,并筛选E7、E6特异的T细胞表位肽。结果:在原核表达系统中有效表达了HPV11 L2NE7E6融合蛋白,蛋白纯化后免疫C57BL/6小鼠,分别能检测到针对HPV11 E6、E7肽库刺激产生的特异性T细胞免疫反应。经肽池筛选到1条强的E6 T细胞表位肽E6aa41-55(AEI-YAYAYKNLKVVW);而E7只筛选到2条弱的T细胞表位肽,分别为E7aa53-67(QILTCCCGCDSNVRL)和E7aa73-87(DGDIRQLQDLLLGTL)。结论:HPV11 L2NE7E6融合蛋白能诱发小鼠产生E6、E7特异性细胞免疫反应,可作为尖锐湿疣免疫治疗候选疫苗。     

Human antibodies react with an epitope of the human papillomavirus type 6b L1 open reading frame which is distinct from the type-common epitope.

Recombinant proteins encoded by the human papillomavirus type 6b (HPV6b) L1 open reading frame react with sera from patients with condylomata acuminata and also react with rabbit antiserum raised against sodium dodecyl sulfate-disrupted bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) virions. To map the immunoreactive epitopes, a series of procaryotic expression plasmids was made which contained a nested set of 3' to 5' deletions in the HPV6b L1 open reading frame. The deleted plasmids expressed a set of carboxy to amino terminus truncated fusion proteins. Regions containing the immunoreactive epitopes were mapped by determining which of the deleted fusion proteins retained reactivity with sera in Western immunoblot assays. The coding sequence for a human antibody-reactive linear epitope mapped between HPV6b nucleotide coordinates 7045 and 7087, and the rabbit anti-BPV1-reactive epitope coding sequence mapped between coordinates 6377 and 6454. Synthetic peptides derived from the epitope mapping were reacted with sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human sera reacted with synthetic peptide QSQAITCQKPTPEKEKPDPYK (HPV6b L1 amino acids 417 through 437). Rabbit anti-BPV1 and rabbit antisera raised against HPV16 L1 recombinant proteins reacted with the synthetic peptide DGDMVDTGFGAMNFADLQTNKSDVPIDI (HPV6b L1 amino acids 193 through 220). Human sera which reacted with HPV6b L1 fusion proteins cross-reacted with an HPV11 L1 fusion protein but did not react with fusion proteins encoded by HPV1a, HPV16, or HPV18. Rabbit anti-BPV1 reacted with L1 fusion proteins encoded by all of these HPV types. In contrast to the type-common (rabbit anti-BPV1-reactive) epitope, the human antibody-reactive epitope appears to be relatively HPV type specific.     

Salmonella flagellin-dependent proinflammatory responses are localized to the conserved amino and carboxyl regions of the protein.

Flagellin, the monomeric subunit of flagella, is an inducer of proinflammatory mediators. Bacterial flagellin genes have conserved domains (D1 and D2) at the N terminus and C terminus and a middle hypervariable domain (D3). To identify which domains induced proinflammatory activity, r6-histidine (6HIS)-tagged fusion constructs were generated from the Salmonella dublin (SD) fliC flagellin gene. A full-length r6HIS SD flagellin (6HIS flag) induced IkappaBalpha loss poststimulation and NF-kappaB activation in Caco-2BBe cells and was as potent as native-purified SD flagellin. IFN-gamma-primed DLD-1 cells stimulated with 1 microg/ml of 6HIS flag induced high levels of NO (60 +/- 0.95 microM) comparable to the combination of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma (77 +/- 1.2) or purified native SD flag (66.3 +/- 0.98). Selected rSD flagellin proteins representing the D1, D2, or D3 domains alone or in combination were tested for proinflammatory properties. Fusion proteins representing the D3, amino, or carboxyl regions alone did not induce proinflammatory mediators. The results with a recombinant protein containing the amino D1 and D2 and carboxyl D1 and D2 separated by an Escherichia coli hinge (ND1-2/ECH/CD2) indicated that D1 and D2 were bioactive when coupled to an ECH element to allow protein folding. This chimera, but not the hinge alone, induced IkappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB activation, and NO and IL-8 production in two intestinal epithelial cell lines. ND1-2/ECH/CD2-1 also induced high levels of TNF-alpha (900 pg/ml) in human monocytes comparable to native SD flagellin (991.5 pg/ml) and 6HIS flag (987 pg/ml). The potent proinflammatory activity of flagellin, therefore, resides in the highly conserved N and C D1 and D2 regions.     

Characterization of human antibody-reactive epitopes encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18.

We have previously reported that the most common human serum immunoglobulin G antibody reactivities to human papillomavirus type 16 and type 18 (HPV16 and HPV18)-encoded proteins are directed against the minor capsid proteins (HPV16 L2 and HPV18 L2) and to the E7 protein of HPV16 (S. A. Jenison, X.-P. Yu, J. M. Valentine, L. A. Koutsky, A. E. Christiansen, A. M. Beckmann, and D. A. Galloway, J. Infect. Dis. 162:60-69, 1990). In this study, the antibody-reactive segments of the HPV16 E7, HPV16 L2, and HPV18 L2 polypeptides were mapped by using nested sets of deleted recombinant proteins. A single major immunoreactive region was identified in the HPV16 E7 polypeptide between amino acids (aa) 21 and 34 (DLYCYE-QLNDSSEE). In contrast, three distinct immunoreactive regions of the HPV16 L2 polypeptide were present in the segment between aa149 and aa204, and three distinct immunoreactive regions of the HPV18 L2 polypeptide were present in the segment between aa110 and aa211. With the exception of one serum sample, serum immunoglobulin G antibodies which reacted with HPV16 L2 polypeptides or with HPV18 L2 polypeptides were not cross-reactive.     

人乳头瘤病毒18型L1蛋白的包涵体和可溶性表达及纯化

目的:原核表达系统表达人乳头瘤病毒18型(HPV18)L1蛋白,建立包涵体和可溶性表达的L1蛋白的纯化方法。方法:构建重组表达质粒p GEX-4T-1-HPV18 L1,在大肠杆菌BL21中以包涵体和可溶性方式表达HPV18 L1蛋白。通过超声波破碎菌体、洗涤包涵体、碱变性、透析复性和谷胱甘肽(GST)琼脂糖凝胶4B亲和层析纯化包涵体蛋白;在菌体中加入三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和3.5 mol/L尿素孵育后,GST 4B亲和层析纯化可溶性蛋白,凝血酶酶切。SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定表达和纯化产物。结果:SDS-PAGE结果表明,HPV18 L1蛋白以包涵体和可溶性方式在大肠杆菌BL21内高效表达,均产生相对分子质量约为86 000的HPV18 L1-GST融合蛋白。Western印迹结果显示,包涵体纯化后获得的融合蛋白降解条带较多;而可溶性蛋白纯化后获得的融合蛋白未降解,凝血酶酶切后得到HPV18 L1蛋白,可与HPV18 L1蛋白单克隆抗体结合。结论:采用原核系统表达了HPV18 L1-GST融合蛋白,分别建立了包涵体和可溶性蛋白的纯化方法,获得HPV18 L1蛋白,为其进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Mutagenesis and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the fusion peptide of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus F protein

The entry of enveloped viruses into cells is normally mediated by fusion between viral and cellular membranes, in which the fusion peptide plays a crucial role. The fusion peptides of group II nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) F proteins are quite conserved, with a hydrophobic region located at the N terminal of the F(1) fragment. For this report, we used mutagenesis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study the structure and function of the fusion peptide of the Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid NPV (HearNPV) F protein (HaF). Five mutations in the fusion peptide of HaF, N(1)G, N(1)L, I(2)N, G(3)L, and D(11)L, were generated separately, and the mutated f genes were transformed into the f-null HearNPV bacmid. The mutations N(1)L, I(2)N, and D(11)L were found to completely abolish the ability of the recombinant bacmids to produce infectious budded virus, while the mutations N(1)G and G(3)L did not. The low-pH-induced envelope fusion assay demonstrated that the N(1)G substitution increased the fusogenicity of HaF, while the G(3)L substitution reduced its fusogenicity. NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of a synthetic fusion peptide of HaF in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles at pH 5.0. The fusion peptide appeared to be an amphiphilic structure composed of a flexible coil in the N terminus from N(1) to N(5), a 3(10)-helix from F(6) to G(8), a turn at S(9), and a regular alpha-helix from V(10) to D(19). The data provide the first NMR structure of a baculovirus fusion peptide and allow us to further understand the relationship of structure and function of the fusion peptide.     

Analysis of the role of the two flagella of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in competition for nodulation of soybean

Bradyrhizobium japonicum has two types of flagella. One has thin filaments consisting of the 33-kDa flagellins FliCI and FliCII (FliCI-II) and the other has thick filaments consisting of the 65-kDa flagellins FliC1, FliC2, FliC3, and FliC4 (FliC1-4). To investigate the roles of each flagellum in competition for nodulation, we obtained mutants deleted in fliCI-II and/or fliC1-4 in the genomic backgrounds of two derivatives from the reference strain USDA 110: the streptomycin-resistant derivative LP 3004 and its more motile derivative LP 3008. All mutations diminished swimming motility. When each mutant was co-inoculated with the parental strain on soybean plants cultivated in vermiculite either at field capacity or flooded, their competitiveness differed according to the flagellin altered. ΔfliCI-II mutants were more competitive, occupying 64-80% of the nodules, while ΔfliC1-4 mutants occupied 45-49% of the nodules. Occupation by the nonmotile double mutant decreased from 55% to 11% as the water content of the vermiculite increased from 85% to 95% field capacity to flooding. These results indicate that the influence of motility on competitiveness depended on the water status of the rooting substrate.